Denali National Park and Preserve
Denali National Park and Preserve | |
---|---|
Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States | |
Nearest city | Healy |
Coordinates | 63°26′N 150°19′W / 63.43°N 150.32°W |
Area | 4,740,911 acres (19,185.79 km2) (park) and 1,304,242 acres (5,278.08 km2) (preserve)[1] |
Established | February 26, 1917 |
Visitors | 427,562 (in 2022)[2] |
Governing body | National Park Service |
Website | Denali National Park & Preserve |
Denali National Park and Preserve, formerly known as Mount McKinley National Park, is a national park and preserve located in Interior Alaska, United States, centered on Denali, the highest mountain in North America. The park and contiguous preserve encompass 6,045,153 acres (9,446 sq mi; 24,464 km2) which is larger than the state of New Hampshire.[3] On December 2, 1980, 2,146,580-acre (3,354 sq mi; 8,687 km2) Denali Wilderness was established within the park. Denali's landscape is a mix of forest at the lowest elevations, including deciduous taiga, with tundra at middle elevations, and glaciers, snow, and bare rock at the highest elevations. The longest glacier is the Kahiltna Glacier. Wintertime activities include dog sledding, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling. The park received 594,660 recreational visitors in 2018.
History
Prehistory and protohistory
Human habitation in the Denali Region extends to more than 11,000 years before the present, with documented sites just outside park boundaries dated to more than 8,000 years before the present. However, relatively few archaeological sites have been documented within the park boundaries, owing to the region's high elevation, with harsh winter conditions and scarce resources compared to lower elevations in the area. The oldest site within park boundaries is the Teklanika River site, dated to about 7130 BC. More than 84 archaeological sites have been documented within the park. The sites are typically characterized as hunting camps rather than settlements and provide little cultural context. The presence of
Establishment of the park
In 1906, conservationist Charles Alexander Sheldon conceived the idea of preserving the Denali region as a national park. He presented the plan to his co-members of the Boone and Crockett Club. They decided that the political climate at the time was unfavorable for congressional action and that the best hope of success rested on the approval and support of the Alaskans themselves. Sheldon wrote, "The first step was to secure the approval and cooperation of the delegate who represented Alaska in Congress."[citation needed]
In October 1915, Sheldon took up the matter with E. W. Nelson of the Biological Survey at Washington, D.C., and with George Bird Grinnell, with the purpose to introduce a suitable bill in the coming session of Congress. The matter was then taken to the Game Committee of the Boone and Crockett Club and, after a full discussion, it received the committee's full endorsement.
On December 3, 1915, the plan was presented to Alaska's delegate, James Wickersham, who after some deliberation gave his approval. The plan then went to the executive committee of the Boone and Crockett Club and, on December 15, 1915, it was unanimously accepted. The plan was thereupon endorsed by the club and presented to Stephen Mather, Assistant Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C., who immediately approved it.
The bill was introduced in April 1916, by Delegate Wickersham in the House and by Senator Key Pittman of Nevada in the Senate. Much lobbying took place the following year, and on February 19, 1917, the bill passed. On February 26, 1917, 11 years from its conception, the bill was signed in legislation by the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, thereby creating Mount McKinley National Park.[5][6]
A portion of Denali, excluding the summit, was included in the original park boundary. The boundary was expanded in 1922 and again in 1932[7] and 1947 to include the area of the hotel and railroad.
On Thanksgiving Day in 1921, the Mount McKinley Park Hotel opened.
