History of Hamilton, Ontario

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Depiction of Hamilton in 1859.

Prior to colonization, Hamilton was occupied by the Chonnonton, or Attiwandaronk, an Iroquois-speaking nation referred to by French explorers as the "Neutral" people.[1] Since then, there have been successive waves of immigration.

transportation routes along the Niagara Peninsula and Lake Ontario. Its strategic importance has created, by Canadian standards, a rich military history
which the city preserves.

Tension between maximizing economic growth and minimizing environmental damage was evident, even from the city's early development. The area between

birds and other game. Cootes Paradise was named after Captain Thomas Coote,[2]
a British army officer of Irish extraction who was stationed in the area at the time of the American revolutionary war in the 18th century. The richness of the valley led to population, and to degradation of the marsh, although its legal protection, starting in the 1880s, and the efforts of civic officials and others, have led to it still being of great environmental importance in the 21st century.

For about a century after achieving its status as a city in 1846, Hamilton has seen itself in terms of industrial production. It adopted or acquired such nicknames as the Ambitious City, Steel City and the

Second World War
.

Pre-1811

United Empire Loyalists in Downtown Hamilton. Loyalists fleeing from the American Revolutionary War
were the first Europeans to settle the area.

Like most of the Americas, the original inhabitants of the Hamilton area were Native North American Aboriginal peoples. The first European to visit what is now Hamilton was probably Étienne Brûlé in 1616. Lasalle also visited the area, a fact commemorated at a park in nearby Burlington.[3]

In pre-colonial times, the

King Street
in the Lower City.

Like

Brant County south of Hamilton, and Brant’s Block (now Burlington) in Halton County north of Hamilton.[4]

The

United Empire Loyalists moved into the Hamilton area during and after the American War of Independence as well, dramatically boosting the population and economic development of the region between the original Upper Canadian capital at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) and the new one at York (now Toronto).[5]
This was to prove crucial, for the fighting between the United States and Britain was not yet over.

Administratively, the whole area was part of the

Nassau District, which was renamed the Home District in 1792. Additionally, parts of the area were separately incorporated into the West Riding of York County and First Riding of Lincoln County. In 1798, most of the future Hamilton became part of Niagara District while remaining in Lincoln County.[6]

1812–1844

The town of Hamilton was conceived by

George Hamilton when he purchased the Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812.[4] Nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. James Durand, the local Member of the British Legislative Assembly, was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly and a new Gore District was established of which the Hamilton town site was a member. As such, Hamilton's future seemed to be shaped by a private collaboration of Hamilton, Hughson and Durand.[7]

Initially the Town of Hamilton was not the dominant center of the Gore District. A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Prince's Square.[7] Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13 of 1833.[8]

After simmering treaty and border disputes finally erupted into the

Burlington Bay.[9]

King Street or King’s Highway No. 8.[4]

Gore Park, whose western boundary is King and James Streets, formed the public square for the new settlement and has remained the centre of the city ever since. The original plot of land set aside for the courthouse has had four different buildings erected on it. It was only supplanted as the court site by a move across the street in the 1990s as part of an architectural preservation project for the Post Office and Dominion Public Building.

Gore District of

Brant County
, respectively.

During the first half of the 19th century, Mr. Hamilton’s settlement in Barton Township steadily increased status at the expense of

Burlington Bay directly with Lake Ontario, thus improving its marine transportation. George Hamilton’s settlement was incorporated as a police village in 1833. In comparison, the Desjardins Canal
to Dundas was at best an incomplete success. The physical structures, with living interpreters, of these pioneer days are preserved at Westfield Heritage Centre.

Gore Park in 1870. The park was a public square for the settlement, and remains the centre of the city.

As railway fever raced across North America, Hamilton prematurely got in the act with the promotion of various paper lines in the 1830s. This included Allan Napier MacNab’s Hamilton and Port Dover Railway which, although chartered in 1835, did not actually lay any track until the mid-1850s under a different corporate name. MacNab completed Dundurn Castle, his stately home, in 1835. A boy soldier in the War of 1812, he led Gore militia to crush insurgents in the Rebellion of 1837 for which he was knighted the following year.

1845–1866

Official City status was achieved on June 9, 1846.[10]

As a result of municipal reorganization of Wentworth County, Caistor Township (earlier and later part of West Lincoln) was briefly added in 1845. Hamilton received its city charter in 1846. Seneca, Onondaga and Caistor Townships were removed from the administration of county and replaced with three others from

Halton County: Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough (which were amalgamated as the Town of Flamborough
1974-2000).

