Henrietta Maria of France
Henrietta Maria of France | |
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Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland | |
Tenure | 13 June 1625 – 30 January 1649 |
Born | Palais du Louvre, Paris, Kingdom of France | 25 November 1609
Died | 10 September 1669 Château de Colombes, Colombes, Kingdom of France | (aged 59)
Burial | 13 September 1669 |
Spouse | |
Issue more... |
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Roman Catholicism | |
Signature |
Henrietta Maria of France (French: Henriette Marie; 25 November
Henrietta Maria's
The North American Province of Maryland, a major haven for Roman Catholic settlers, was named in honour of Queen Henrietta Maria. The name was carried over into the current U.S. state of Maryland.
Early life and education
Henrietta Maria was the youngest daughter of
Henrietta Maria was trained, along with her sisters, in riding, dancing, and singing, and took part in court plays.[4] Although tutored in reading and writing, she was not known for her academic skills.[4] As part of her religious training, the princess was heavily influenced by the Carmelites at the French court.[4] By 1622, Henrietta Maria was living in Paris with a household of some 200 staff, and marriage plans were being discussed.[5]
Marriage negotiations
Henrietta Maria first met her future husband in 1623 at a court entertainment in Paris, when he was on his way to Spain with the
Henrietta Maria was aged fifteen at the time of her marriage, which was not unusual for royal princesses of the period.
Queenship
A
After an initially difficult period, she and Charles formed a close partnership and were devoted to each other, but Henrietta Maria never fully assimilated into English society. She did not speak English before her marriage, and as late as the 1640s had difficulty writing or speaking the language.[11] Combined with her Catholicism, this made her unpopular among English contemporaries who feared "Papist" subversion and conspiracies such as the Gunpowder Plot. Henrietta Maria has been criticised as being an "intrinsically apolitical, undereducated and frivolous"[13] figure during the 1630s; others have suggested that she exercised a degree of personal power through a combination of her piety, her femininity, and her sponsorship of the arts.[14]
Catholicism and household
A devout
At first, there was uncertainty about the new Queen's name, and one historian has said of this "... Henriette or Henrietta seeming altogether too fanciful for English taste". After prayers had been offered for her as "Queen Henry", the king determined the question by announcing that she was to be known publicly as "Queen Mary". He himself liked to call her "Maria".[19] In using the name of Queen Mary, the English would also have been reminded of Charles's grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots.[20]
Henrietta Maria was open about her beliefs, obstructing plans to require the eldest sons of Catholic families to be raised as Protestants, and also facilitated Catholic marriages, a criminal offence under English law at the time.[20]
An extension of this openness resulted in the Queen beginning to practise a sub-religion within her friend group, that being Précieuses. This was heavily inspired by the French's version of Devout Humanism, "whose proponents drew on the romance tradition in their writings in order to spread the influence of religion."[21]
The new queen brought with her a huge quantity of expensive possessions, including jewellery, ornate clothes, 10,000
Their removal was part of a plan to control her extravagant expenditure,[5] which resulted in debts that were still being paid off several years later. Charles appointed Jean Caille as her treasurer; he was succeeded by George Carew, then by Sir Richard Wynn in 1629.[25] Despite these reforms and gifts from the king, her spending continued at a high level; in 1627, she was secretly borrowing money,[26] and her accounts show large numbers of expensive dresses purchased during the pre-war years.[27]
There were fears over her health, and in July 1627 she travelled with her physician Théodore de Mayerne to take the medicinal spring waters at Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, while Charles visited Castle Ashby House.[28]
Over the next few years, the Queen's new household began to form around her. Henry Jermyn became her favourite and vice-chamberlain in 1628. The Countess of Denbigh became the Queen's Head of the Robes and confidante.[29] She acquired several court dwarves, including Jeffrey Hudson[15] and "little Sara".[30] Henrietta Maria established her presence at Somerset House, Greenwich Palace, Oatlands, Nonsuch Palace, Richmond Palace and Holdenby as part of her jointure lands by 1630. She added Wimbledon House in 1639,[5] which was bought for her as a present by Charles.[31] She also acquired a menagerie of dogs, monkeys and caged birds.[16]
Relationship with Charles
Henrietta Maria's marriage to Charles did not begin well and his ejection of her French staff did not improve it. Initially, their relationship was frigid and argumentative, and Henrietta Maria took an immediate dislike to the Duke of Buckingham, the King's favourite.[33]
