Emperor at home, king abroad

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Emperor at home, king abroad
Chinese name
Hanyu Pinyin
wài wáng nèi dì
Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetNgoại Vương Nội ĐếChữ Hán外王內帝Korean nameHangul외왕내제Hanja外王內帝Japanese nameKanji外王内帝Hiragana
がいおうないてい

Emperor at home, king abroad was a system of conducting relations between states within the

Imperial Majesty and Majesty (陛下), rulers of lesser realms were styled as Highness (殿下).[citation needed
] This system was applicable to Japan, Korea and Vietnam, as well as less powerful Chinese states, among others.

As China was a hegemonic power in East Asia for a large part of history, surrounding states were compelled to pay tribute to Chinese emperors in exchange for peace and political legitimacy. In this system, lesser regimes accepted the suzerainty of the dominant Chinese power and acknowledged the Chinese emperor as their nominal overlord. Since Chinese emperors claimed to be the Son of Heaven and held supremacy over all under Heaven, rulers of lesser regimes were to use titles subordinate to emperor. The same doctrine also maintained that there could only be one emperor at any given time.

Origin

When the Qin dynasty fell, general Zhao Tuo conquered the commanderies of Xiang and Guilin and proclaimed himself "Martial King of Nanyue" (南越武王; Nányuè Wǔ wáng) and in 196 BCE he was recognized "King of Nanyue" (南越王; Nányuè wáng) after Liu Bang became emperor and founded the Han dynasty. After Liu Bang's death, his officials petitioned his widow Empress Lü to forbid trade in iron between Nanyue and Han; upon hearing the news, Zhao proclaimed himself "Martial Emperor of Nanyue" (南越武帝; Nányuè wǔ dì), on par with the Han emperors.[1][2]

Zhao's troops raided the neighboring

Luoyue into submission.[a] Zhao then stopped sending envoys to the Han court.[1][5]

In response,

offer tributes, and publicly announced in Nanyue that he would relinquish imperial title and practices. However, Zhao still secretly designated himself as "Emperor" (帝; dì) inside Nanyue and only used titles appropriate for a tributary feudal lord like "king" (王; wáng) when sending envoys to the Son of Heaven.[1][6]

Korea

See also: Korean imperial titles

The rulers of Balhae used imperial titles, such as Seongwang (성왕; 聖王; lit. "Holy King") and Hwangsang (황상; 皇上; lit. "Emperor"), and had independent era names.[7][8]

In 933,

Chinese dynasties
tolerated such practice.

The Goryeo dynasty later became a semi-autonomous region of the Yuan dynasty, bringing an end to its domestic imperial system. Its rulers bore the title king and were prohibited from having temple names which were reserved specifically for the Yuan emperors. In 1356, King Gongmin of Goryeo declared independence from the Yuan dynasty.[9]

In 1392, King Taejo of Joseon overthrew the Goryeo dynasty and founded the Joseon dynasty. He was bestowed the title King of Joseon (朝鮮國王) by the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Both domestically and externally, Joseon monarchs held the title of king, unlike the domestic claim of imperial titles before Goryeo's submission to the Yuan dynasty.[10]

Vietnam

In 544, Lý Bôn established the Early Lý dynasty and proclaimed himself the Emperor of Nam Việt (南越帝).

In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Đinh dynasty and declared himself as emperor, abolishing the old title of Jinghaijun Jiedushi (靜海軍節度使), a title of Chinese regional military commander. The Emperor Taizu of Song later bestowed the title King of Jiaozhi Prefecture to Đinh Bộ Lĩnh.[11]: 285, 287 

In 986, Lê Hoàn was bestowed the title of Jinghaijun Jiedushi when the emissary of the Song dynasty visited. In 988, Lê Hoàn was promoted to Proxy Grand Commandant (檢校太尉); in 993 to Prince of Jiaozhi Commandery (交趾郡王); and finally in 997 his title was promoted to the King of Nanping (南平王).[12][13]

In 1010,

Chinese rule.[14][15][16]
Domestically, rulers of the Lý dynasty maintained the use of the title emperor.