The 93 mi (150 km) Park Road was completed in 1938 after 17 years of construction.[7]
There was no road access to the park entrance until 1957 when the Denali Highway opened; park attendance greatly expanded: there were 5,000 visitors in 1956 and 25,000 visitors by 1958.[7] In 1971, the George Parks Highway, under piecemeal construction for several years, was completed, providing direct highway connections to Anchorage and Fairbanks. Visitation doubled to 88,000 from 1971 to 1972.[7]
In 1967, the park was the site of one of the deadliest mountaineering accidents in the United States with the Mount McKinley disaster, where seven climbers died in an intense blizzard on Denali. The Park Service debated closing the mountain to climbing in the wake of the accident, but ultimately it remained open.[9]
The park was designated an
Naming dispute
The name of Mount McKinley National Park was subject to local criticism from the beginning of the park. The word Denali means "the high one" in the native
1990s
In 1992,
On September 24, 2020, the Museum of The North
2000s
On November 5, 2012, the
In September 2013, President
Geography
Denali National Park and Preserve includes the central, highest portion of the
Vehicle access
The park is serviced by the 92 mi (148 km) long Denali Park Road, which begins at the George Parks Highway and continues to the west, ending at Kantishna. Located 1 mi (1.6 km) within the park, the Denali Bus Depot (which houses a small gift shop, a coffee stand, and an information desk) is the main location to arrange a bus trip into the park or reserve/check-in for a campground site. All shuttle buses depart from here, as do some tours. The Denali Visitor Center is at mile marker 1.5 on the park road and is the main source of visitor information. Most ranger-led programs begin at the Denali Visitor Center. Other features include an exhibit hall. Within a short walking distance from the Visitor Center are a restaurant, a bookstore, the Murie Science and Learning Center, the Denali National Park railroad depot, and the McKinley National Park Airport.[citation needed]
The Denali Park Road runs north of and roughly parallel to the imposing
The road has been impacted by the Pretty Rocks landslide at Polychrome Pass at Mile 45.4. NPS believes the landslide has been active since before the road was built, but only required moderate maintenance every 2–3 years. Beginning in 2014, the landslide accelerated considerably, requiring the road crew to spread 100 truckloads of gravel per week to keep the road passable until August 2021, when the park decided to close the road beyond Mile 45 until 2023 at the earliest.[21][22] After studying potential solutions including re-routing the road, park officials decided to construct a bridge over the landslide which will cost $55 million and is expected to begin in 2022 and take two or three seasons to complete.[23]
The tours travel from the initial
There are four camping areas located within the interior of the park (Sanctuary River, Teklanika River, Igloo Creek, and Wonder Lake). Camper buses provide transportation to these campgrounds, but only passengers camping in the park can use these particular buses. At mile marker 53 on road is the Toklat River Contact Station. All shuttle and tour buses make a stop at Toklat River. The contact station features restrooms, visitor information, and a small bookstore. Eielson Visitor Center is located four hours into the park on the road (at mile marker 66). It features restrooms, daily ranger-led programs during the summer, and on clear days, views of Denali and the Alaska Range. Wonder Lake and Kantishna are a six-hour bus ride from the Visitors Center. During the winter, only the portion of Denali Park Road near the Visitors Center remains open.[citation needed]
Kantishna features five lodges: the Denali Backcountry Lodge, Kantishna Roadhouse, Skyline Lodge, Camp Denali, and North Face Lodge. Visitors can bypass the six-hour bus ride and charter an air taxi flight to the
While the main park road goes straight through the middle of the Denali Wilderness, the national preserve and portions of the park not designated
Visitors who want to climb Denali need to obtain a climbing permit first and go through an orientation as well. These can be found at the Walter Harper Talkeetna Ranger Station in Talkeetna, Alaska, about 100 mi (160 km) south of the entrance to Denali National Park and Preserve. This center serves as the center of mountaineering operations. Hours of operation vary, check the National Park website for specific details.[24]
Savage River, Eielson Visitor Center, and Wonder Lake offer maintained hiking trails, and at Riley Creek, there are several maintained trails including a hike up to Mt. Healy Overlook trail. The park also encourages off-trail hiking.[25]
Wilderness
The Denali Wilderness is a wilderness area within Denali National Park that protects the higher elevations of the central Alaska Range, including Denali. The wilderness comprises about one-third of the current national park and preserve—2,146,580 acres (3,354 sq mi; 8,687 km2) that correspond with the former park boundaries before 1980.[26]
Geology
Denali National Park and Preserve is located in the central area of the Alaska Range, a mountain chain extending 600 mi (970 km) across Alaska. Its best-known geologic feature is Denali, formerly known as Mount McKinley. Its elevation of 20,310 ft (6,190.5 m) makes it the highest mountain in North America. Its vertical relief (distance from base to peak) of 18,000 ft (5,500 m) is the highest of any mountain in the world. The mountain is still gaining about 1 mm (0.039 in) in height each year due to the continued convergence of the North American and Pacific Plates. The mountain is primarily made of granite, a hard rock that does not erode easily; this is why it has retained such a great height rather than being eroded.