One of Henrietta Maria's closest companions in the early days of her marriage was Lucy Hay, wife of James Hay who helped negotiate the marriage and who was now a gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles. Lucy was a staunch Protestant, a noted beauty and a strong personality. Many contemporaries believed her to be a mistress to Buckingham, rumours which Henrietta Maria would have been aware of, and it has been argued that Lucy was attempting to control the new queen on his behalf.[34] Nonetheless, by the summer of 1628 the two were extremely close friends, with Hay one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting.[34]
In August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated, leaving a gap in the royal court. Henrietta Maria's relationship with her husband promptly began to improve and the two forged deep bonds of love and affection,
Henrietta Maria, as her relationship with her husband grew stronger, split with Lucy Hay in 1634.[41] The specific reasons are largely unclear although the two had had their differences before. Hay was an ardent Protestant, for example, and led a rather more dissolute life than the Queen; Henrietta Maria may also have felt rather overshadowed by the confident and beautiful Hay and because she now had such a close bond with her husband, such confidants were no longer as necessary.[42]
Art patronage
Henrietta Maria had a strong interest in the arts, and her patronage of various activities was one of the various ways in which she tried to shape court events.[14] She and Charles were "dedicated and knowledgeable collectors" of paintings.[31] Henrietta Maria was particularly known for her patronage of the Italian painter Orazio Gentileschi, who came to England in 1626 in the entourage of her favorite François de Bassompierre.[43] Orazio and his daughter Artemisia Gentileschi were responsible for the huge ceiling paintings of the Queen's House at Greenwich.[44] The Italian Guido Reni was another favourite artist,[45] along with the miniature painters Jean Petitot and Jacques Bourdier.[46] Anthony van Dyck was another very important painter she would often commission, either as gifts for others or for personal appreciation.
Henrietta Maria became a key patron in Stuart masques, complementing her husband's strong interest in paintings and the visual arts.[47] She performed in various works herself, including as an Amazon in William Davenant's 1640 "Salmacida Spolia".[14] She was also a patron of English composer Nicholas Lanier,[48] and was responsible for Davenant being appointed the Poet Laureat in 1638.[49]
The queen liked physical sculpture and design too, and retained the designer Inigo Jones as her surveyor of works during the 1630s.[5] Like Charles, she was enthusiastic about garden design, although not horticulture itself, and employed André Mollet to create a baroque garden at Wimbledon House.[50] She patronized Huguenot sculptor Hubert Le Sueur,[46] while her private chapel was plain on the outside, but its interior included gold and silver reliquaries, paintings, statues, a chapel garden and a magnificent altarpiece by Rubens.[51] It also had an unusual monstrance, designed by François Dieussart to exhibit the Holy Sacrament.[51]
Henrietta Maria also had quite an interest in commercial theatre and, much like paintings and sculptures, was a prime patronage to many actors, their companies, and the theaters they performed in. A prime name in regards to her theatrical patronages is
English Civil War
During the 1640s, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were dominated by a sequence of conflicts termed the English Civil War or the Wars of the Three Kingdoms; within England, the conflict centred on the rival Royalist and Parliamentarian factions. Queen Henrietta Maria became heavily involved in this conflict that resulted in her husband's death and her exile in France. There have been various schools of thought as to Henrietta Maria's role in the civil war period and the degree of her responsibility for the ultimate Royalist defeat.[54] The traditional perspective on the Queen has suggested that she was a strong-willed woman who dominated her weaker-willed husband for the worse; the historian Wedgwood, for example, highlights Henrietta Maria's steadily increasing ascendancy over Charles, observing that "he sought her advice on every subject, except religion" and indeed complained that he could not make her an official member of his council.[55] Some recounting from the 1670s back Wedgwood's case somewhat, as there is documentation of Henrietta Maria's rather forward trades with France for money and arms.[56] Reinterpretation in the 1970s argued that Henrietta Maria's political role was more limited, suggesting that the King took more decisions himself personally.[57] Quinton Bone concludes that, despite having a very close personal relationship with Henrietta Maria, Charles rarely listened to her on matters of state politics.[58] A third, more recent model argues that Henrietta Maria did indeed exercise political power and influence during the conflict, less so directly but more as a result of her public actions and deeds, which constrained and influenced the choices available to Charles.[59]
Pre-war years
By the end of the 1630s, relations between the English factions had become increasingly tense. Arguments over religion, society, morals, and political power became increasingly evident in the years before war broke out. Henrietta Maria's strong views on religion and social life at the court meant that, by 1642, she had become a "highly unpopular queen who apparently never successfully commanded intense personal respect and loyalty from most of her subjects".[60]