Hamilton City Council was based on a board of control, which effectively meant an executive committee of at-large city councillors controlled the city government. Mayors were short-term figureheads who changed mostly on practically an annual basis. The same year Hamilton became a city, Robert Smiley and a partner began publishing ‘’The Hamilton Spectator and Journal of Commerce".

Map with the Niagara Escarpment in red. Easy access to limestone from the escarpment helped propel Hamilton into an important iron and steel producing city.

As MacNab completed his two years as the premier of the united Province of Canada, the newly renamed Great Western Railway became Hamilton’s first functioning railway in 1854. Completion of this railway and the Niagara Suspension Bridge transformed Hamilton into a major centre and part of the American immigration route from New York City or Boston to Chicago or Milwaukee.[4] Over two hundred miles of distance was saved travelling through what was then called CANADA WEST. However, because of the different gauge or width between the American and Canadian tracks, passengers had to switch trains at both Niagara Falls, then known as Clifton, as well as at Detroit. The GWR’s maintenance and marshalling yards were located in Hamilton, and the city got its first taste of the steel industry as it re-rolled rails imported from Britain. Unfortunately, in 1857, 57 passengers were killed when a train derailed near the Desjardins Canal.

Not content with this relatively minor operation, dozens of small workshops and craftsmen banded together to smelt steel rather than just mill steel. Easy access to limestone from the Niagara Escarpment, coal mined in Appalachia, iron ore mined from the Canadian Shield and export markets through the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system made Hamilton an important iron and steel producing city.

Other industrial ventures conducted in the Ambitious City (a phrase adopted by ‘’The Spectator" from detractors in Toronto) and Birmingham of Canada included manufactured tobacco, beer and other consumer products. It also became a centre for the textile industry, which did not die out completely until the 1950s.

Long before the Royal Military College of Canada was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a 3-month-long military course from 1865 at the School of Military Instruction in Hamilton. Established by Militia General Order in 1865, the school enabled Officers of Militia or Candidates for Commission or promotion in the Militia to learn Military duties, drill and discipline, to command a Company at Battalion Drill, to Drill a Company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a Company and the duties of a Company's Officer.[11] The school was not retained at Confederation, in 1867.[12]

1867–1892

Protestants, grew in popularity with large scale immigration from the British Isles
.

When the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, Hamilton was an enthusiastic partner in the bold new political enterprise and preached the joys of the British Empire. The city was represented in the House of Commons by one seat for the city proper and two for the remainder of the county (Wentworth South and Wentworth North).

Growing commercial and industrial prosperity prompted large scale emigration from the

public transportation.[13][14]

1906 photo of Alexander Graham Bell at his home in nearby Brantford. Hamilton was home to the British Empire's first telephone exchange.

Robert Smiley, the founding publisher of The Spectator, sold the newspaper to

Southam newspaper chain. A unified and paid Hamilton Fire Department, replaced the numerous volunteer fire companies in 1879, led by fire chief Alexander Aitchison
.

The Hamilton area was also intimately connected with the early history of the

Hugh Cossart Baker, Jr.[15] On May 15, 1879, Hugh Cossart Baker Jr. makes Hamilton the site of the first commercial long-distance telephone line in the British Empire.[16]

More workers and new immigrants encouraged a nascent

Nine Hour Movement, urging the government to limit working hours to nine per day.[17]

A more modest but still unstable railway boom marked the last part of the 19th century too. The

Beamsville, Brantford and Oakville
were established the following decade.

1893–1905

Modernization and business consolidation often went hand in hand with

firefighters
unionized in 1896. As it was absorbed by Hamilton Electric Light and Power Company in 1899, HSR workers joined Division (now Local) 107 of the predecessor of the current Amalgamated Transit Union.

public transit
to electrical-powered vehicles in 1892.

But it was definitely not all work and no play for local residents. In 1894,

William "Billy" Sherring, Tom Longboat and Sam Mellor
.

Adelaide Hoodless and other founded the first Women’s Institute in Saltfleet Township (Stoney Creek) in 1897 and began her educational campaign for home economics. A year after she died in 1910, one of Hamilton’s many new schools was named in her honour.[19]

Hamiltonians, like other residents of the colonies, discovered one of the darker sides of British Imperialism when the

Canadian Mounted Rifles or North-West Mounted Police contingents. Although they excelled at the bitter guerrilla war there against the Boers, its conclusion in 1902 served as an omen for the future
.

