Hippeastrum
Hippeastrum | |
---|---|
Hippeastrum reginae | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
Subtribe: | Hippeastrinae |
Genus: | Hippeastrum Herb.[1][2][3] |
Type species | |
Hippeastrum reginae | |
Subgenera | |
| |
Synonyms[5] | |
Hippeastrum (
Hippeastrum is a genus in the
Description
Most Hippeastrum
The flowers are arranged in
Depending on the species, there are two to fifteen large showy flowers, which are more or less zygomorphic and hermaphrodite. Each flower is 13–20 cm (5"–8") across, and the native species are usually purple or red. They are funnelform (funnel shaped)[21] and declinate (curving downwards and then upwards at the tip)[22] in shape. The perianth has six brightly colored tepals (three outer sepals and three inner petals) that may be similar in appearance or very different. The perianth segments are subequal or unequal.[23] The tepals are united at the base to form a short tube, usually with a rudimentary scaly paraperigonium[24] with fimbriae[25] or a callose ridge present at the throat.The
Etymology
The name Hippeastrum was first given to the genus by Herbert, "I have named [them] Hippeastrum or Knights-star-lily, pursuing the idea which gave rise to the name Equestris" (p.12).[29]
Herbert's fourteen species included this Hippeastrum equestre.
"The
spatha is composed of two leaves, which standing up at a certain period of the plant's flowering like ears, give to the whole flower a fancied resemblance of a horse's head; whether LINNÆUS derived his name of equestris from this circumstance or not, he does not condescend to inform us."[32]
In 1803 John Sims claimed Curtis had made a mistake in this attribution, and that;
"this name was given from the remarkable likeness the front view of it has to a star of some of the orders of knight-hood; an appearance well expressed by JACQUIN's figure in the Hortus Schoenbrunnensis"[33][34]
Despite much speculation, there is no definitive explanation of either Linnaeus fils or Herbert's thinking. For instance the 'knight's star' has been compared to Linnaeus' decoration as a Knight of the Order of the Polar Star.[35] The Latin word equestris (of a knight, or horseman) may have been confused with equi (of a horse), or possibly Herbert was making a literary knight's move on the Linnaean term.[30] The flower name has even been compared to the mediaeval weapon, the spoked mace or Morning Star which it superficially resembles.[36]
Common name
Although the 1987 decision settled the question of the scientific name of the genus, the common name "amaryllis" continues to be used. Bulbs sold as amaryllis and described as ready to bloom for the holidays belong to the genus Hippeastrum.[30][37] "Amaryllis" is also used in the name of some societies devoted to the genus Hippeastrum.[38] Separate common names are used to describe the genus Amaryllis, e.g., "Naked Lady".[39]
Taxonomy
Separation of Hippeastrum from Amaryllis
The taxonomy of the genus is complicated. The first issue is whether the name should more properly be Amaryllis L.. In 1753 Carl Linnaeus created the name Amaryllis belladonna, the type species of the genus Amaryllis, in his Species Plantarum along with eight other Amaryllis species.[b][41] Linnaeus had earlier worked on the Estate of George Clifford near Haarlem between 1735 and 1737 describing the plants growing there in his Hortus Cliffortianus in 1738.[42] It is to this work that he refers in his Species Plantarum.[43] This was assumed to be the South African Cape Belladonna, although not precisely known.[40] Clifford's herbarium is now preserved at the Natural History Museum in London.[42]
At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in this same genus. By the early nineteenth century Amaryllis had become a polymorphic (diverse) genus with about 50 species from what we would consider a dozen genera today, and attempts were made to separate it into different genera.[40] This work commenced in 1819 with the contributions of the English botanist, the Revd. William Herbert in Curtis's Botanical Magazine[44] which he expanded in 1821 in The Botanical Register, identifying 14 species of the new genus of Hippeastrum, and only leaving three species in Amaryllis. The rest of the Amaryllis species he transferred to other genera, several of which he created.[29] Herbert further refined his descriptions of Hippeastrum in his work on the Amaryllidaceae in 1837.[45]