The park area is characterized by
Some of the youngest rocks in the park include the Kahiltna terrane, which is a flysch sequence (a sedimentary rock sequence deposited in a marine environment during the early stages of mountain building) formed about 100 million years ago, during late Cretaceous time. Another rock sequence is the McKinley Intrusive Sequence, which includes Denali. The Cantwell Volcanics include basalt and rhyolite flows, as well as ash deposits. An example can be seen at Polychrome Pass in the park.[27]
Denali National Park and Preserve are located in an area of intense tectonic activity: the
Glaciers
Glaciers cover about 16% of the 6 million acres of Denali National Park and Preserve. Measurements indicate that glaciers in the park are losing about 6.6 ft (2 m) of vertical water equivalency each year.[30] There are more extensive glaciers on the southeastern side of the range because more snow is dropped on this side from the moisture-bearing winds from the Gulf of Alaska. The 5 largest south-facing glaciers are Yentna (20 mi (32 km) long), Kahiltna (30 mi (48 km)), Tokositna (23 mi (37 km)), Ruth (31 mi (50 km)), and Eldrige (30 mi (48 km)).[27] The Ruth glacier is 3,800 ft (1,200 m) thick.[29] However, the largest glacier, Muldrow Glacier (32 mi (51 km) long), is located on the north side. Nonetheless, the northern side has smaller and shorter glaciers overall. Muldrow glacier has "surged" twice in the last hundred years. Surging means that it has moved forward for a short time at greatly increased speed, due to a build-up of water between the bottom of the glacier and the bedrock channel floating on the ice (due to hydrostatic pressure).[27]
At the upper ends of Denali's glaciers are steep-walled semicircular basins called cirques. Cirques form from freeze-thaw cycles of meltwater in the rocks above the glacier and glacial erosion and mass wasting occur under the glacier. As cirques on the opposite sides of a ridge are cut deeper into the divide, they form a narrow, sharp, serrated ridge called an arête. As the arête wears away from glacial ice erosion, the low point between cirques is called a col (or if it is large a pass). Cols are saddle-shaped depressions in the ridge between cirques. A spire-like sharp peak, the horn, forms when cirques cut back into a mountaintop from three or four sides.
Glaciers deposit rock fragments, but the most notable of the depositions are the erratics, which are large rock fragments carried some distance from the source, found on glacial terraces and ridge tops in many places throughout Denali. Headquarter erratics are made of granite and can be the size of a house. Some erratics (like those from the Yanert Valley) are located 30 mi (48 km) away from their original location.
Large amounts of rock debris are carried on, in, and beneath the ice as the glaciers move downslope. Lateral
Kettles are formed when glacial retreat and melting is rapid, and blocks of ice are still buried under till. When the ice under the till melts, the till slumps in and forms depressions called kettles. When kettles fill with water, they are known as kettle lakes. Kettle lakes are visible near the Polychrome Overlook, the Teklanika rest stop, and Wonder Lake.[31]: 45
Permafrost
Permanently frozen ground is known as permafrost. The permafrost is discontinuous in Denali due to differences in vegetation, temperatures, snow cover, and hydrology.[32] The active layer freezing and thawing seasonally can be from 1 inch (25 mm) to 10 feet (3.0 m) thick. The permafrost layer is located between 30 and 100 feet (9.1 and 30.5 m) below the active layer. A stand of oddly leaning white spruce growing on a lower slope of Denali is called the Drunken Forest. The trees lean due to the soil sliding as a result of permafrost freeze/thaw cycles. Permafrost impacts the ecosystem in the park by influencing hydrology, patterns of vegetation, and wildlife.[33] During the very cold Pleistocene climates, all of Denali was solidly frozen.[34] The northern areas of the range are still frozen due to continued cold temperatures. About 75% of Denali had near-surface permafrost, or an active permafrost layer, in the 1950s.[35] In the 2000s, around 50% of Denali had near-surface permafrost. It is suspected that by the 2050s, only about 6% of surface permafrost will remain.[34] Because of climate change, most of the shallow permafrost is thawing. It is estimated that with an additional 1-2 degree warming, most of Denali's permafrost will thaw.[36] Permafrost thaw causes landslides as the ice-rich soil transforms into mud slurry.[37] Landslides have previously impacted accessibility in Denali by obstructing the roads in the park.[38] Permafrost thaw releases additional carbon into the atmosphere.[39]
Shallow ponds in Denali are known as thaw lakes and cave-in lakes that are formed when the water warmed by the sun forms basins in the underlying permafrost. These ponds deepen gradually during the summer and, if the temperature is high enough, they will grow in size as their rims collapse.