Upon proclaiming the Later Lê dynasty, Lê Thái Tổ claimed kingship with the title Đại Vương (大王).[citation needed] It was not until the reign of Lê Thánh Tông did Vietnamese rulers reclaimed imperial titles. The system continued to be used until the end of the dynasty itself, as all rulers claimed imperial status domestically and reverted to royal rank when dealing with China.

The Gia Long Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty was conferred the title King of Việt Nam (越南國王) by the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty. While the Nguyễn dynasty accepted Chinese suzerainty and adopted the title of king when dealing with the Qing dynasty, it entered into foreign relations with other states as Emperor of Đại Việt Nam (大越南皇帝) and later as Emperor of Đại Nam (大南皇帝).[citation needed] Domestically, Nguyễn monarchs also used the title emperor and referred to its realm as the "southern dynasty" (in relation to the Qing dynasty, the "northern dynasty"), implying an equal status with China.

Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi was triggered to invade Korea for the second time, after the Wanli Emperor of the Ming dynasty referred to him as the King of Japan.

Chinese emperors originally referred to Japanese rulers as the King of Wa (倭王), while they were called kimi or ōkimi in Japan. Some of the rulers, notably the five kings of Wa, accepted Chinese suzerainty.

During the

Tennō (天皇, "Heavenly Emperor") both domestically and externally, and the title king (國王) was sometimes used for trade with China by shoguns, who held de facto power in Japan. China did not officially allow Japanese emperors to use the title tennō, although it did little to compel the Japanese rulers into reverting to lesser titles.[17]

During the Tang dynasty, Japanese rulers were conferred the title King of Japan (日本國王).[18] In 894, Japan stopped sending envoys to the Tang dynasty.

During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Shizu of Yuan demanded the submission of the King of Japan, referring to the Japanese emperor. Japan rejected this demand, which resulted in the Yuan invasions of Japan.

During the Nanboku-chō period of Japan, Prince Kaneyoshi refused to accept the title of king granted by China, and killed seven Chinese ambassadors in retaliation.

The shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu accepted the title King of Japan bestowed by the Yongle Emperor due to his desire to establish trade relations with the Ming dynasty.[19][20][21]

During the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Hidetada changed the title of king to taikun (大君), as a sign of respect to the Japanese emperor. Thereafter, Tokugawa Ienobu switched the title back to king, only to be changed once again to taikun by Tokugawa Yoshimune.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Records of the Outer Territory of Jiao Region (交州外域記) and Records of the Taikang Era of the Jin (晉太康記) (both quoted in Commentary on the Water Classic (水經注)) and Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Historical Annals of Đại Việt) (大越史記全書) also mentioned Zhao's military conquest of Âu Lạc.[3][4]

References

  1. ^ a b c Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, "Vol. 113: Account of Nanyue"
  2. ^ Sima Qian (author), Burton Watson (translator). (1961). Records Of The Grand Historian Of China, Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 240
  3. ^ Shuijing zhu "Vol. 37, Section Yin river". For an English translation see Chang, Yufen (2022). "Academic Dependency Theory and the Politics of Agency in Area Studies: The Case of Anglophone Vietnamese Studies from the 1960s to the 2010s". Journal of Historical Sociology. 35 (1): p. 49 of pp. 37–54.
  4. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên et al. ĐVSKTT "Peripheral Records, Vol. 1, Records of Thục, King An Dương"
  5. ^ Sima Qian (author), Watson, Burton (translator) (1961), p. 241
  6. ^ Sima Qian (author), Watson, Burton (translator) (1961), p. 241-242
  7. ^ "발해(渤海)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  8. ISBN 9780253000248
    . Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  9. ISBN 9780674036086
    . Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  10. ISBN 978-0-8223-5372-0
  11. ISBN 9780520074170
    .
  12. ^ Annals of Great Yue (大越史記全書)
  13. History of Song
    , (宋史·交趾傳)
  14. ISBN 9781317398202
    .
  15. ISBN 9780231141895
    .
  16. ISBN 9789814620536
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-904404-79-1
    .
  18. ^ 唐丞相曲江張先生文集-敕日本國王書.
  19. ISSN 0585-3923
    . Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  20. ISBN 978-90-04-16822-0
    .
  21. ISBN 978-0-7679-0497-1
    .
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