Henrietta Maria remained sympathetic to her fellow Catholics, and in 1632 began construction of a new Catholic chapel at
The result was an increasing intolerance of Henrietta Maria in Protestant English society, gradually shifting towards hatred. In 1630, Alexander Leighton, a Scottish doctor, was flogged, branded and mutilated for criticising Henrietta Maria in a pamphlet, before being imprisoned for life.[64] In the late 1630s, the lawyer William Prynne, popular in Puritan circles, also had his ears cut off for writing that women actresses were notorious whores, a clear insult to Henrietta Maria.[65] London society would blame Henrietta Maria for the Irish Rebellion of 1641, believed to be orchestrated by the Jesuits to whom she was linked in the public imagination.[66] Henrietta Maria herself was rarely seen in London, as Charles and she had largely withdrawn from public society during the 1630s, both because of their desire for privacy and because of the cost of court pageants.[67]
By 1641, an alliance of Parliamentarians under
Henrietta Maria encouraged Charles to take a firm line with Pym and his colleagues. She was widely believed to have encouraged Charles to arrest his Parliamentary enemies in January 1642, although no hard proof of this exists.[69] The Marquis de La Ferté-Imbault, the French ambassador, was keen to avoid any damage to French prestige by an attack on the Queen, but was equally unimpressed by Charles's record on relations with France.[70] He advised caution and reconciliation with Pym.[70] The arrest was bungled, and Pym and his colleagues escaped Charles's soldiers, possibly as a result of a tip-off from Henrietta Maria's former friend Lucy Hay.[71] With the anti-royalist backlash now in full swing, Henrietta Maria and Charles retreated from Whitehall to Hampton Court.[71]
The situation was steadily moving towards open war, and in February Henrietta Maria left for
First English Civil War (1642–1646)
In August 1642, when the
At the beginning of 1643, Henrietta Maria attempted to return to England. Part of the rashness of the following decisions were partially due to the desire to rejoin Charles I in person, as his recent decision-making and disregard of her advising caused her to grow very concerned.[78] The first attempt to cross from The Hague was not an easy one; battered by storms, her ship came close to sinking and was forced to return to port.[79] Henrietta Maria used the delay to convince the Dutch to release a shipload of arms for the king, which had been held at the request of Parliament.[80] Defying her astrologers, who predicted disaster, she set to sea again at the end of February.[80] This second attempt was successful and she evaded the Parliamentarian navy to land at Bridlington in Yorkshire with troops and arms.[79] The pursuing naval vessels then bombarded the town, forcing the royal party to take cover in neighbouring fields; Henrietta Maria returned under fire, however, to recover her pet dog Mitte which had been forgotten by her staff.[81]
Henrietta Maria paused for a period at York, where she was entertained in some style by the
Travelling south in the summer, she met Charles at
Henrietta Maria spent the autumn and winter of 1643 in Oxford with Charles, where she attempted, as best she could, to maintain the pleasant court life that they had enjoyed before the war.[79] The queen lived in the Warden's lodgings in Merton College, adorned with the royal furniture which had been brought up from London.[90] The queen's usual companions were present: Denbigh, Davenant, her dwarves; her rooms were overrun by dogs, including Mitte.[90] The atmosphere in Oxford was a combination of a fortified city and a royal court, and Henrietta Maria was frequently stressed with worry.[91]
By early 1644, however, the king's military situation had started to deteriorate. Royalist forces in the north came under pressure, and after the Royalist defeat at the
Henrietta Maria eventually continued southwest beyond Bath to Exeter, where she stopped, awaiting her imminent labour. Meanwhile, however, the Parliamentarian generals the Earl of Essex and William Waller had produced a plan to exploit the situation.[93] Waller would pursue and hold down the king and his forces, while Essex would strike south to Exeter with the aim of capturing Henrietta Maria and thereby acquiring a valuable bargaining counter over Charles.[93] By June, Essex's forces had reached Exeter. Henrietta Maria had had another difficult childbirth, and the king had to personally appeal to their usual physician, de Mayerne, to risk leaving London to attend to her.[94] The Queen was in considerable pain and distress,[95] but decided that the threat from Essex was too great; leaving baby Henrietta in Exeter because of the risks of the journey,[96] she stayed at Pendennis Castle, then took to sea from Falmouth in a Dutch vessel for France on 14 July.[97] Despite coming under fire from a Parliamentarian ship, she instructed her captain to sail on, reaching Brest in France and the protection of her French family.[98]
By the end of the year, Charles's position was getting weaker and he desperately needed Henrietta Maria to raise additional funds and troops from the continent.