Nomenclature debate
Since then a key question has been whether Linnaeus's original type was a South African plant (now Amaryllis) or a South American plant (now Hippeastrum). If the latter, the correct name for the genus Hippeastrum would then be Amaryllis and a new name would need to be found for the South African genus. In 1938
Claim for Leopoldia
The second issue is whether the name should be
Intergeneric hybrids
While interspecific hybrids of Hippeastrum are relatively common, hybridization with other genera of
Subgenera
A number of subgenera have been proposed over the years. For instance in the 1870s and 1880s John Gilbert Baker considerably reorganised Hippeastrum. In 1878 he described nine sections of the genus,[55] but by 1888 he included seven subgenera, namely (number of species in parentheses) Habranthus (10), Phycella (3), Rhodophiala (5), Macropododastrum (1), Omphalissa (6), Aschamia (10) and Lais (3), some of which have since been treated as separate genera (Habranthus, Rhodophiala).[56] Baker both reduced the original number of species of Herbert, but also enlarged the genus by adding in other genera such as Habranthus, Phycella, Rhodophiala and Rhodolirion (also called Rhodolirium, and subsequently moved to Rhodophilia),[57] which he included as separate sections of Hippeastrum. In addition, he included many new species being discovered in South America, particularly Chile. His 1878 classification included 47 species, reduced to 38 by 1888. These subgenera were not widely used due to indistinct boundaries of some of the divisions.[58] For reference, these were:[35][59][60][61]
- Salisb.) Baker(e.g. H. reginae, H. andreanum, H. scopulorum, H. mandonii, H. leopoldii, H. reticulatum, H. stylosum)
- Cephaleon Traub (e.g. H. machupijchense)
- Lais (Salisb.) Baker (e.g. H. striatum, H. vittatum, H. breviflorum)
- Macropodastrum Baker (e.g. H. elegans)
- Omphalissa (Salisb.) Baker (e.g. H. aulicum, H. psittacinum, H. calyptratum, H. cybister, H. pardinum, H. miniatum, H. iguazuanum)
- Sealyana Traub (e.g.: H. reticulatum)
Following a major recircumscription of Hippeastreae, Hippeastrum was once again formally divided into two subgenera, by the inclusion of the three species of Tocantina:[62]
- Tocantinia (Ravenna) Nic.García (3)
- Hippeastrum (~100)
Selected species
As of November 2013[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 91 species:[1] Garcia et al. (2019) estimate approximately 100 species in subgenus Hippeastrum, together with 3 in subgenus Tocantinia.[62]
- Hippeastrum angustifolium Pax
- Hippeastrum arboricola (Ravenna) Meerow
- Hippeastrum aulicum (Ker Gawl.) Herb.
- Hippeastrum aviflorum (Ravenna) Dutilh
- Hippeastrum calyptratum (Ker Gawl.) Herb.
- Hippeastrum canterai Arechav.
- Hippeastrum correiense (Bury) Worsley
- Hippeastrum cybister (Herb.) Benth. ex Baker
- Hippeastrum evansiae (Traub & I.S.Nelson) H.E.Moore
- Hippeastrum ferreyrae (Traub) Gereau & Brako
- Hippeastrum iguazuanum (Ravenna) T.R.Dudley & M.Williams
- Hippeastrum leopoldii T.Moore
- Hippeastrum miniatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Herb.
- Hippeastrum papilio (Ravenna) Van Scheepen
- Hippeastrum pardinum (Hook.f.) Dombrain
- Hippeastrum petiolatum Pax
- Hippeastrum psittacinum (Ker Gawl.) Herb.
- Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss. Syn. H. equestre (Aiton)
- Hippeastrum reginae (L.) Herb.
- Hippeastrum striatum (Lam.) H.E.Moore syn. H. rutilum (Ker Gawl.) Herb.
- syn.H. striatifolium (Sims)
- Hippeastrum vittatum (L'Hér.) Herb.
Unplaced names include Hippeastrum ugentii,[63] considered in the Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as probably a Crinum.
Hybrids include Hippeastrum ×johnsonii.
