Gawar-Bati language
| Gawar-Bati | |
|---|---|
| Narsati | |
 | |
| Native to | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Region | Kunar,province , Chitral |
Native speakers | 75,000 (2017–2024)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gwt |
| Glottolog | gawa1247 |
| ELP | Gawar-Bati |
Gawar-Bati or Narsati is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kunar, Nari of Eastern Afghanistan, and across the border in Pakistan , It is also known as Kohistani in Kunar. Gawar-Bati has estimated speakers of 75,000. 5,0000 of them are living in ,Kunar,Nari,Afghanistan and 25,000 of them are in Chitral, Pakistan.
Study and classification
The Gawar-Bati language has not been given serious study by linguists, except that it is mentioned by George Morgenstierne (1926) and Kendall Decker (1992).
It is classified as an
Phonology
The following tables set out the phonology of the Gawar-Bati language:[3]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | (e) eː | (o) oː | |
| Open | a aː |
The status of short /e/ and /o/ is unclear.
Consonants
A breathy voiced series, /bʱ dʱ gʱ/, existed recently in older speakers—and may still do so.
| Labial | Coronal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ||||
Stop
|
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | |||
| aspirated | pʰ [pf f] | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||
Affricate
|
voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | |||
| voiced | dz | dʐ | dʒ | ||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tʃʰ | ||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | h | |
| voiced | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |||
Approximant
|
j | w | |||||
| Lateral | plain | l | |||||
| Fricative | ɬ ~ l̥ | ||||||
| Rhotic | r | ɽ | |||||
Orthography
It is rarely written. This alphabet is used in Pakistan:[4]
| Letter | ا | ب | پ | ت | ٹ | ث | ج | چ | ح | خ | ڄ | ݮ | څ | ځ | د | ڈ | ذ | ر | ڑ | ز | ژ | ݫ | س |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | ā, Ø | b | p | t | ṭ | s | ǰ | č | h | x | c̣ | j̣ | c | j | d | ḍ | z | r | ṛ | z | ẓ | ž | s |
| IPA | [aː], Ø | [b] | [p] | [t] | [ʈ] | [s] | [d͡ʒ] | [t͡ʃ] | [h] | [x] | [ʈ͡ʂ] | [ɖ͡ʐ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [d] | [ɖ] | [z] | [r~ɾ] | [ɽ] | [z] | [ʐ] | [ʒ] | [s] |
| Letter | ش | ݭ | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ک | گ | ل | ݪ | م | ن | ݨ | ں | ه | ء | و | ی | ے |
| Transliteration | š | ṣ | s | z | t | z | ʔ | ǧ | f | q | k | g | l | ł | m | n | ṇ | ˜ | h | ʔ | w, ū, o | y, ī | e |
| IPA | [ʃ] | [ʂ] | [s] | [z] | [t] | [z] | [ʔ] | [ɣ] | [f] | [q] | [k] | [ɡ] | [l] | [ɬ~l] | [m] | [n] | [ɳ] | [˜] | [h] | [ʔ] | [w], [uː], [oː] | [j], [iː] | [eː] |
| Letter | تھ | پھ | ٹھ | چھ | ڄھ | څھ | کھ | َ | ِ | ُ | |||||||||||||
| Transliteration | th | ph | ṭh | čh | c̣h | ch | kh | a | i | u | |||||||||||||
| IPA | [tʰ] | [pʰ] | [ʈʰ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [ʈ͡ʂʰ] | [t͡sʰ] | [kʰ] | [a] | [i] | [u] |
Notes and references
- ^ Gawar-Bati at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ISBN 978-0415772945.
'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
- ^ Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 139.
- ^ Gawarbati Alif Be fli-online.org
Further reading
- Decker, Kendall D. (1992) Languages of Chitral Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University,
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan ISBN 0-923891-09-9