Second and Third English Civil Wars (1648–1651)
With the support of
Henrietta Maria was increasingly depressed and anxious in France,[108] from where she attempted to convince Charles to accept a Presbyterian government in England as a means of mobilising Scottish support for the re-invasion of England and the defeat of Parliament. In December 1647, she was horrified when Charles rejected the "Four Bills" offered to him by Parliament as a peace settlement.[109] Charles had secretly signed "The Engagement" with the Scots, however, promising a Presbyterian government in England with the exception of Charles's own household.[109] The result was the Second Civil War, which despite Henrietta Maria's efforts to send it some limited military aid,[110] ended in 1648 with the defeat of the Scots and Charles's capture by Parliamentary forces.[110]
In France, meanwhile, a "hothouse" atmosphere had developed amongst the royal court in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[104] Henrietta Maria had been joined by a wide collection of Royalist exiles, including Jermyn, Henry Wilmot, Lord John Byron, George Digby, Henry Percy, John Colepeper and Charles Gerard, who were referred to collectively as the 'Louvre faction'. The Queen's court was beset with factionalism, rivalry and duelling; Henrietta Maria had to prevent Prince Rupert from fighting a duel with Digby, arresting them both, however, she was unable to prevent a later duel between Digby and Percy, and between Rupert and Percy shortly after that.[111]
King Charles was executed by decree of Parliament in 1649; his death left Henrietta Maria almost destitute and in shock,
Henrietta Maria increasingly focused on her faith and on her children, especially
Restoration
Henrietta Maria returned to England following the
Henrietta Maria's return was partially prompted by a liaison between her second son, James, Duke of York, and Anne Hyde, the daughter of Edward Hyde, Charles II's chief minister. Anne was pregnant, and James had proposed marrying her.[118] Henrietta Maria was horrified; she still disliked Edward Hyde, did not approve of the pregnant Anne, and certainly did not want the courtier's daughter to marry her son. However, Charles II agreed and despite her efforts the couple were married.[119]
That same September, Henrietta's third son, Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, died of smallpox in London at age 20. He had accompanied his brother King Charles II to England in May and had participated in the King's triumphal progress through London. More death was to follow: on Christmas Eve, Henrietta's elder daughter Mary also died of smallpox in London, leaving behind a 10-year-old son, the future William III of England.[120]
In 1661, Henrietta Maria returned to France and arranged for her youngest daughter, Henrietta,[121] to marry her first cousin, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV. This significantly helped English relations with the French.[122]
After her daughter's wedding, Henrietta Maria returned to England in 1662 accompanied by her son Charles II and her nephew Prince Rupert.
Legacy
During his 1631 Northwest Passage expedition in the ship Henrietta Maria, Captain Thomas James named the northwest headland of James Bay where it opens into Hudson Bay for her. The U.S. state of Maryland was named in her honour by her husband, Charles I. George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore submitted a draft charter for the colony with the name left blank, suggesting that Charles bestow a name in his own honour. Charles, having already honoured himself and several family members in other colonial names, decided to honour his wife. The specific name given in the charter was "Terra Mariae, anglice, Maryland". The English name was preferred over the Latin due in part to the undesired association of "Mariae" with the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana.[126]
Numerous recipes ascribed to Henrietta Maria are reproduced in
A silk and wool mix cloth made in 1660, named in honour of the queen (Henrietta Maria).[128]
Arms
The
Genealogical table
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Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall | 13 March 1629 | 13 March 1629 | Stillborn |
Charles II | 29 May 1630 | 6 February 1685 | Married Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate issue. |
Mary, Princess Royal | 4 November 1631 | 24 December 1660 | Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626–1650) in 1641. Had issue. |
James II & VII |
14 October 1633 | 16 September 1701 | Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637–1671) in 1659; had issue (2) Mary of Modena (1658–1718) in 1673; had issue |
Elizabeth | 29 December 1635 | 8 September 1650 | Died young; no issue. Buried Newport, Isle of Wight |
Anne |
17 March 1637 | 8 December 1640 | Died young; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey |
Catherine | 29 January 1639 | 29 January 1639 | Died less than half an hour after baptism;[132] buried Westminster Abbey. |
Henry, Duke of Gloucester | 8 July 1640 | 18 September 1660 | Died unmarried; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey |
Henrietta | 16 June 1644 | 30 June 1670 | Married Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans (1640–1701) in 1661; had issue |
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ Burke's Peerage and Gentry
- ^ Britland 2006, p. 73.