-
Hippeastrum aulicum
-
Hippeastrum correiense
-
Hippeastrum correiense
-
Hippeastrum evansiae
-
Hippeastrum papilio
-
Hippeastrum pardinum by Charles Jacques Édouard Morren 1867
-
Hippeastrum puniceum
-
Hippeastrum striatum
-
Hippeastrum ×johnsonii by Priscilla Susan Bury
Distribution and habitat
Hippeastrum species are concentrated in two
Ecology
Reproduction
Species are generally
Some species, such as the
Pests
Hippeastrum species are used as food plants by the
Conservation
The following species were considered
- Hippeastrum arboricolum (Argentina)
- Hippeastrum aviflorum (Argentina)
- Hippeastrum canterai (Uruguay)
- Hippeastrum ferreyrae (Peru)
- Hippeastrum petiolatum (Argentina & Brazil)
Cultivation
Hippeastrum cultivars and species can be grown inside in pots or outside in warmer climates (Hardiness 7B-11).[52] Many will bloom year after year provided they are given a dormant period in a cool, dark place for two months without water or fertilizer although some bulbs will start growing before the two-month period is up.[79]
The bulb is tender and should not be exposed to
After planting, sprouting requires a warm place (about 20 °C). Bulbs need light watering until the leaves and buds emerge, and need to be situated in a well-lit, cool place and watered as needed to maintain moderate soil moisture. Overwatering will cause bulb and root rot. Plants may be fed with common fertilizers that contain iron and magnesium. Blooming takes place about two months after planting. The plant's leaves should continue to grow after the flowers have faded. Summering outdoors in four or five hours of direct sunlight, plus fertilizing lightly as the season progresses, will help develop buds for the next year.[79]
Breeding and propagation
Intense cultivation of a number of species, particularly from Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, has occurred because of the appearance and size of the flowers, resulting in many
History
Hippeastrum breeding began in 1799 when Arthur Johnson, a watchmaker in
The Reginae strain hybrids were produced by Jan de Graaff and his two sons in the Netherlands in the mid-19th century by crossing Hippeastrum vitatum and Hippeastrum striatum with Hippeastrum psittacinum and some of the better hybrids available in Europe at the time. Some of the most successful hybrids were Graveana and Empress of India.[52][64]
Leopoldii hybrids arose from the work of the British explorer and botanist
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw Amaryllis breeding develop in the United States, particularly in
In 1946, two Dutch growers moved to South Africa and began cultivation there. Although most cultivars of Hippeastrum come from the Dutch and South African sources, bulbs are now [when?] being developed in the United States, Japan, Israel, India, Brazil and Australia. Nurseries may list Amaryllis bulbs as being 'Dutch', 'Israeli', 'Peruvian' etc., depending on the country of origin.[30][71]
Most modern commercial hybrids are derived from the following species:[72]
- H. vittatum
- H. leopoldii
- H. pardinum
- H. reginae
- H. puniceum
- H. aulicum
Propagation
Three main methods are used for propagating Hippeastrum: seeds, bulbils and 'twin scales'. More recently [when?], micropropagation in vitro has been used on a commercial scale.
