Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | |
---|---|
Empress consort of India | |
Tenure | 11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947[a] |
Born | Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon[b] 4 August 1900 Hitchin or London, England |
Died | 30 March 2002 Royal Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire, England | (aged 101)
Burial | 9 April 2002 , St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
Spouse | |
Issue | |
Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck | |
Signature |
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon
Born into a family of
In 1936, Elizabeth's husband unexpectedly became king as George VI when his older brother,
After the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Elizabeth was viewed as the matriarch of the British royal family. In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the family, even at times when other royals were suffering from low levels of public approval.[5] She continued an active public life until just a few months before her death at the age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter, Princess Margaret.
Early life
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of
The location of Elizabeth's birth remains uncertain, but reputedly she was born either in her parents'
Elizabeth spent much of her childhood at
On Elizabeth's fourteenth birthday, Britain
Marriage
In February 1922, Elizabeth was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Albert's sister, Princess Mary, to Viscount Lascelles.[21] The following month, Albert proposed again, but she refused him once more.[22] Eventually in January 1923, Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert, despite her misgivings about royal life.[23] Albert's freedom in choosing Elizabeth, not a member of a royal family, though the daughter of a peer, was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation; previously, princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families.[24] They selected a platinum engagement ring featuring a Kashmir sapphire with two diamonds adorning its sides.[25]
The couple married on 26 April 1923, at
Duchess of York
After a successful royal visit to
Albert had a stammer, which affected his ability to deliver speeches, and after October 1925, Elizabeth assisted in helping him through the therapy devised by
The couple's second daughter,
Queen consort
On 20 January 1936,
Edward married Wallis Simpson, and they became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, but while Edward was a Royal Highness, George VI withheld the style from Wallis, a decision that Elizabeth supported.[45] Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to Wallis as "that woman",[46] and Wallis referred to Elizabeth as "Cookie", because of her supposed resemblance to a fat Scots cook.[5] Claims that Elizabeth remained embittered towards Wallis were denied by her close friends; the Duke of Grafton wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with".[47]
Overseas visits
In summer 1938, a state visit to France by the King and Queen was postponed for three weeks because of the death of Elizabeth's mother, Lady Strathmore. In two weeks, Norman Hartnell created an all-white trousseau for Elizabeth, who could not wear colours as she was still in mourning.[48] The visit was designed to bolster Anglo-French solidarity in the face of aggression from Nazi Germany.[49] The French press praised the demeanour and charm of the royal couple during the delayed but successful visit, augmented by Hartnell's wardrobe.[50]
Nevertheless, Nazi aggression continued, and the government prepared for war. After the
In May and June 1939, Elizabeth and her husband toured Canada from coast to coast and back, the first time a reigning monarch had toured Canada.[54] They also visited the United States, spending time with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and his Hudson Valley estate.[55][56][57][58] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal".[59] The tour was designed to bolster trans-Atlantic support in the event of war, and to affirm Canada's status as an independent kingdom sharing with Britain the same person as monarch.[60][61][62][63]
According to an often-told story, during one of the earliest of the royal couple's repeated encounters with the crowds, a
Second World War
During the
Elizabeth visited troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by the
Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace, partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at Windsor Castle about 20 miles (32 km) west of central London with their daughters. The palace had lost much of its staff to the army, and most of the rooms were shut.[75] The windows were shattered by bomb blasts, and had to be boarded up.[76] During the "Phoney War" the Queen was given revolver training because of fears of imminent invasion.[77]
French prime minister Édouard Daladier characterised Elizabeth as "an excessively ambitious young woman who would be ready to sacrifice every other country in the world so that she may remain Queen."[5] Adolf Hitler is said to have called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because he viewed her popularity as a threat to German interests.[78] However, before the war both she and her husband, like most of Parliament and the British public, had supported appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs. After the resignation of Chamberlain, the King asked Winston Churchill to form a government. Although the King was initially suspicious of Churchill's character and motives, in due course both the King and Queen came to respect and admire him.[79][80]
Post-war years
In the
During the 1947 royal tour of South Africa, Elizabeth's serene public behaviour was broken, exceptionally, when she rose from the royal car to strike an admirer with her umbrella because she had mistaken his enthusiasm for hostility.[86] The 1948 royal tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed because of George's declining health. In March 1949, he had a successful operation to improve the circulation in his right leg.[87] In summer 1951, Elizabeth and her daughters fulfilled the King's public engagements in his place. In September, he was diagnosed with lung cancer.[88] After a lung resection, he appeared to recover, but the delayed trip to Australia and New Zealand was altered so that Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, went in the King and Queen's place in January 1952.[89] George VI died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya on a Commonwealth tour, and with George's death his daughter immediately became Queen Elizabeth II.[90]
Queen mother
Widowhood
Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother because the normal style for the widow of a king, "Queen Elizabeth", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, Queen Elizabeth II.