Thermal expansion and contraction causes permafrost cracking. In the summer water fills these cracks and forms veins called ice wedges. These wedges enlarge with seasonal freezing/thawing cycles. Some ice wedges buried for centuries are revealed during excavations or landslides.
Climate
According to the
Long winters are followed by short growing seasons. Eighty percent of the bird population returns after cold months, raising their young. Most mammals and other wildlife in the park spend the brief summer months preparing for winter and raising their young.
Summers are usually cool and damp, but temperatures in the 70s are not rare. The weather is so unpredictable that there have even been instances of snow in August.
The north and south side of the Alaskan Range have completely different climates. The Gulf of Alaska carries moisture to the south side, but the mountains block water to the north side. This brings a drier climate and huge temperature fluctuations to the north. The south has transitional maritime continental climates, with moister, cooler summers, and warmer winters.
Climate data for McKinley Park, Alaska, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1923–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 52 (11) |
52 (11) |
56 (13) |
67 (19) |
81 (27) |
91 (33) |
88 (31) |
88 (31) |
82 (28) |
69 (21) |
56 (13) |
52 (11) |
91 (33) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 38.6 (3.7) |
41.1 (5.1) |
41.9 (5.5) |
55.1 (12.8) |
70.5 (21.4) |
79.7 (26.5) |
80.0 (26.7) |
75.7 (24.3) |
64.0 (17.8) |
52.1 (11.2) |
38.2 (3.4) |
38.3 (3.5) |
82.6 (28.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 10.1 (−12.2) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
25.1 (−3.8) |
40.6 (4.8) |
54.9 (12.7) |
65.3 (18.5) |
66.4 (19.1) |
61.1 (16.2) |
50.7 (10.4) |
33.7 (0.9) |
17.6 (−8.0) |
13.8 (−10.1) |
38.2 (3.5) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 2.2 (−16.6) |
9.3 (−12.6) |
12.5 (−10.8) |
28.7 (−1.8) |
43.0 (6.1) |
53.0 (11.7) |
55.5 (13.1) |
50.9 (10.5) |
40.8 (4.9) |
24.7 (−4.1) |
9.8 (−12.3) |
5.6 (−14.7) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −5.7 (−20.9) |
−0.9 (−18.3) |
−0.1 (−17.8) |
16.9 (−8.4) |
31.1 (−0.5) |
40.8 (4.9) |
44.5 (6.9) |
40.8 (4.9) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
15.7 (−9.1) |
1.9 (−16.7) |
−2.5 (−19.2) |
17.8 (−7.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −33.5 (−36.4) |
−27.1 (−32.8) |
−21.9 (−29.9) |
−3.9 (−19.9) |
19.3 (−7.1) |
31.4 (−0.3) |
35.8 (2.1) |
29.8 (−1.2) |
16.1 (−8.8) |
−3.0 (−19.4) |
−18.5 (−28.1) |
−26.2 (−32.3) |
−36.2 (−37.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −52 (−47) |
−54 (−48) |
−47 (−44) |
−33 (−36) |
−14 (−26) |
19 (−7) |
23 (−5) |
17 (−8) |
−6 (−21) |
−24 (−31) |
−37 (−38) |
−54 (−48) |
−54 (−48) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.61 (15) |
0.71 (18) |
0.51 (13) |
0.43 (11) |
0.84 (21) |
2.42 (61) |
3.12 (79) |
3.01 (76) |
1.74 (44) |
0.84 (21) |
0.84 (21) |
0.83 (21) |
15.90 (404) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 9.6 (24) |
9.6 (24) |
8.2 (21) |
6.9 (18) |
2.6 (6.6) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
5.0 (13) |
9.4 (24) |
12.9 (33) |
12.4 (31) |
76.7 (194.85) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.6 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 12.6 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 113.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 9.1 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 8.3 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 61.9 |
Source 1: NOAA[42] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: WRCC (extremes)[43] |
Ecology
The
In the tundra of the park, layers of topsoil collect on rotten fragmented rock moved by thousands of years of glacial activity.