Seeds
The seeds are contained in a thin dark brown/black paper like fleche, that might easily blow away with some wind. Seed multiplication may be used for the development of new cultivars or to increase the yield of native species. Seeds are generally sown in early summer in seedbeds, and then transplanted to larger containers. They require warmth, frequent watering, and should not be given a dormant period. Seeds do not breed true. Plants obtained from seeds take about six years to bloom. [71]
Bulbils
Home propagation is best performed by using offset bulbils. Commercially, only cultivars that produce at least three bulbils on the mother bulb are used for this form of propagation. Plants grown from this method take three to four years to bloom.[71]
Twin scales
The most common commercial propagation method is referred to as 'twin scales'. This involves the division of the bulb into 12 sections and then separating each section into twin scales connected by the basal plate.[85] The cuttings that are derived from these are grown in moist vermiculite in the dark till bulbils appear. More recently [when?] growing them in sunlight has been found to produce a better crop.[86]
In vitro
The technique of plant tissue culture in vitro improves the propagation of Hippeastrum by decreasing the time required to reach the minimum size to start the reproductive cycle, using sections of bulbs grown in artificial media with the addition of plant hormones.[87][88][89]
Fragrance
Most modern cultivars lack any
Flowering
Hippeastrum
Of the many hybrids, the best known are those producing flowers with red, pink, salmon, orange and white colors. Other flower colors include yellow and pale green with variations on these including multicoloring, with different colored mottling, stripes or edges on the petals. Some flowers have uniform colors or patterns on all six petals while others have more pronounced colors on the upper petals than on the lower ones.[91][79]
Although many names are used to describe hybrids and cultivars, e.g., 'Large Flowering', 'Dutch', 'Royal Dutch', there are five types that are commonly sold;
- Single flower (large flowering)
- Double flower
- Miniature (dwarf, or small flowering)
- Trumpet
- Jumbo (mammoth)
'Trumpets', as the name suggests, have flared, tube-shaped flowers. Single, double, and miniature bulbs are the ones typically sold by nurseries and other stores for the holidays in December and for St. Valentine’s Day and Easter.[71]
Of the commercially available Hippeastrum species, sometimes sold as 'exotic' amaryllis, Hippeastrum cybister has extremely thin petals often described as spider-like. The miniature evergreen Hippeastrum papilio or "butterfly amaryllis" whose petals resemble a butterfly (papilio) has a unique color and pattern with broad rose-burgundy center stripes and striations of pale green on the upper petals and narrow stripes on the bottom three. It has been crossed with both cybister and single flower cultivars to produce hybrids with unusual striping.[91][92]
Dormancy
Hippeastrum bulbs can be induced to rebloom yearly by mimicking the conditions in its natural environment (cool dry winters). When foliage starts to yellow, dormancy can be induced by withholding water and placing the plant in a cool 4–13 °C (39–55 °F) dark place for six to ten weeks or until buds start to show. Even when plants are thriving outdoors in temperate climates, dormancy can be induced by withholding water and fertilizer in the northern hemisphere autumn, and bringing indoors to a cool environment prior to the first frost. Leaves will usually wither during this period and a flower stem begin to emerge after eight to ten weeks.
Bulbs can then be brought back into light, inspected for pests or rot, and repotted in fresh soil after cutting foliage to about 10 cm above the bulb. Subsequent care is as for new bulbs, as described above. Best results are obtained by transplanting every three to four years.[51][71][73][93]
Cultivars
The cultivar 'Clown' (Double Galaxy Group)[94] (white with red stripes) has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Gallery
Uses
Hippeastrum has yielded at least 64
Symbolism
A stylized flower of a Hippeastrum cultivar (under its common name of amaryllis) is used internationally as a symbol for organizations associated with
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b WCSP 2015, Hippeastrum herb..
- ^ Herbert 1821, Appendix: p. 31, nom. cons..
- ^ a b Meerow, Van Scheepen & Dutilh 1997.
- ^ "Hippeastrum Herb". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ WCSP 2015, Synonyms .
- ^ a b c Salisbury & Gray 1866, p. 134.
- ^ Rafinesque 1838, vol. 4, p. 10.
- ^ Link 1829, vol. 1, p. 193.
- ^ Koster 1816, p. 493.
- ^ Salisbury & Gray 1866, p. 135.
- ^ a b Rafinesque 1838, vol. 4, p. 11.
- ^ WCSP 2015, Leopoldia Herb.
- ^ a b Herbert 1819, p. 5, footnote.
- ^ a b Herbert 1820, p. 181.
- ^ Rusby 1927, p. 214.
- ^ Plant Life. 7: 41. 1951.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)[full citation needed] - ^ Brenzel 2012.
- ^ Stevens 2016.
- ^ Holmes 2008.
- ^ Dimitri 1987.
- ^ "Funnel shaped". Kew Glossary. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Declinate". Kew Glossary. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ JStor Plants 2016, Hippeastrum
- ^ Meerow et al. 1999.
- ^ "Fimbriae". Kew Glossary. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- ^ Simpson 2011, p. 373.
- ^ "Pluriovulate". Kew Glossary. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ a b c Andrade et al 2012.