Elizabeth oversaw the restoration of the remote
In February 1964, Elizabeth had an emergency appendectomy, which led to the postponement of a planned tour of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji until 1966.
During her widowhood, Elizabeth continued to travel extensively, including on over forty official visits overseas.[109] In 1975, she visited Iran at the invitation of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The British ambassador and his wife, Anthony and Sheila Parsons, noted how the Iranians were bemused by her habit of speaking to everyone regardless of status or importance, and hoped the Shah's entourage would learn from the visit to pay more attention to ordinary people.[110] Between 1976 and 1984, she made annual summer visits to France,[111] which were among 22 private trips to continental Europe between 1963 and 1992.[112]
In 1982, Elizabeth was rushed to hospital when a fish bone became stuck in her throat, and had an operation to remove it. Being a keen angler, she calmly joked afterwards, "The salmon have got their own back."[113] Similar incidents occurred at Balmoral in August 1986, when she was hospitalised at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary overnight but no operation was needed,[114] and in May 1993, when she was admitted to the Infirmary for surgery under general anaesthetic.[115]
In 1987, Elizabeth was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces, Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon, had been committed to a psychiatric hospital in Redhill, Surrey, in 1941 because they had severe learning disabilities.[116] However, Burke's Peerage had listed the sisters as dead, apparently because their mother, Fenella (Elizabeth's sister-in-law), "was 'extremely vague' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly".[117] When Nerissa died in 1986, her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number. Elizabeth said that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her.[118]
Centenarian
In her later years, Elizabeth became known for her longevity. Her 90th birthday—4 August 1990—was celebrated by a parade on 27 June that involved many of the 300 organisations of which she was a patron.[119] In 1995, she attended events commemorating the end of the war fifty years before, and had two operations: one to remove a cataract in her left eye, and one to replace her right hip.[120] In 1998, her left hip was replaced after it was broken when she slipped and fell during a visit to Sandringham stables.[121]
Elizabeth's 100th birthday was celebrated in a number of ways: a parade that celebrated the highlights of her life included contributions from Sir Norman Wisdom and Sir John Mills;[122] her image appeared on a special commemorative £20 note issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland;[123] and she attended a lunch at the Guildhall, London, at which George Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine. Her quick admonition of "That's mine!" caused widespread amusement.[124] In November 2000, she broke her collarbone in a fall that kept her recuperating at home over Christmas and the New Year.[125]
On 1 August 2001, Elizabeth had a blood transfusion for anaemia after suffering from mild heat exhaustion, though she was well enough to make her traditional appearance outside Clarence House three days later to celebrate her 101st birthday.[126][127] Her final public engagements included planting a cross at the Field of Remembrance on 8 November 2001;[128] a reception at the Guildhall, London, for the reformation of the 600 Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 15 November;[129] and attending the re-commissioning of HMS Ark Royal on 22 November.[130][131][132]
In December 2001, aged 101, Elizabeth fractured her
On 5 March 2002, Elizabeth was present at the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles, and watched the
Death
On 30 March 2002, at 15:15
Elizabeth grew
On the day of Elizabeth's funeral, 9 April, the
In London, more than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place in the King George VI Memorial Chapel beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel.[150] At her request, after her funeral the wreath that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, in a gesture that echoed her wedding-day tribute 79 years before.[151]
Legacy
Known for her personal and public charm,