Over 450 species of flowering plants fill the park and can be viewed in bloom throughout summer. Images of
Denali is home to a variety of North American birds and mammals, including an estimated 300-350 grizzly bears on the north side of the Alaska Range (70 bears per 1,000 square miles) and an estimated 2,700 black bears (334 per 1,000 square miles). As of 2014[update], park biologists were monitoring about 51 wolves in 13 packs (7.4 wolves per 1,000 square miles), while surveys estimated 2,230 caribou in 2013, and 1,477 moose in 2011.[44] Dall sheep are often seen on mountainsides. Smaller animals such as coyotes, hoary marmots, shrews, Arctic ground squirrels, beavers, pikas, and snowshoe hares are seen in abundance. Red and Arctic fox species, martens, Canada lynx, and wolverines also inhabit the park but are more rarely seen due to their elusive natures.
Many migratory bird species reside in the park during late spring and summer. There are waxwings, Arctic warblers, pine grosbeaks, and northern wheatears, as well as ptarmigan and the tundra swan. Raptors include a variety of hawks, owls, and gyrfalcons, as well as the abundant but striking golden eagles.
Ten species of fish, including trout, salmon, and Arctic grayling, share the waters of the park. Because many of the rivers and lakes of Denali are fed by glaciers, glacial silt and cold temperatures slow the metabolism of the fish, preventing them from reaching normal sizes.[citation needed] A single amphibious species, the wood frog, also lives among the lakes of the park.
There are several non-native species in the park including
Denali park rangers maintain a constant effort to keep wildlife wild by limiting the interaction between humans and park animals. Feeding any animal is strictly forbidden, as it may cause adverse effects on the feeding habits of the creature. Visitors are encouraged to view animals from safe distances. In August 2012 the park experienced its first known fatal bear attack when a lone hiker apparently startled a large male grizzly while photographing it. Analysis of the scene and the hiker's camera strongly suggest he violated park regulations regarding backcountry bear encounters, which all permit holders are made aware of.[47] Certain areas of the park are often closed due to uncommon wildlife activity, such as denning areas of wolves and bears or recent kill sites.
See also
- Denali State Park
- List of birds of Denali National Park and Preserve
- List of national parks of the United States
References
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- ^ "Park Statistics" Archived 2022-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. nps.gov. National Park Service. May 31, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
- ^ Norris, Vol. 1, pp. 2-3
- ^ Sheldon, Charles (1931). A History of The Boone and Crockett Club. Boone and Crockett Club. pp. 54–59.
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- ^ "Mount McKinley Park Hotel". Denali National Park & Preserve. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2015-02-06.
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- ^ Sheldon, Charles (1931). A History of The Boone and Crockett Club. Boone and Crockett Club. pp. 54–59.
- Alaska Dispatch News, 30 August 2015
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{{cite news}}
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- ^ "CBO - S. 157". Congressional Budget Office. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
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- ^ "Pretty Rocks Landslide". Denali National Park. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
- ^ "Denali Park Road will be closed at Polychrome Pass in 2022 due to landslides". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
- ^ "Work on $55 million bridge over slumping part of Denali Park Road could start next year". 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
- ^ This article incorporates public domain material from Denali National Park, Walter Harper Talkeetna Ranger Station. National Park Service. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ "Hiking - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ "Denali Wilderness". Wilderness.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
- ^ a b c Harris, A.G., Tuttle, E., Tuttle S.D. Geology of National Parks. 6th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2004.