- ^ Mike Mahoney. "Henrietta Maria of France". Englishmonarchs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d Hibbard 2008, p. 116.
- ^ a b c d e f Hibbard 2008, p. 117.
- ^ Croft 2003, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Smuts 2008, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Spencer 2007, p. 33
- ^ Toynbee, pp. 77, 87-88
- ^ Britland 2006, p. 37.
- ^ a b c White 2006, p. 21
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 21
- ^ Griffey 2008, p. 3.
- ^ a b c Griffey 2008, p. 6
- ^ a b Raatschan, p. 159.
- ^ a b Purkiss, p. 56.
- ^ Her favourite shrine was the Our Lady of Liesse; Wedgwood 1970, p. 166.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Plowden, Alison (2001). Henrietta Maria: Charles I's Indomitable Queen. p. 28.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 35
- ^ Stanton 2007, p. 168.
- ^ White 2006, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Ellis, Henry (1825). Original letters, illustrative of English history. Harvard University. London, Printed for Harding, Triphook, & Lepard. p. 246.
Of the Frenche, six persons onely remaine about her; vizt. her Nurse, Madame Vantelet that dresseth her, a cook, a baker, a pantler, and taylor.
- ^ Ellis, Henry (1825). Original letters, illustrative of English history;. Harvard University. London, Printed for Harding, Triphook, & Lepard. p. 243.
Two of the Queen's weomen servants doe stay with her, namely her Nurse and one Madame Vantelett that hath used to dresae her : besides, there be some douzen others of the inferior sorte, as bakers, cooks. &c. retained here.
- ^ Hibbard 2008, p. 119.
- ^ Britland 2006, p. 63.
- ^ Hibbard 2008, p. 133.
- ^ Joseph Browne, Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae (London, 1703), pp. 112–116
- ^ Hibbard 2008, p. 127.
- ^ Hibbard 2008, p. 131.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 57
- ^ Raatschen, p. 155.
- ^ "Villiers Family". westminster-abbey.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 63
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 16.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 33
- ^ White 2006, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Spencer 2007, p. 31
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 64.
- ^ Bruce, John (1856). Letters of King Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria. Camden Society. p. 7.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 66.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 59.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 60.
- ^ a b Hibbard 2008, p. 126.
- ^ Griffey 2008, p. 2
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 62.
- ^ White 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e Purkiss 2007, p. 31
- ^ Munro 2019, p. 25
- ^ Munro 2019, p. 33
- ^ White 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Wedgwood, 1966, p. 70.
- ^ 'Memoires of the Life and Death', pp. 25–26.
- ^ White 2006, p. 2.
- ^ Bone 1972, p. vi
- ^ White 2006, p. 5.
- ^ White 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 34.
- ^ White 2006, p. 34.
- ^ a b White 2006, p. 28
- ^ White 2006, p. 26.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 113.
- ^ White 2006, p. 22.
- ^ a b Fritze & Robinson 1996, p. 228
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 122.
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 31.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 126
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 248
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Bulman 2010, p. 45
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 79.
- ^ White 2006, p. 62.
- ^ White 2006, p. 63.
- ^ Bulman 2010, pp. 43–79
- ^ a b c d Purkiss 2007, p. 249
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 166.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 167; Purkiss 2007, p. 250
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 167.
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 199.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 172.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Purkiss 2007, p. 244
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 247
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 215.
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 216.
- ^ a b c Purkiss, p. 250.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 251
- ^ a b c Wedgwood 1970, p. 290.
- ^ a b Wedgwood 1970, p. 304.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 306.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, pp. 306–307.
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 324
- ^ Wedgwood, p. 332.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 332; Princess Henrietta and her tutor were captured by Parliamentarian forces when Exeter fell shortly afterwards.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 348.
- ^ White 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, p. 428.
- ^ Wedgwood 1970, pp. 519–520.
- ^ Sauvageot 1867, p. 88. "Pendant cette période orageuse, Henriette d'Angleterre, refugiée en France, eut le Château Neuf pour maison de campagne. Le jeune roi y data, en 1649, des lettres ..."
- ^ a b Kitson 1999, p. 17
- ^ Corp 2004, p. 76, line 22. "James II was given the larger of the two royal châteaux, known as the château-Vieux. The other one, the château-neuf ..."
