Substance-induced psychosis

Substance-induced psychosis (commonly known as toxic psychosis or drug-induced psychosis) is a form of psychosis that is attributed to substance intoxication, withdrawal or recent consumption of psychoactive drugs. It is a psychosis that results from the effects of various substances, such as medicinal and nonmedicinal substances, legal and illegal drugs, chemicals, and plants. Various psychoactive substances have been implicated in causing or worsening psychosis in users.^[1]

Psychosis manifests as

Rates of drug use amongst people with schizophrenia are higher than the general population; 50% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia use substances over their life.^{[6]: 495, 496} There is a model that suggests this arises because those with schizophrenia self-medicate with psychoactive drugs.^[6]: 500

A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found that 25% (18–38%) of people diagnosed with substance-induced psychosis went on to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, compared with 36% (30–43%) for brief, atypical and not otherwise specified psychoses.^[7] The substance present was the primary predictor of transition from drug-induced psychosis to schizophrenia, with highest rates associated with cannabis (34% (25–46%)), hallucinogens (26% (14–43%)) and amphetamines (22% (14–34%)). Lower rates were reported for opioid– (12% (8–18%)), alcohol– (9% (6–15%)) and sedative– (10% (7–15%)) induced psychoses. Transition rates were slightly lower in older cohorts but were not affected by sex, country of the study, hospital or community location, urban or rural setting, diagnostic methods, or duration of follow-up.^[7]

Psychotic states may occur after using a variety of legal and illegal substances. Substances whose use or withdrawal is implicated in psychosis include the following:

Psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorders outlined within the ICD-10 codes F10.5—F19.5:

• F10.5
  excessive alcohol use causes an 8-fold increased risk of psychotic disorders in men and a 3 fold increased risk of psychotic disorders in women.^[11][12] While the vast majority of cases are acute and resolve fairly quickly upon treatment and/or abstinence, they can occasionally become chronic and persistent.^[8] Alcoholic psychosis is sometimes misdiagnosed as another mental illness such as schizophrenia.^[13]
• F11.5 opioid: Studies show stronger opioids such as fentanyl are more likely to cause psychosis and hallucinations^[14]
• F12.5 cannabinoid: Some studies indicate that cannabis may trigger full-blown psychosis.^[15] Recent^[when?] studies have found an increase in risk for psychosis in cannabis users.^[16]
• F13.5 sedatives/hypnotics (
  phobias, aggressiveness, violent behavior and symptoms sometimes misdiagnosed as psychosis.^[24][25] However, psychosis is more commonly related to the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.^[26]
• F14.5 cocaine^[27]
• F15.5 other stimulants: amphetamines,^{[28][pages needed]} methamphetamine,^[28] and methylphenidate,^[28] among others (see also Stimulant psychosis).
• F16.5 hallucinogens (LSD and others)
• F18.5 volatile solvents (volatile inhalants);^[29]
  • Toluene,^[30][31] found in glue, paint, thinner, etc. (see also Toluene toxicity).
  • Butane^[32]
  • Gasoline (petrol)^[33]

F17.5 is reserved for tobacco-induced psychosis, but is traditionally not associated with the induction of psychosis.

The code F15.5 also includes

• Fluoroquinolone drugs: Fluoroquinolone use has been linked to serious cases of toxic psychosis (see Quinolone antibiotic § Adverse effects).^{[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][excessive citations]} The related quinoline derivative mefloquine (Lariam) has also been associated with psychosis.^[44][45]
• Over-the-counter drugs, including:
  • Dextromethorphan (DXM) at high doses.^[46][47]
  • Certain antihistamines at high doses.^{[48][49][50][51]}
  • Cold medications^[52] (i.e., containing phenylpropanolamine, or PPA)
• Prescription drugs:
  • Prednisone and other corticosteroids^[53]
  • Isotretinoin^[54]
  • Anticholinergic drugs
    • Atropine^[55][56]
    • Scopolamine^[57]
  • Antidepressants^[58]
  • L-DOPA^[59]
  • Anticonvulsants^[60]
• idiosyncratic or paradoxical reaction
• Antimalarials
  • Mepacrine^[61]

Other drugs illegal in America (not listed above), including:

• MDMA (ecstasy)^[62]
• Phencyclidine (PCP)^[63][64]
• Ketamine^[65]
• Synthetic
  research chemicals
  used recreationally, including:
• JWH-018 and some other synthetic cannabinoids, or mixtures containing them (e.g. "Spice", "Kronic", "MNG" or "Mr. Nice Guy", "Relaxinol", etc.).^[66] Various "JWH-..." compounds in "Spice" or "Incense" have also been found and have been found to cause psychosis in some people.^[67][68][69]
• Mephedrone and related amphetamine-like drugs sold as "bath salts" or "plant food".^[70]

Plants:

• Hawaiian baby woodrose (contains ergine
  )
• Morning glory seeds (contains ergine)
• Datura^[71] (Jimsonweed, devil's trumpet, thorn apple)
• Belladonna
  (deadly nightshade)
• Salvia divinorum^[72]

Substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source:

• carbon dioxide (T59.7),^[73] carbon disulfide (T65.4
  );
• Heavy metals;
• Organophosphate insecticides (T60.0);^[73]
• Sarin and other nerve gases;^[73]
• Tetraethyllead (T56.0);
• Aniline (T65.3);
• Acetone and other ketones (T52.4);
• Antifreeze – a mixture of ethylene glycol and other glycols (T51.8);
• Arsenic and its compounds (T57.0).

• Anesthesia
• List of medical inhalants
• Brain health and pollution
• Recreational drug use
• Substance use disorder
• Volatile organic compound