- ^ "First North American co-occurrence of Hadrosaur and Therizinosaur tracks found in Alaska". Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ a b National Park Service: Denali National Park and Preserve. Denali Rocks! The Geology of Denali National Park and Preserve: A Curriculum Guide for Grades 6-8. 2011.
- ^ "Melting Denali: Effects of Climate Change on Glaciers (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ^ Capps, D.; McLane, S.; Chang, L. (2016). Denali National Park and Preserve Geology Road Guide (PDF). Denali National Park and Preserve, Denali Park, Alaska: National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Permafrost Landscapes (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ "Melting Denali: Effects of Climate Change on Glaciers (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ^ a b Park, Mailing Address: PO Box 9 Denali; voicemail, AK 99755 Phone: 907 683-9532 A. ranger is available 9 am—4 pm daily If you get to the; Message, Please Leave a; Us, we'll call you back as soon as we finish with the previous caller Contact. "Thinning Glaciers - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Thawing permafrost prompts Denali National Park to reimagine its future". Environment. 2021-07-08. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ^ "Melting Denali: Effects of Climate Change on Glaciers (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ^ "Permafrost Landscapes (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- S2CID 238662591.
- ISSN 0886-6236.
- ^ "Pretty Rocks Landslide - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "MCKINLEY PARK, ALASKA (505778)". Western Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Large Mammals in Denali: How Many Are There? Archived 2018-09-02 at the Wayback Machine. nps.gov. National Park Service. July 18, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Non-Native Species - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (2012-08-27). "Hiker's camera offers clues to bear attack". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28.
Bibliography
- Brown, William E. (1991) A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, Alaska, National Park Service
- Collier, Michael (2007), The Geology of Denali National Park and Preserve. Alaska Geographic. ISBN 978-0-930931-04-9
- Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (2004). Geology of the National Parks, 6th ed. Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 978-0-7872-9971-2
- Murie, Adolph (1961), A Naturalist in Alaska. Devin-Adair.
- Murie, Adolph (1981), The Grizzlies of Mount McKinley, National Park Service
- Murie, Adolph (1944), The Wolves of Mount McKinley, Fauna of the National Parks of the United States Series No. 5, National Park Service
- Norris, Frank (2006), Crown Jewel of the North:An Administrative History of Denali National Park and Preserve, Volume 1, National Park Service (10 MB download)
- Norris, Frank (2006), Crown Jewel of the North:An Administrative History of Denali National Park and Preserve, Volume 2, National Park Service (80 MB download)
- Scoggins, Dow (2004), Discovering Denali: A Complete Reference Guide to Denali National Park and Mount McKinley, Alaska. iUniverse Star. ISBN 0-595-29737-4
- Sheldon, Charles (1930), The Wilderness of Denali. Derrydale Press (reprint), ISBN 978-1568331522
- Waits, Ike (2010), Denali National Park, Alaska: Guide to Hiking, Photography and Camping. Wild Rose Guidebooks. ISBN 978-0-9677327-2-5
External links
- Denali National Park & Preserve - National Park Service site
- NPS education packet
- Small Mammal Population in Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska Manuscript at Dartmouth College Library
- Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. AK-35, "Mount McKinley Headquarters, Cantwell, Denali Borough, AK", 1 photo, 1 color transparency, 2 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
- Historic American Engineering Record(HAER) documentation, filed under Cantwell, Denali Borough, AK:
- HAER No. AK-31, "Stampede Gold Mine", 33 photos, 2 photo caption pages
- HAER No. AK-34, "Stevens Cabin", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. AK-36, "Barn", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. AK-40, "Quigley Cabin", 21 photos, 3 photo caption pages
- HAER No. AK-41, "Kantishna Roadhouse", 12 photos, 2 photo caption pages
- HAER No. AK-65, "Mount McKinley Park Hotel, Power Plant", 11 photos, 1 photo caption page