Franciscus van den Enden

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Franciscus van den Enden
Born(1602-02-05)5 February 1602
17th century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
Main interests
Signature

Franciscus van den Enden, in later life also known as 'Affinius' (Latinized form of 'Van den Enden')

Louis XIV and executed by hanging.[9]

Life

Title page of 'Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants'

Van den Enden was the son of Johannes (Hans) van den Enden and Barbara Janssens. He was baptized in Antwerp on 6 February 1602. His parents were manual labourers who worked as weavers. He was a pupil at the

Society of Jesus, but in 1633 he was dismissed from the order. In the later 1630s he contributed some Neo-Latin poems to devotional works by the Spanish Augustinian Bartholomé de los Rios y Alarcón. In about the same period he also seems to have been active in the Antwerp art trade, in which his brother Martinus van den Enden the Elder played an important role, as a publisher of prints by Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck. In 1640 Van den Enden married Clara Maria Vermeeren in Antwerp and in 1641 a first child was born, named after her mother Clara Maria. It is not clear where and when their second daughter Margereta Aldegonis was born.[6]

Probably around 1645 the family moved to

Singel. His pupils performed several classical plays in the Amsterdam theatre and also a Neo-Latin play by his own hand, Philedonius (1657). By then the family had expanded: in 1648 the twins Anna and Adriana Clementina were born, in 1650 a son, Jacobus, in 1651 a daughter, Marianna, and in 1654 again a daughter, Maria (Anna, Jacobus and Maria probably died very young). In the late 1650s, Baruch Spinoza and the anatomist Theodor Kerckring were pupils at his school. Van den Enden's daughter Maria was fluent in Latin and taught students in her father's school. A possibly apocryphal story related by Spinoza's early biographer Johan Colerus claims that Spinoza and Kerckerinck were rivals for her affections.[10]

In the early 1660s some people thought that van den Enden was an

atheist,[11] while others believed that he was a Roman Catholic. In this period he worked, together with Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy, on a project to establish a North American utopian settlement in New Netherland, in the area of the present Delaware. Van den Enden's views on this ideal society are found in the Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants (Brief Account of New Netherland, 1662). Some years later, in 1665, another political publication appeared, the Vrye Politijke Stellingen (Free Political Proposals), in which he defended democracy and stressed the social and educational duties of a state. In that same year, when the Second Anglo-Dutch War had just started, he wrote to Johan de Witt offering to sell him a secret weapon for the navy.[citation needed
]

Shortly after the marriage of his oldest daughter Clara Maria with Theodor Kerckring (also written as 'Kerckrinck') in 1671, van den Enden moved to Paris, where he opened another Latin school. There he was visited by

Louis XIV, but the conspirators were caught before they could execute their plans, which included the establishment of a republic in Normandy. Franciscus van den Enden was condemned to death and on 27 November 1674, after the decapitation of the noble conspirators; as a non-noble, he was hanged in front of the Bastille
.

A pioneer of the democratic idea

Title page of 'Vrije Politijke Stellingen'

In his Kort Verhael van Nieuw Nederlants Gelegenheit (1662 - 'a Short Story of a New Dutch Occasion'), Van den Enden gives his views on the political notion of Gelijkheidsbeginsels - equality. "The state must bring benefits in equal measures to all. The well-being-increasing effect of the state must become apparent independently of a person's abilities, sex, property, and social status. He opposes explicitly that equality comes down to equalization. The laws should aim towards the general benefit, while they give to all in the same manner give space for individuality." (A translation as close as possible to his originally Dutch wordings as per Dutch Wikipedia article on Franciscus van den Enden - A pioneer of the democratic thought).

In his Vrije Politieke Stellingen (1665- 'some Free Political Theses'), Van den Enden advocates for freedom of speech and the general right to develop. He further develops the idea of popular sovereignty. He is convinced that the people, by the practice of democracy in popular assemblies and concertations, will gain experience and insight. As an example of democratic functioning, he gives the method of such working as used in Holland during the Eighty Years' War against Spain. But he also warns that all officers must be followed with a watchful eye, especially those who excel in eloquence and greed.

In a sense, Van den Enden can be considered one of the forerunners of the French Revolution where the concepts of liberty, equality and fraternity became the yardstick of a new model for society.