- ^ a b c Herbert 1821.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mathew, Brian (Spring 1999). "Hippeastrum - The secret of the knight's star". Kew Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Aiton 1789, Hexandra Monogyna: Amaryllis I: 417
- ^ Curtis 1795.
- ^ Sims 1803.
- ^ von Jacquin 1797.
- ^ a b c "Hippeastrum". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ Don (2013),
{{citation}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)[full citation needed] - ^ Carter 2010.
- ^ Houston Amaryllis Society 2015.
- ^ Wilson, Yolanda (October 2005). "What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? (Amaryllis belladonna)". Washington State University Clark County Extension. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Sealy 1939.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, Amaryllis pp. 292–293.
- ^ a b Jarvis 2016.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1737). "Amaryllis". Hortus Cliffortianus. Retrieved 29 November 2013. p. 135
- ^ Herbert 1819.
- ^ Herbert 1837.
- ^ Uphof 1938.
- ^ Uphof 1939.
- ^ Sealy 1939, p. 65.
- ^ Traub 1959.
- ^ a b Garbari & Greuter 1970.
- ^ a b "How to Make Your Amaryllis Bloom Again". The United States National Arboretum. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Meerow 2009.
- ^ Manning 1974.
- ^ "×Hippeastrelia". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ Baker 1878.
- ^ Baker 1888.
- ^ "Rhodolirion Dalla Torre & Harms". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ Kubitzki 1998, p. 102, Hippeastrum Herb.
- ^ Traub 1958.
- ^ Traub 1980.
- ^ Vargas 1984.
- ^ a b Garcia et al 2019.
- ^ Ochoa 2006.
- ^ a b c d Meerow 1999.
- ^ "Amaryllidaceae épiphytes". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ Williams & Dudley 1984.
- ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 235, 242.
- ^ a b "Multiplication sexuée". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ Williams 1980.
- ^ Beaumont, Pauline. "Pests". Hippeastrum.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
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- ^ a b c Meerow 1999a.
- ^ a b Hessayon 1995.
- ^ "Some pests you need to watch out for". Maguire's Hippeastrum Farm. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ "Stagonospora curtisii". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ IUCN 2016.
- ^ IUCN 2016, IUCN Redlist
- ^ Walter & Gillett 1998, p. Amaryllidaceae 618
- ^ a b c d Infojardin 2015, Amarilis - Hippeastrum vittatum
- ^ Beaumont, Pauline. "Johnsonii". Hippeastrum.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ Read 1999.
- ^ "Hippeastrum × johnsonii - St. Joseph's Lily". San Marcos Growers. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^ "Hippeastrum (?) x johnsoni". International Bulb Society. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014.
- ^ Veitch 2011, p. 468.
- ^ Ephrath et al 2001.
- ^ Stancato & Mazzafera 1995.
- ^ Seabrook & Cumming 1977.
- ^ Vargas, Oropeza & de García 2006.
- ^ Sultana et al. 2010.
- ^ Rǎdescu 2012.
- ^ a b c Szilard, Paula. "Getting your Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) to Bloom". Tropical Plant Society. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ Fellers 1998.
- ^ Ockenga 2002, p. [page needed].
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- ^ Andrade et al 2011.
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- ^ HSDA 2014.
- ^ HDA 2016.
- ^ HDANI 2013.
Bibliography
Books
General
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- Hartmann, H.; Kester, D. (1987). Propagación de plantas, principios y prácticas. México: Compañía Editorial Continental S.A. ISBN 978-968-26-0789-9.
- ISBN 9780903505420.
- Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8.
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- Mabberley, David J (2013). Mabberley's Plant-Book (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107782594. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
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- ISBN 978-1-108-03736-5.
- see also Hortus Veitchii, Messrs James Veitch and Sons
- see also
- Walter, Kerry S.; Gillett, Harriet J., eds. (1998). 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants. Gland, Switzerland: ISBN 9782831703282.
Historical sources (chronological)
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.
- Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis 3 vols. London: George Nicol.
- Botanical Magazine. Vol. 9. p. 305.
- von Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph (1797). Hortus Schoenbrunnensis. Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones. Vol. I. Vienna: Apud C. F. Wappler. p. 33 t. 63 Amaryllis equestris.