Elizabeth's critics included Kitty Kelley, who falsely alleged that she did not abide by the rationing regulations during the Second World War.[155][156] This, however, was contradicted by the official records,[157][158] and Eleanor Roosevelt during her wartime stay at Buckingham Palace reported expressly on the rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted.[159][160] Claims that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people[155] were strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess,[161] the husband of Elizabeth Burgess, a mixed-race secretary who accused members of the then-Prince of Wales's household of racial abuse.[162] Elizabeth made no public comments on race, but according to Robert Rhodes James, in private she "abhorred racial discrimination" and decried apartheid as "dreadful".[163] Woodrow Wyatt records in his diary that when he expressed the view that non-white countries have nothing in common with "us", she told him, "I am very keen on the Commonwealth. They're all like us."[164] However, she did distrust Germans; she told Wyatt, "Never trust them, never trust them."[165] While she may have held such views, it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing, who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany.[166]
In his official biography, William Shawcross portrays Elizabeth as a person whose indomitable optimism, zest for life, good manners, mischievous sense of humour, and interest in people and subjects of all kinds contributed to her exceptional popularity and to her longevity. Sir Hugh Casson said Elizabeth was like "a wave breaking on a rock, because although she is sweet and pretty and charming, she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity. ... when a wave breaks on a rock, it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun, yet beneath is really hard, tough rock, fused, in her case, from strong principles, physical courage and a sense of duty."[167] Sir Peter Ustinov described her during a student demonstration at the University of Dundee in 1968:
As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. They kept hold of one end, like streamers at a ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters.[168]
Elizabeth was well known for her dry witticisms. On hearing that
After being advised by a
Elizabeth's habits were parodied by the satirical 1980s
The Cunard White Star Line's RMS Queen Elizabeth was named after her. She launched the ship on 27 September 1938 in Clydebank, Scotland. Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before Elizabeth could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the liner's bow just before it slid out of reach.[179] In 1954, Elizabeth sailed to New York on her namesake.[180]
A statue of Elizabeth by sculptor Philip Jackson was unveiled in front of the George VI Memorial, off The Mall, London, on 24 February 2009, creating the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial.[181]
In March 2011, Elizabeth's eclectic musical taste was revealed when details of her small record collection kept at the Castle of Mey were made public. Her records included
Eight years before her death, Elizabeth had reportedly placed two-thirds of her money (an estimated £19 million)
Titles, honours and arms
Elizabeth's coat of arms was the
Coat of arms of Elizabeth, Duchess of York (1923–1936) | Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth | Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth (Scotland) |
Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Marriage | Children | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Elizabeth II | 21 April 1926 | 8 September 2022
|
20 November 1947 | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | Charles III Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh |
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon | 21 August 1930 | 9 February 2002 | 6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978 |
Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon | David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon Lady Sarah Chatto |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck | | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14. Edwyn Burnaby | |||||||||||||
7. Louisa Burnaby | |||||||||||||
15. Anne Caroline Salisbury | |||||||||||||
See also
- Household of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
- List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)
Notes
- British India by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The title was abandoned on 22 June 1948.