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 404
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 406
- ^ White 2006, p. 185.
- ^ a b White 2006, p. 186
- ^ a b White 2006, p. 187
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 33
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 109
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 117
- ^ a b c White 2006, p. 192.
- ^ Britland 2006, p. 288.
- ^ a b c White 2006, p. 193
- Diary of Samuel Pepys22 November 1660
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 132
- ^ Kitson 1999, pp. 132–133
- ISBN 978-0786415588. Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ Named after the French Queen Anne of Austria
- ^ Kitson 1999, pp. 134–135
- ^ Kitson 1999, p. 138
- ^ The château de Colombes was demolished in 1846; Colombes La Reine Henritte Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (French).
- ^ White 2006, p. 194
- ^ Stewart 1967, pp. 42–43
- ^ Purkiss 2007, p. 352
- ISBN 978-0-393-01703-8.
- ^
ISBN 1-85605-469-1
- ISBN 0-900455-25-X
- ^ Fraser 1979, p. 5.
- ^ Green 1855, p. 396.
Sources
- Britland, Karen (2006). Drama at the courts of Queen Henrietta Maria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bone, Quinton (1972). Henrietta Maria: Queen of the Cavaliers. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Bulman, William J (2010). The Practice of Politics: The English Civil War and the 'Resolution' of Henrietta Maria and Charles I." Past & Present, no. 206. pp. 43–79.
- Corp, Edward (2004). A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718. Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-58462-0.
- ISBN 0-333-61395-3.
- Green, Mary Anne Everett (1855). Lives of the Princesses of England: From the Norman Conquest. Vol. 6. Henry Colburn.
- ISBN 0-297-77571-5.
- Fritze, Ronald H.; Robinson, William B. (1996). Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689. Westport: Greenwood Press.
- Griffey, Erin (2008). Henrietta Maria: piety, politics and patronage. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
- Hibbard, Caroline (2008). By Our Direction and For Our Use: The Queen's Patronage of Artists and Artisans seen through her Household Accounts. in Griffey (ed)
- Kitson, Frank (1999). Prince Rupert: Admiral and General-at-Sea. London: Constable.
- Memoires of the Life and Death of that Matchless Mirrour of Magnanimity and Heroick Virtues Henrietta Maria De Bourbon Queen to that Blessed King and Martyr, Charles the First; & Mother to that most Magnificent Monarch Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, &c. London. 1671.
- Munro, Lucy (2019). "The Queen and the Cockpit: Henrietta Maria's Theatrical Patronage Revisited". Shakespeare Bulletin. 37 (1): 25–45.
- Purkiss, Diane (2007). The English Civil War: A People's History. London: Harper.
- Raatschan, Gudrun (2008). Merely Ornamental? Van Dyck's portraits of Henrietta Maria. in Griffey (ed)
- Sauvageot, Claude (1867). Palais, châteaux, hôtels et maisons de France du XVème au XVIII siècle. Vol. Deuxième. Paris: A. Morel. OCLC 174837244.
- Smuts, Malcolm (2008). Religion, Politics and Henrietta Maria's Circle, 1625–41. in Griffey (ed)
- ISBN 978-0-297-84610-9.
- Stanton, Kamille Stone (2007). "Panting Sentinels: Erotics, Politics, and Redemption in the Friendship Poetry of Katherine Philips (1631–1664)". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 38: 155–172. Project MUSE.
- Stewart, George R. (1967). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
- Toynbee, Margaret (1955). "The Wedding Journey of King Charles I". Archaeologia Cantiana. 69. online
- White, Michelle Anne (2006). Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754639428.
Further reading
- Anselme, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France(in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: Compagnie des libraires associez. – House of France
- de Lisle, Leanda (2022). Henrietta Maria: The Warrior Queen Who Divided a Nation. New York and London: Pegasus Books.
- Griffey, Erin. (March 2023) 'Re-Dressing the Evidence: Henrietta Maria’s Wardrobe Accounts, 1627–1639', Costume, 57:1, pp. 3–30
- Hamilton, Elizabeth (1976). Henrietta Maria. New York: Coward, MacCann & Geoghegan Inc. OCLC 1149193817.
- Oman, Carola (1936). Henrietta Maria. London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited.
- Strickland, Agnes (1845). Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest. Vol. 8. London: OCLC 861239861. – Henrietta Maria & Catharine of Braganza
External links
- Henrietta Maria at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Portraits of Henrietta Maria at the National Portrait Gallery, London