Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
Caffeine-induced sleep disorder | |
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Specialty | Psychiatry |
Caffeine-induced sleep disorder is a
The specific criteria for this disorder in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) include that there must be a significant inability to sleep which is caused entirely by the physiological effects of caffeine as proven by an examination; if sleeping issues can be accounted for due to a breathing-related sleep disorder, narcolepsy, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder or a mental disorder, then caffeine-induced sleep disorder is not the cause.[citation needed] This condition causes a notable impairment in functioning.[4] The ICD-10 criteria for the principally same disorder is F15:982.[5]
Caffeine and age
Most studies
Caffeine in younger children has been found to shorten their sleep duration and increase daytime sleepiness. One study, which looked at children ages six to ten years of age, found that those who consistently consumed caffeine lost about 15 minutes of sleep each night.[6] In most cases where younger children are drinking high amounts of caffeine, parents usually buy their children soft drinks, iced tea, or energy drinks without realizing the amount of caffeine these drinks contain or the implications they have on their children.[7]
30% of adolescent adults in a survey were found to consume caffeine daily.[8] Individuals with higher caffeine consumption, tended to feel an increase in wakefulness after sleep onset, shorter sleep durations, and longer daytime sleep. Those who consumed high amounts of caffeine daily, were found to be 1.9 times more likely to have difficulty sleeping and 1.8 times more likely to feel sleepy in the morning compared to those who consume almost no caffeine. Individuals with higher caffeine consumption felt an increase in wakefulness after sleep onset, shorter sleep durations, and longer daytime sleep. The higher consumption time for adolescent adults tends to be on the weekends, while the lowest consumption is midweek. This is assumed to be from greater social opportunities among adolescence.[6]
Mechanism of caffeine
Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist. This means that caffeine mainly works by occupying adenosine receptors in the brain, specifically, receptors that influence sleep, arousal, and cognition.[1] Once it is in the body, caffeine will persist for several hours, and takes about six hours for one half of the caffeine consumed to be eliminated. When caffeine reaches the brain, it increases the secretion of norepinephrine which is related to the "fight or flight" response. The rise in norepinephrine levels increases activity of neurons in areas of the brain and the symptoms resemble those of a panic attack.[9]
The half-life of caffeine is roughly 3–4 hours in healthy adults, however, it is dependent on a variety of variables such as age, liver function, medications, level of enzymes, pregnancy.[10] This short half-life has been found to help out daytime functioning, but increase the side effect of sleep problems. So, while caffeine has the potential to increase performance, it comes at a cost of sleep deprivation which in its own way can counter the main point of caffeine. Sleep deprivation alone can cause a variety of problems associated with cognitive control and functions. This can include reduced alertness, attention, vigilance, speed of motor functions.[1]
Though caffeine can be shown to decrease the quality of sleep, there is no evidence that caffeine affects all people the same way. In fact, some people report no sleep problems despite regularly consuming caffeine. Regular intake of caffeine may be normal for a person so it is understandable how they may still get satisfactory sleep. This finding shows that caffeine interferes with a modulatory mechanism in sleep regulation rather than a fundamental sleep regulatory
Caffeine consumption
Overconsumption
Although the maximum daily consumption of caffeine varies with consideration of couple of aspects such as sex, age, race, physical activity and smoking,[12] excessive ingestion of caffeine can lead to a state of intoxication. This period of intoxication is characterized by restlessness, agitation, excitement, rambling thought or speech, and even insomnia. Even doses of caffeine relating to just one cup of coffee can increase sleep latency and decrease the quality of sleep especially in non-REM deep sleep. A dose of caffeine taken in the morning can have these effects the following night, so one of the main practices of sleep hygiene a person can do is to cease the consumption of caffeine.[13]
Moderation
Keeping in mind that caffeine content in beverages and food varies and that some individuals are more sensitive to caffeine consumption than others are, moderation of caffeine is key. Between 200 and 300 mg of caffeine is considered "moderate" for most adults.[10] While children can consume caffeine, it is advised to refrain children and adolescents from consuming caffeine due to their growing brains and to allow them to develop healthy sleep patterns.[14]
Consequences of sleep disruption
Normal healthy sleep is described as having sufficient duration, quality, timing, regulation, and the absence of sleep disturbances or disorders. Even though the suggested amounts of sleep is relatively well known, there are increasing high numbers in the lack of healthy and good quality sleep.[15]
Risk factors of sleep can range across many different arrays such as environmental, lifestyle, psychosocial, sleep disorders, or medical conditions. These are all circumstances which put individuals at risk for sleep disruption. Environmental risk factors for sleep disruption can include living in an area where there is excessive noise such as near an interstate, keeping an individual up later than normal. A lifestyle risk factor would include drinking alcohol, drug abuse, or a late shift at work. Psychosocial risk factors include being a caregiver for someone who needs constant attention, parents of young children, anxiety, worry, or stress, etc.[15]
Sleep plays an essential part in brain functions and has crucial implications across almost all body systems. Numerous studies have shown caffeine consumption to heavily disrupt sleep patterns. This can lead to other implications such as lengthening the onset of sleep latency and decrease the efficiency and duration of sleep. Disruption of sleep also affects pressure for sleep and lowers
References
- ^ PMID 30573997.
- ^ "Sleep and Caffeine" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- .
- ^ R. Gregory Lande (2005-07-07). "Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders". eMedicine. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ "2021 ICD-10-CM Index › 'C' Terms › Index Terms Starting With 'C' (Caffeine-induced)". www.icd10data.com (ICD-10). Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ PMID 26899133.
- PMID 32260589.
- ^ PMID 22726712.
- ^ "Sleep and Caffeine".
- ^ a b Torres, F.M. (April 2009). "Caffeine-Induced psychiatric disorders". Continuing Education: 75.
- ^ "Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use".
- PMID 28603543.
- PMID 24023748.
- ^ "Caffeine: How much is too much?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ PMID 28579842.
Further reading
- Broderick P, Benjamin AB (December 2004). "Caffeine and psychiatric symptoms: a review". J Okla State Med Assoc. 97 (12): 538–42. PMID 15732884.