Importance

Jonathan Israel contends that Van den Enden's "chief contribution to the formation of radical thought and the Amsterdam 'atheist' circle was undoubtedly hid impassioned and revolutionary summons to 'enlighten' the common people" via education"[12] A central question concerning Franciscus van den Enden is whether and to what extent he was an influence on the philosophy of his pupil Spinoza. This question was raised by Meinsma. In 1990 Marc Bedjai and Wim Klever, independently from each other, established that Van den Enden was the author of two anonymous pamphlets, the Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants (Brief Account of New Netherland) and the Vrye Politijke Stellingen (Free Political Proposals). Mainly on the basis of the last work the claim was made, most strongly by Klever, that the whole of Spinozist philosophy had been developed by Van den Enden. The idea of a strong influence on Spinoza was later adopted in biographies of Spinoza Steven Nadler and by Margaret Gullan-Whur. A thorough analysis of both pamphlets shows[by whom?] that a possible influence was rather limited and the chronology of the sources does not allow it to be determined whether it was the teacher who influenced the pupil or whether it was the other way around.

Apart from this question, which due to the fragmentary source material will probably never be answered with certainty, Van den Enden's later writings are of great interest. It is clear, for instance, that together with

Johan de la Court, he should be counted among the earliest Dutch-writing and Early-Modern promoters of democracy. His defence of religious toleration, a secular state, public education and less cruel forms of justice situate him within the Early Enlightenment. Moreover, his radical rejection of slavery
is unique, even within his circle of Amsterdam freethinkers. Finally, Van den Enden's concern for social problems and his proposals for organized forms of solidarity, presumably influenced by Plockhoy, must be considered original for his time.

Works

  • Philedonius (1657)
  • Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants (1662)[13]
  • Vrye politijke stellingen, en consideratien van staat, Gedaen na der ware Christenens Even gelijke vryheits gronden; strekkende tot een rechtschape, en ware verbeeteringh van Staat, en Kerk (1665) [Free Political Propositions and Considerations of State][14]
  • Vrije Politijke Stellingen (ed. W. Klever, 1992)

Further reading

  • M. Bedjai, 'Metaphysique, éthique et politique dans l'œuvre du docteur Franciscus van den Enden (1602- 1674)', Studia Spinozana, nr. 6 (1990), pp. 291– 301.
  • J. Israel, The Radical Enlightenment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • W. Klever, 'Proto-Spinoza Franciscus van den Enden', Studia Spinozana, nr. 6 (1990), pp. 281– 289.
  • J. v. Meininger & G. van Suchtelen, Liever met wercken, als met woorden, Weesp: Heureka, 1980.
  • K.O. Meinsma, Spinoza en zijn kring, Den Haag, 1896, pp. 125–157.
  • F. Mertens, 'Van den Enden and Religion', in S. Lavaert & W. Schröder (eds.), The Dutch Legacy. Radical Thinkers of the 17the Century and the Enlightenment, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2017, pp. 62-89.
  • Omero Proietti (2010). Philedonius, 1657. Spinoza, Van den Enden e i classici latini. Macerata: Eum.
    ISBN 978-88-6056-247-0. Archived from the original
    on 2011-01-19.

References and notes

  1. ISBN 9781317676966
    .
  2. ^ His name is also written as 'Van den Ende', 'Van den Eijnde', 'Van den Eijnden', 'Van den Eynde'
  3. ISBN 9789004396326
    .
  4. ^ Nadler, Steven, Spinoza, A Life Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2018, 120-21
  5. ^ Sonja Lavaert and Winfried Schröder, The Dutch Legacy: Radical Thinkers of the 17th Century and the Enlightenment, BRIL, 2017
  6. ^ a b Frank Mertens, Ghent University (June 30, 2009). "Franciscus van den Enden/Home". Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  7. ^ Nadler, Spinoza, A Life, 2nd edition, 125-26, fn. 70
  8. ^ Israel, Jonathan I. Spinoza, Life and Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press 2023, 258-59
  9. ^ Nader, Steven. Spinoza: A Life, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2018, 123-24
  10. ^ Nadler, Spinoza, A Life, 2nd edition, pp. 126-27
  11. Israel, Jonathan I.
    , Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, 175
  12. ^ Israel, Radical Enlightenment, p. 185
  13. ^ Franciscus van den Enden, Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants, online version
  14. ^ Franciscus van den Enden, Vrye Politijke Stellingen, online version

External links

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