- ^ a b The hyphenated version of the surname was used in official documents at the time of her marriage, but the family itself tends to omit the hyphen.[1]
- ^ Lady Colin Campbell claims Elizabeth's biological mother was the family cook, Marguerite Rodiere, by means of a surrogacy arrangement that was not uncommon in aristocratic families at the time. This theory is dismissed by royal biographers such as Michael Thornton and Hugo Vickers.[6] In an earlier allegation, published by Kitty Kelley in 1997, Elizabeth's mother is said to have been a Welsh maid.[7]
References
- ^ Shawcross, p. 8
- ^ "No. 55932". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 August 2000. p. 8617. "No. 56653". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 August 2002. p. 1. "No. 56969". The London Gazette. 16 June 2003. p. 7439.
- ^ Roberts, pp. 58–59
- ^ British Screen News (1930), Our Smiling Duchess, London: British Screen Productions
- ^ a b c d Moore, Lucy (31 March 2002), "A wicked twinkle and a streak of steel", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ "Queen Mother was daughter of French cook, biography claims", The Telegraph, 31 March 2012, archived from the original on 10 January 2022
- ^ Beck, Joan (5 October 1997), "Royal Muck: $27 Down The Drain", Chicago Tribune, retrieved 16 February 2017
- ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
- ^ Shawcross, p. 15
- ^ Civil Registration Indexes: Births, General Register Office, England and Wales. Jul–Sep 1900 Hitchin, vol. 3a, p. 667
- ^ 1901 England Census, Class RG13, piece 1300, folio 170, p. 5; 1911 England Census, RG14/7611, no. 84
- ^ Vickers, p. 8
- ^ Vickers, pp. 10–14
- ^ Shawcross, p. 85
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 79–80
- ^ Forbes 1999, p. 74.
- ^ "The Earl and Countess of Forfar visit Forfar". royal.gov.uk. 1 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ a b Ezard, John (1 April 2002), "A life of legend, duty and devotion", The Guardian, p. 18
- ^ Airlie, Mabell (1962), Thatched with Gold, London: Hutchinson, p. 167
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 133–135
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 135–136
- ^ Shawcross, p. 136
- ^ Longford, p. 23
- ^ Roberts, pp. 57–58; Shawcross, p. 113
- ^ Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon's Engagement Ring, Vintage Royal Wedding, archived from the original on 31 October 2013, retrieved 13 April 2014
- ^ Shawcross, p. 177
- ^ Vickers, p. 64
- ^ Rayment, Sean (1 May 2011), "Royal wedding: Kate Middleton's bridal bouquet placed at Grave of Unknown Warrior", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 20 August 2012
- ^ Shawcross, p. 168
- ^ Letter from Albert to Queen Mary, 25 May 1923, quoted in Shawcross, p. 185.
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 218–219
- ^ Letter from Elizabeth to Lady Strathmore, 1 November 1924, quoted in Shawcross, p. 217
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 221–240
- ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother> Royal tours, Official web site of the British monarchy, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Elizabeth's diary, 6 January 1927, quoted in Shawcross, p. 264
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 266–296
- ^ Shawcross, p. 277
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 281–282
- The Register, Adelaide: National Library of Australia, p. 9, 25 February 1927, retrieved 1 September 2012
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 294–296.
- ^ "No. 33636". The London Gazette. 22 August 1930. p. 5225.
- ^ "White Lodge, Richmond Park" (PDF), London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, retrieved 30 March 2023
- ^ "The Queen Mother's Residences", Royal Collection Trust, retrieved 29 November 2022
- ^ Shawcross, p. 397
- ^ Letter from George VI to Winston Churchill in which the King says his family shared his view, quoted by Howarth, p. 143
- Life Magazine, quoted by Vickers, p. 224
- ^ Hogg and Mortimer, pp. 84–85
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 430–433
- ^ Shawcross, p. 430
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 434–436
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 438–443
- Hitchens, Christopher (1 April 2002) "Mourning will be brief", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-340-33240-5
- ^ Powell, James. "The 1939 Royal Visit". The Historical Society of Ottawa. Ottawa. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
It was the first visit by a reigning sovereign to Canada...
