Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Eastern Indo-Aryan | |
---|---|
Magadhan | |
Geographic distribution | Eastern India, Bangladesh, southern Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | indo1323 (Indo-Aryan Eastern zone) biha1245 (Bihari) |
The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the
Classification
The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the
When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:[citation needed]
Western Magadhan
- Bihari
- Bhojpuri
- Magahi
- Maithili
- Sadanic
- Unclassified Bihari
- Tharuic
- Chitwania Tharu
- Dangaura Tharu
- Sonha
- Kathariya Tharu
- Kochila Tharu
- Western Kochila
- Central Kochila (Saptariya Tharu)
- Eastern Kochila (Morangiya, Khawas Tharu)
- Rana Tharu
- Buksa
- Musasa
- Majhi
- Kumhali
- Kuswaric
- Danwar
- Bote-Darai
- Bote
- Darai
- Tharuic
Eastern Magadhan
- Bengali–Assamese:
- Gaudic
- Bangali(Dhakaiya Bengali)
- Bishnupriya Manipuri
- Chakma
- Chittagonian
- Manbhumi (Western Bengali)
- Noakhailla(Southeastern Bengali)
- Rarhi(South-Central Bengali)
- Rohingya
- Sundarbani(Southern Bengali)
- Sylheti
- Tanchangya
- Varendri(North-Central Bengali)
- Kamarupic:
- Eastern Assamese
- Kamrupi (Western Assamese)
- Goalpariya (Western Assamese)
- Rangpuri
- Surjapuri
- Rajbanshi
- Hajong
- Gaudic
- Odia languages
- Odia Family
- Baleswari (Northern Odia)
- Singhbhumi(Southern Jharkhand)
- Kataki (Central Odia)
- Sambalpuri (Western Odia)
- Sundargadi (Northwestern Odia)
- Kalahandia (Southwestern Odia)
- Desia (Koraputia Odia)
- Ganjami (Southern Odia)
- Bodo Parja
- Bhatri
- Reli
- Kupia
- Halbic:
Features
Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:[5]
Case | Bengali | Assamese | Odia | Rajbangshi | Surjapuri | Maithili | Bhojpuri | Tharu | Sylheti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instrumental | -t̪e, -ke d̪ie | -e, -er-e, di, -e-di | -e, -re, -d̪ei | -d̪i | sɛ | -e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea | le, leka | -re, di | |
Dative | -ke, -[e]re | -k, -ɒk | -ku | -k, -ɔk | -k, -ɔk | -ke˜ | -ke | -hənə | -gu, -gur |
Ablative | -t̪ʰeke | -pɒra | -u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru | -hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki | -sɛ | -sə˜, -k -karəne | se | -lagi, -tône | |
Genitive | -r, -er | -r, -ɒr | -rɔ | -r, -ɛr | -r, -ɛr | -ker (-k) | -kæ | -ək | -r, -ôr |
Locative | -e, -t̪e | -t, -ɒt | -re | -t̪, -ɔt̪ | -t̪, -ɔt̪ | e, me, -hi, -tə | -mə | -t, -ô |
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It is suggested that "pre-Munda" ("proto-" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.[6][7]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ISBN 0-7007-1130-9
- ^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
- ^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–462.
- ^ (Toulmin 2006:148)
- ^ Peterson, John (2017). "The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.
- ISSN 2196-078X.
External links
- A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)
- Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University.