- Sims, John (1803). "Amaryllis reticulata". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Vol. 18. p. 657. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- Koster, Henry (1816). Travels in Brazil. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- Herbert, W. (1819). "Amaryllis reticulata. β. striatifolia Griffin's netted-veined Amaryllis. Coburgia. Herbert". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Vol. 47. pp. 2113(1–6).
- Trans. Hortic. Soc. Lond.4: 176–184.
- Herbert, William (1837). Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement. London: Ridgway.
- Baker, J.G. (1878). Trimen, Henry (ed.). "An enumeration and classification of the species of Hippeastrum". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 16: 79–85. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- Baker, John Gilbert (1888). "Hippeastrum". Handbook of the Amaryllideæ including the Alstrœmerieæ and Agaveæ. Vol. 1888. London: Bell. p. 41. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
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Specific
- Jamil, Khalid (2011). Hippeastrum: Technique of Bulb and Flower Production. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-8454-2259-6.
- Ockenga, Starr (2002). Amaryllis. New York: Clarkson Potter. ISBN 978-0-609-60881-4. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- Read, Veronica A. (2004). Hippeastrum: the gardener's amaryllis. Portland OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-639-2.
- Traub, H.P. (1958). The Amaryllis Manual. New York: Macmillan.
- Worsley, Arthington (2012) [1896]. The Genus Hippeastrum: A Monograph. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-277-39963-9.
Articles and theses
- de Andrade, Jean Paulo; Berkov, Strahil; Viladomat, Francesc; Codina, Carles; Zuanazzi, José Angelo S.; Bastida, Jaume (2011). "Alkaloids from Hippeastrum papilio". PMID 21852767.
- de Andrade, Jean Paulo; Belén Pigni, Natalia; Torras-Claveria, Laura; Guo, Ying; Berkov, Strahil; Reyes-Chilpa, Ricardo; El Amrani, Abdelaziz; Zuanazzi, José Angelo S.; Codina, Carles; Viladomat, Francesc; Bastida, Jaume (2012). "Alkaloids from the Hippeastrum genus: chemistry and biological activity". Rev. Latinoamer. Quím. 40 (2): 83–98.
- De Hertogh, A.A.; Gallitano, L.B. (April–June 1998). "Influence of bulb packing systems on forcing of Dutch-grown Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) as flowering potted plants in North America". HortTechnology. 8 (2): 175–179. .
- Dutilh, Julie H.A. (2005). "Ornamental Bulbous Plants of Brazil" (PDF). Acta Hort.(683): 3742.
- JSTOR 1217368.
- Ephrath, J.E.; Ben-Asher, J.; Baruchin, F.; Alekperov, C.; Dayan, C.; Silberbush, M. (2001). "Various Cutting Methods For the Propagation of Hippeastrum Bulbs". Biotronics. 30: 75–83.
- Fellers, J.D. (1998). "Progeny of Hippeastrum papilio". Herbertia. 53: 129–144. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.)
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: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link - Flavia Schurmann Da Silva, A.; de Andrade, Jean Paulo; Bevilaqua, Lia R.M.; De Souza, Marcia Maria; Izquierdo, Ivan; Teresinha Henriques, Amélia; Silveira Zuanazzi, José Angelo (2006). "Anxiolytic-, antidepressant- and anticonvulsant-like effects of the alkaloid montanine isolated from Hippeastrum vittatum". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 85 (1): 148–154. S2CID 22973070.
- García, Nicolás; S2CID 86117335.
- Garbari, F.; Greuter, W. (1970). "On the Taxonomy and Typification of Muscari Miller (Liliaceae) and Allied Genera, and on the Typification of Generic Names". JSTOR 1219056.
- García, Nicolás; Meerow, Alan W.; Arroyo-Leuenberger, Silvia; Oliveira, Renata S.; Dutilh, Julie H.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Judd, Walter S. (June 2019). "Generic classification of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae". S2CID 202854432.(With correctionspublished 2020)
- Herbert, William (1821). "An Appendix: Preliminary Treatise (pp. 1–14) and A Treatise &c. (pp. 15–52)". The Botanical Register. 7. For references to Hippeastrum, see pp. 7ff, 31–34; for detailed descriptions of Hippeastrum splendens, see pp. 52–53.