- S2CID 159572988
- ISBN 978-0-275-94825-2
- ^ Shawcross, p. 479
- ^ Galbraith, William (1989), "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit" (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, 12 (3): 7–8, archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2011, retrieved 14 December 2009
- ISBN 978-1-55002-065-6
- ^ Lanctot, Gustave (1964), Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939, Toronto: E. P. Taylor Foundation
- ^ King, William Lyon Mackenzie. "The Royal Tour of 1939". Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1893 to 1950. Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 10 June 2023 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- ^ Speech delivered by Her Majesty the Queen at the Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver, Monday, 7 October 2002 as reported in e.g. Joyce, Greg (8 October 2002) "Queen plays tribute to Canada, thanks citizens for their support", The Canadian Press
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 457–461; Vickers, p. 187
- ^ Bradford 1989, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Bradford 1989, p. 281.
- ^ Past Royal Tours – Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (d. March 30, 2002), Government of Canada, 31 January 2017, archived from the original on 16 February 2017, retrieved 16 February 2017
- ^ Shawcross, p. 515
- ^ Vickers, p. 205
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth Speaks to The Nation as World War II Begins", British Pathé War Archives, 16 May 2012, retrieved 18 January 2023 – via YouTube
- ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother > Activities as Queen, Official web site of the British monarchy, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Hartnell, Norman (1955), Silver and Gold, Evans Bros., pp. 101–102, quoted in Shawcross, p. 526 and Vickers, p. 219
- ^ Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (1958), King George VI: His Life and Reign, New York: Macmillan
- ^ Vickers, p. 229
- ^ Shawcross, p. 528
- ^ Bradford 1989, p. 321; Shawcross, p. 516
- ^ Langworth, Richard M. (Spring 2002), HM Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1900–2002, The Churchill Centre, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Matthew, H.C.G. (2004), "George VI (1895–1952)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Vickers, pp. 210–211
- ^ Shawcross, p. 412.
- ^ Pierce, Andrew (13 May 2006), "What Queen Mother really thought of Attlee's socialist 'heaven on earth'", The Times, London, UK, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ISBN 978-0-333-74166-5
- ^ Wyatt, Volume I p. 309
- ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 89
- ^ Bradford 1989, p. 391; Shawcross, p. 618
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 637–640
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 645–647
- ^ Shawcross, p. 651
- ^ The day the King died, BBC, 6 February 2002, archived from the original on 30 May 2018, retrieved 15 June 2022
- ^ McCluskey, Peter, Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, CBC News, archived from the original on 28 August 2013, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Iyer, Pico (8 April 2002), "Elizabeth, Queen Consort, 1900–2002: A Mum for All Seasons", Time, archived from the original on 22 October 2010, retrieved 16 February 2017
- ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 161
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 686–688; Vickers, p. 324
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 710–713
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 689–690
- ^ Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother at the West of Kenya Show, Eldoret, Kenya Feb 1959, Royal Collection Trust, retrieved 1 August 2018
- ^ Visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Kenya, Uganda, 1959, Royal Collection Trust, retrieved 1 August 2018
- ^ Vickers, p. 314
- ^ The Queen Elizabeth Castle Of Mey Trust, archived from the original on 25 April 2015, retrieved 6 March 2013
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 703–704
- ^ Vickers, p. 458
- ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, The Royal Collection, archived from the original on 21 September 2012, retrieved 31 October 2009
- ^ Shawcross, p. 806
- ^ Shawcross, p. 807
- ^ Queen Mother 'had colon cancer', BBC, 17 September 2009, retrieved 22 September 2009
- ^ Shawcross, p. 817
- ^ Shawcross, p. 875
