Factions in the Republican Party (United States)
The
In the 20th century, Republican factions included the Progressive Republicans, the
In the 21st century, Republican factions include conservatives (represented in Congress by the
21st century factions
During the presidency of Barack Obama, the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as the Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government Tea Party movement.[1][2][3][4] In 2012, The New York Times identified six wings of the Republican Party: Main Street Voters, Tea Party Voters, Christian Conservatives, Libertarians, The Disaffected, and The Endangered Or Vanished.[5] In 2014, the Pew Research Center split Republican-leaning voters into three groups: Steadfast Conservatives, Business Conservatives, and Young Outsiders.[6] In 2019, during the presidency of Donald Trump, Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers.[7]
In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat
In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with the Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories).[10] In November 2021, Pew Research Center identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right.[11]
As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as the Five Families.[12][13][14][15] Derived from The Godfather, the term refers to Mafia crime families.[13] The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House Freedom Caucus, the conservative Republican Study Committee, the business-minded Main Street Caucus, the mainstream Republican Governance Group", and the Republican members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus. The House Republican factions overlap with one another.[14]
Conservatives
The
In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in
Conservatives generally oppose
Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.[27] These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of national conservatism,[28] protectionism,[29] cultural conservatism, a more realist foreign policy, a repudiation of neoconservatism, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.[27][30]
Christian right
The Christian right is a conservative Christian political faction characterized by strong support of socially conservative and Christian nationalist policies.[31][32][33] Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of Christianity to influence law and public policy.[34]
In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of
Trumpists
Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,
Despite producing no manifesto,[60] the Trumpist faction supports cuts to spending.[61][62] In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[63][64] are generally supportive towards Russia,[65][66][67] and favor an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[68][69][70][71] They generally reject compromise within the party and with the Democrats,[72][73] and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.[74][75] Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists,[76] and to be against free trade,[77] neoconservatism,[78] and environmental protection laws.[79]
The Republican Party's populist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,[80] coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the Tea Party movement which has also been described as far-right.[81] The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and anti-Trump factions.[82][83]
When conservative columnist George Will advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in the Senate and House elections of November 2018,[84] political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party.[85] Anticipating Trump's likely defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, Peter Feaver wrote in Foreign Policy magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in the party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform."[86] A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it.[87] Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at Northeastern University, says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of the Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction".[88]
Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party: "Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction."[89]
Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, describes it as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement that has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called "
In 2022, a faction emerged of Trump loyalists within the
In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights.[96][97]
Libertarians
Libertarians make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party.[6][98] In the 1950s and 60s, fusionism—the combination of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism—was essential to the movement's growth.[99] This philosophy is most closely associated with Frank Meyer.[100] Barry Goldwater also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.[101]
Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the
Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu,[106][107] Senators Mike Lee and Rand Paul, Representative Thomas Massie, former Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford,[108] and former Representative Ron Paul[109] (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and a Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president once as a Libertarian and twice more recently as a Republican.
The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the Tea Party movement.[110][111]
Neoconservatives
Neoconservatives promote an interventionist foreign policy to promote democracy or American interests abroad. Many neoconservatives were in earlier days identified as liberals or were affiliated with the Democrats. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into the Republican Party a more active international policy. Neoconservatives are amenable to unilateral military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy).[112][113] Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[114]
Prominent neoconservatives in the
Republican members of the 118th Congress with neoconservative stances include Senators Tom Cotton[117] and Lindsey Graham.[118]
Moderates
Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent swing states or blue states. Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated, affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often Never Trump.[119] Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the conservative liberals of Europe.[120]
While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e.
Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine[127][128][129][130] and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as Charlie Baker of Massachusetts[131] and Phil Scott of Vermont.[132] Another moderate Republican is incumbent governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo, who was previously the Sheriff of Clark County.[133] Moderate Republican Representatives include Brian Fitzpatrick, who was ranked as the most bipartisan member of the House by The Lugar Center, Don Bacon, and ex-Representative John Katko[134]
One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was
The Republican Governance Group is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives.[13]
Anti-Trump faction
A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him.
Several critics of the Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative
Organizations associated with this faction include The Lincoln Project,[147] Republican Accountability Project[148] and Republicans for the Rule of Law.[149]
Political caucuses
Election year | Republican Study Committee | Republican Governance Group | Freedom Caucus |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 157 / 213
|
45 / 213
|
45 / 213
|
2022 | 156 / 222
|
42 / 222
|
46 / 222
|
Historical factions
Half-Breeds
The Half-Breeds were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed the machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms.[152]
Progressive Republicans
Historically, the Republican Party included a
After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the
In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included Robert M. La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, Hiram Johnson, William Borah, George W. Norris, William Allen White, Victor Murdock, Clyde M. Reed and Fiorello La Guardia.[156]
Radical Republicans
The
After winning major victories in the
Reagan coalition
According to historian George H. Nash, the Reagan coalition in the Republican Party, which centered around Ronald Reagan and his administration throughout all of the 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the George H. W. Bush administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans).[17][158]
Rockefeller Republicans
Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from the Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after Nelson Rockefeller.[159][160][161]
With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the
Stalwarts
The
Birchers
Members of the
Tea Party movement
The Tea Party movement was an American
On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism".[176] Its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution.[177] By 2016, Politico said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however, the article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party.[178]
Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives
Several political organizations were created in response to the movement's growing popularity in the late 2000s and into the early 2010s, including the Tea Party Patriots, Tea Party Express and Tea Party Caucus.
See also
References
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Further reading
- Barone, Michael and Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics, 2010 (2009). 1,900 pages of minute, nonpartisan detail on every state and district and member of Congress.
- Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021 (2022) excerpt
- Dyche, John David. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell (2009).
- Edsall, Thomas Byrne. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive For Permanent Power (2006). Sophisticated analysis by liberal.
- Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Book on Politics (2004). Nonpartisan.
- Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas (2005). Attack by a liberal.
- Frohnen, Bruce, Beer, Jeremy and Nelson, Jeffery O., eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006). 980 pages of articles by 200 conservative scholars.
- Hamburger, Tom and Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century (2006). Hostile.
- Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)
- Hewitt, Hugh. GOP 5.0: Republican Renewal Under President Obama (2009).
- Ross, Brian. "The Republican Un-Civil War – The Neocons and the Tea Party Fight for Control of the GOP" (August 9, 2012). Truth-2-Power.
- Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004). Sophisticated nonpartisan analysis.
- "A Guide to the Republican Herd" (October 5, 2006). The New York Times.
- "Belief Spectrum Brings Party Splits" (October 4, 1998). The Washington Post.