- Holmes, Walter C. (2008). "Hippeastrum". EFloras. 26. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA: 55 – via www.efloras.org.
- JSTOR 1224287.
- Meerow, Alan W. (1999). "Breeding Amaryllis". Herbertia. 54: 67–83.
- Meerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q.; Chase, Mark W. (1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9): 1325–1345. PMID 10487820.
- Meerow, Alan W.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Yang, Si-Lin (October 2000). "Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences". S2CID 20392462. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- doi:10.1560/IJPS.57.4.303 (inactive 31 January 2024).)
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - Mitchell, S.A.; Ahmad, M.H. (2006). "A review of medicinal plant research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001". West Indian Med. J. 55 (4): 243–69. PMID 17249314.
- Ochoa, C.M. (2006). "Hippeastrum ugentii (Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastreae), a new species from central Peru" (PDF). Phytologia. 88 (2): 176–178. . Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- Oliveira, Renata Souza de; Semir, João; Dutilh, Julie Henriette Antoinette (11 November 2013). "Four new endemic species of Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) from Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais State, Brazil". .
- Rǎdescu, Daniela Baltac (2012). Cercetări privind caracterele morfologice ale unor soiuri de Hippeastrum vitatum şi comportarea lor în diferite variante tehnologice [Research on morphological characters of certain varieties of Hippeastrum vitatum and their behavior in different technological options] (PDF) (Ph.D Thesis) (in Romanian). BUCUREŞTI: Facultatea de HORTICULTURĂ, UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRONOMICE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- Read, V. (1999). "Developments in Hippeastrum hybridization 1799–1999". Herbertia. 54: 84–109.
- Seabrook, J.; Cumming, B. (1977). "The in vitro propagation of Amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp. hybrids)". In Vitro. 13 (12): 831–836. S2CID 28672953.
- Sealy, J.R. (1939). "Amaryllis and Hippeastrum". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew). 1939 (2): 49–68. JSTOR 4111685.
- Stancato, G.C.; Mazzafera, P. (1995). "Effects of light on the propagation and growth of bulbs of Hippeastrum hybridum cv. Apple Blossom (Amaryllidaceae)". Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.). 52 (2): 331–334. .
- Sultana, J.; Sultana, N.; Siddique, M.N.A.; Islam, A.K.M.A.; Hossain, M.M.; Hossain, T. (2010). "In vitro bulb production in Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum)" (PDF). Journal of Central European Agriculture. 11 (4): 469–474. . Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- Takos, Adam; Rook, Fred (31 May 2013). "Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (6): 11713–11741. PMID 23727937.
- Tjaden, W. L. (November 1979). "Amaryllis belladonna and the Guernsey lily: an overlooked clue". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 9 (3): 251–256. .
- Tombolato, Antonio F.C.; Julie H.A. Dutilh; Wilson Barbosa; Renato F.A. Veiga; Thiago N. Lucon. "Brazilian descriptor for Hippeastrum hybrids". 3rd Global Botanic Gardens Congress. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- JSTOR 1216035.
- Traub, H.P. (1980). "The Subgenera of the Genus Amaryllis". Plant Life. 36: 43–45.
- Uphof, J.C.T. (1938). "The history of nomenclature - Amaryllis belladonna(Linn.) Herb., and Hippeastrum (Herb.)". Herbertia. 5: 100–111. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- Uphof, J.C.T. (1939). "Critical review of Sealy's "Amaryllis and Hippeastrum"". Herbertia. 6: 163–166. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- Vargas, C.J.C. (1984). "The Peruvian Species of the Genus Amaryllis (Amaryllidaceae)". Herbertia. 40: 112–134.
- Vargas, Teresa Edith; Oropeza, Maira; de García, Eva (2006). "Propagación in vitro de Hippeastrum sp" [Micropropagation of Hippeastrum sp.]. Agronomía Trop. (in Spanish). 56 (4): 621–626.