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother". The Royal Family. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 822–823
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 827–831
- ^ Shawcross, p. 835
- ^ a b "Queen of Quips", The Straits Times, 7 August 2000
- ^ Shawcross, p. 878; Vickers, p. 449
- ^ "Queen Mother recovers after operation", BBC News, 25 January 1999, retrieved 8 August 2013
- ^ Vincenty, Samantha (23 November 2020). "All About Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon, the Queen's Hidden Cousins". Oprah Daily. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ MacKay, Neil (7 April 2002), "Nieces abandoned in state-run mental asylum and declared dead to avoid public shame", The Sunday Herald, archived from the original on 22 May 2013, retrieved 13 February 2007
- ^ Summerskill, Ben (23 July 2000), "Princess the palace hides away", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 732, 882
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 903–904
- ^ Shawcross, p. 912
- ^ Birthday pageant for Queen Mother, BBC, 19 July 2000, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Commemorative Bank Note for 100th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Rampant Scotland, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Vickers, p. 490
- ^ Shawcross, p. 925
- ^ Queen Mother leaves hospital, BBC, 2 August 2001, retrieved 28 August 2013
- ^ Queen Mother's 101st birthday, BBC, 4 August 2001, retrieved 28 August 2013
- ^ Queen Mother attends memorial event, BBC, 8 November 2001, retrieved 15 September 2013
- ^ Pictures of the decade: the Royal family, The Telegraph, 18 December 2009, retrieved 15 September 2013
- ^ "Queen Mother celebrates ship's return". BBC News. 22 November 2000. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Queen Mother 'better all the time', BBC, 27 January 2002, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ a b "Queen Mother dies peacefully, aged 101", The Guardian, 30 March 2002, retrieved 28 March 2019
- ^ Vickers, p. 495
- ^ a b Queen Mother hurt in minor fall, BBC, 13 February 2002, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Shawcross, p. 930; Vickers, pp. 497–498
- ^ a b c Vickers, pp. 497–498
- ^ BBC News bulletin after Queen Mother dies, YouTube, 30 March 2002, archived from the original on 14 November 2021, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: Frailty fails to dim devotion to duty; Reaching old age., The Birmingham Post, 1 April 2002, retrieved 30 August 2013
- ^ Davies, Caroline (16 February 2002), "Bell tolls for Margaret's final journey", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 22 September 2013
- ^ Vickers, pp. 498–499
- ^ Walker, Andrew (20 August 2003), "The longest-lived Royal in history", BBC News, retrieved 30 June 2017
- ^ Alderson, Andrew (31 October 2004), "Princess Alice, the oldest ever royal, dies at 102", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 30 June 2017
- ^ Coke, Hope (21 April 2021). "The top 10 longest-living royals in history". Tatler. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ Bates, Stephen (3 April 2002), "Piper's farewell for Queen Mother", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Lying-in-state, UK Parliament, retrieved 29 June 2017
- ^ Bates, Stephen (9 April 2002), "Grandsons hold vigil as public files past", The Guardian, retrieved 29 June 2017
- ^ "Charles returns for second tribute", BBC News, 9 April 2002, retrieved 29 June 2017
- ^ Government of Canada Publications (4 April 2002), "Proclamation Requesting that the People of Canada Set Aside April 9, 2002, as the Day on Which They Honour the Memory of Our Dearly Beloved Mother, Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Who Passed Away on March 30, 2002" (PDF), Canada Gazette Part II Extra, 136 (5), archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2013, retrieved 16 February 2017
- ^ Memorial Service for HM Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, Sydney Anglicans, 9 April 2002, retrieved 2 March 2011
- ^ Queues at Queen Mother vault, CNN, 10 April 2002, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Mourners visit Queen Mother's vault, BBC, 10 April 2002, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Most Liked Members of the Royal Family, Ipsos MORI, 19 November 2012, retrieved 9 May 2015
- , retrieved 1 May 2009 (Subscription required)
- ^ Shawcross, p. 942
- ^ a b Kelley, Kitty (1977), The Royals, New York: Time Warner
- ISBN 978-1-84018-631-4
- ^ The memoirs of the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Woolton C.H., P.C., D.L., LL.D. (1959) London: Cassell
- ^ Roberts, p. 67
- ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1995), No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 380
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 556–557
- ^ Burgess, Major Colin (2006), Behind Palace Doors: My Service as the Queen Mother's Equerry, John Blake Publishing, p. 233
- ^ Royal secretary loses race bias case, BBC, 7 December 2001, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ISBN 978-0-316-64765-6
- ISBN 978-0-333-77405-2
- ^ Wyatt, Volume II, p. 608
- ^ Bates, Stephen (1 April 2002), "Enigmatic and elusive, she lent a mystique to upper-class strengths and failings", The Guardian; retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 122
- ^ Hogg and Mortimer, pp. 212–213
- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-714874-5
- ^ Taylor, Graham (2002), Elizabeth: The Woman and the Queen, Telegraph Books, p. 93
- ^ Saner, Emine (25 July 2006), "Bring back the magic hour", The Guardian, retrieved 24 March 2011
- ^ Morgan, Christopher (14 March 1999), The Sunday Times
- ^ "Spitting Image creator John Lloyd: 'Television lacks satire'", BBC News, retrieved 1 July 2017
- ^ "'Spitting Image' fuses politics with puppetry, 1984", Financial Times, 6 September 2008, archived from the original on 10 December 2022, retrieved 4 July 2018
- ^ "Dead ringers", The Guardian, 23 June 2006, retrieved 4 July 2018
- ^ "Who plays the Queen Mother in The Crown season 5?". Express. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "King's Speech reigns over Bafta awards", BBC News, 14 February 2011, retrieved 1 July 2017
- ^ 'The King's Speech' leads the pack in BAFTA nominations, CNN International, 18 January 2011, archived from the original on 9 May 2021, retrieved 1 July 2017
- ^ Hutchings, David F. (2003) Pride of the North Atlantic. A Maritime Trilogy, Waterfront.
- ^ Harvey, Clive (25 October 2008) RMS "Queen Elizabeth": The Ultimate Ship, Carmania Press.
- ^ Prince hails Queen Mother tribute, BBC, 24 February 2009, retrieved 6 March 2013
- ^ "The Queen Mother's regal taste in music", The Telegraph, 14 March 2011, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 6 March 2013
- ^ a b Bates, Stephen (2 April 2002), "The gamble that foiled the taxman", The Guardian, retrieved 2 June 2018
- ^ a b c "Queen Inherits Queen Mother's Estate", BBC News, 17 May 2002, retrieved 1 May 2009
- ^ a b Alderson, Andrew (12 May 2002), The will without a bill, The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 2 June 2018
- ^ a b Bates, Stephen (17 May 2002), "Palace reveals details of Queen Mother's £50m will", The Guardian, retrieved 2 June 2018
- ^ Wilson, Jamie (6 May 2002), "Tax loophole will save Queen £20m on her mother's will", The Guardian, retrieved 2 June 2018
- ^ Chamberlain, Gethin (7 May 2002), "Queen to escape £28 million inheritance tax", The Scotsman
- ^ Queen Mother's will to be secret, BBC, 8 May 2002, retrieved 2 June 2018
- ISBN 978-0-7232-2096-1
- ISBN 978-0-900455-25-4
- ^ Wagner, A. R. (1940), "Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen", Genealogist's Magazine, 9 (1): 7–13
Bibliography
- Bradford, Sarah (1989), The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI, St Martin's
- Forbes, Grania (1999), My Darling Buffy: The Early Life of The Queen Mother, Headline Book Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7472-7387-5
- ISBN 978-0-563-36214-2
- Howarth, Patrick (1987), George VI, Century Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-171000-2
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76927. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Longford, Elizabeth (1981), The Queen Mother, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
- ISBN 978-0-304-35406-1
- ISBN 978-1-4050-4859-0
- ISBN 978-0-230-75496-6
- ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7
External links
- Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother at the official website of the Royal Family
- Queen Elizabeth at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Newspaper clippings about Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portraits of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother at the National Portrait Gallery, London