- Veitch, Harry (11 March 1890). "The Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 12: 243–260. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- Vijverberg, A.J., ed. (August 1980). "De teelt van Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)" [The production of Hippeastrum (Amaryllis)]. Proefstation voor Tuinbouw Onder Glas te Naaldwijk (in Dutch). 17. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- Williams, M. (1980). "Self-sterility in Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) species". Amaryllis Bulletin. 1: 20.
- Williams, M.; Dudley, T.R. (1984). "Chromosome Count for Hippeastrum iguazuanum". Taxon. 33 (2): 271–275. JSTOR 1221167.
- Youssef, D.T. (2001). "Alkaloids of the flowers of Hippeastrum vittatum". J. Nat. Prod. 64 (6): 839–841. PMID 11421761.
- Manning, R. (1974). "Sprekelia-Amaryllis cross". Plant Life. 30: 85–86.
Gardening journals
- Douglas, James (24 March 1906). "The Hippeastrum". The Gardeners' Chronicle. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- Hibberd, Shirley (7 April 1883). Robinson, William (ed.). "Lecture on the Amaryllis". The Garden. Vol. 23, no. 504. pp. 313–314. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Websites
- Brown, Sydney Park; Black, Robert J. (2014). "Amaryllis (Cir-1243)" (PDF). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida Extension. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- Carter, Kathie (2010). "Amaryllis" (PDF). University of California Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- Constantin, Cornelia (14 December 2007). "Hippeastrum incantator in fiecare casa (Delightful Hippeastrum in every home)" (in Romanian). Gradini.ro. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
- De Hertogh, A. A. (June 1998). "Home Forcing of Potted Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) (8529)". Horticulture Information Leaflet 8529. Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- Johansson, Christer (2014). "Hippeastrum". Wiki.Plantae.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- Meerow, Alan (1999a). "Amaryllis and Alstroemeria: Old Crops, New Potential" (PDF). University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- Pertuit, A.J. (August 1995). "Understanding and Producing Amaryllis (Hort. L 63)" (PDF). Clemson University. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- Reid, Duane (1997). "Amaryllis: Year-round care". Rochester Gardening. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
- Vigneron, Pascal. "Amaryllidaceae". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- "Hippeastrum: Bibliographie". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- Kew: RBG (2012). "Hippeastrum Care". Spring Bulbs. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- "Welcome to the International Bulb Society Website!". International Bulb Society. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014.
- "Hippeastrum". Gardenology. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- "Hippeastrum (Group)". Gardening Help: Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
- "Infojardin" (in Spanish). 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Databases
- Jarvis, Charlie (14 November 2016). "Dataset: Clifford Herbarium". Natural History Museum Data Portal. Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/0022031. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- "JStor Global Plants". 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- "List of Species of the Brazilian Flora". Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. (Search for Hippeastrum)
- Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Morrone, Osvaldo; Belgrano, Manuel J., eds. (2008). "Hippeastrum" (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur: (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). St. Louis, Mo.: ISBN 978-1-930723-70-2.
- Maia, Leonor Costa (2016). "Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil". INCT – Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos. Recife: Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Teconologia. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- "Tropicos". Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- WCSP (2015). "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Hippeastrum". The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- Kew: RBG (2013). "Kew Glossary". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013.
- Stevens, P.F. (2016) [2001]. "Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website version 13. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Organisations
- "Houston Amaryllis Society". Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
- "Amaryllis fundraising store". Huntington's Disease Society of America. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014.
- "HDA homepage". Huntington's Disease Society (England & Wales). Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- "Huntington Society of Canada". Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- "Huntington's Disease Association Northern Ireland". Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- "IUCN". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
External images
- "Hippeastrum". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- "Hippeastrum Species". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- "Hippeastrum Hybrids". Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- "Photo Library". Emaryllis.com. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- "Amaryllis Photo Gallery". U.S. National Arboretum. Archived from the originalon 10 June 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
- "Hippeastrum Named Varieties". International Bulb Society. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
- "Rare Hippeastrum of South America". Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- Jacob, Dan (24 March 2007). "Time Lapse Blooming of an Amaryllis". YouTube (YouTube). Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.