Ernest D’Israeli Smith, after being frustrated by paying to have his fruit transported from the Stoney Creek area, had founded a company in 1882 to market directly to wholesalers and eliminate the middleman. Smith & Sons Ltd. continues operating today, and has since the early 20th century has sold manufactured preserves and jams. Its namesake founder served as the Conservative MP for Wentworth around the start of the 20th century.

By the end of the 19th century, symbolically marked by the death of

Queen Victoria in the first days of the 20th century, Hamilton expanded to the approximate limits of the Mountain Brow to the south, Chedoke Creek to the west and Gage Avenue
to the east.

Through natural increase and immigration, the urban Hamilton-rural Wentworth population balance shifted so much that in 1904 the federal ridings were redistributed. While the total number of MPs remained the same, two were now from the city proper (Hamilton East and Hamilton West) and one represented the rest of the county.

1906–1918

Hamilton had a momentous year in 1906: local boy

workmen's compensation, the minimum wage and women's suffrage
.

International Harvester Company
buildings by the waterfront, taken in 1907. The beginning of the 20th century saw continued growth for industries in Hamilton.

The steel industry continued to grow and finally consolidate through this period, some combining to form the Steel Company of Canada in 1910 and others the Dominion Steel Casting Company in 1912. Stelco and Dofasco, as they became colloquially and then legally known, were located in the north end to take advantage of the transportation and cooling opportunities provided by access to the water.[17] Industrial waste from the industries along the waterfront led to Hamilton Harbour becoming heavily polluted with industrial waste.[20]

The yard at the Hamilton Terminal Station as seen in the early 1920s, during the station's heyday.

Hamilton's radial railway system became increasing unified. In 1907–8, the interurban railways' parent company reorganized and renamed itself to the Dominion Power and Transmission Company, opening a new main station downtown at the same time: the Hamilton Terminal Station. Passenger services were reorganized so that the different lines would meet there, while the older stations were largely relegated to freight service.[21] Cars were increasingly operated on each other's lines, allowing single-seat trips such as from Oakville to Brantford without the need for a transfer.

The infant science of

CAA South Central Ontario
).

Emigration continued from Britain and the

Italian Hamiltonians are descendants of emigrants in this period from a single Sicilian
town, commemorated by the dual naming of Murray Street as Corso Raculmuto.

Increased population and prosperity prompted a building boom. As a publicity stunt and raffle, workers and contractors built a

Hamilton Public Library opened its new building funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie
. (The site was renovated and now houses the Family Court.)

Hamiltonians participated in the

Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
later perpetuated the battle honours of four of these consecutively numbered Overseas Battalions of the CEF.

Heavy industry boomed as the Canadian and British governments' war driven demands for steel, arms, munitions and textiles increased. Unfortunately, in their quest to expand, the twin steel giants damaged the land by infilling Hamilton Harbour and burying or diverting many creeks which formerly flowed into the bay. War profiteering by manufacturers dampened some of the mood, but generally Hamiltonians pulled together.

The 36th Battalion of Hamilton, Ontario, taken in 1915. Hamiltonians participated in World War I as members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

1919–1938

The

Independent Labour Party. Walter Rollo
, Member of the Legislative Assembly for Hamilton West, became the first Ontario Minister of Labour in this government.

The Hamilton Board of Education resumed its ambitious building program for schools. Their names often honoured the memory of war

Earl Kitchener School
. The educational building boom was coupled with a residential housing boom in which hundreds of low-rise apartment buildings, of three to four stories and six to ten units, grew up across the city, especially in the east end.

University Hall of McMaster University in 2017. The university moved to Hamilton in 1930.

Higher education—disregarding its normal school or teachers college—arrived in Hamilton in 1930. McMaster University was founded in Toronto as a Baptist institution of higher learning. Funded by a bequest of Senator William McMaster in 1887, it was in danger of becoming absorbed by the University of Toronto. Hamilton’s municipal government, civic boosters and ordinary residents lured the university to the city with grants of land and money in 1930.[22] Not only did McMaster preserve its independence, but it began publishing The Silhouette student newspaper, now an award-winning weekly broadsheet.

Local boosters also ensured that Hamilton hosted the inaugural Empire Games, now known as the Commonwealth Games in 1930. Amateur athletes from around the British Empire and Commonwealth gathered to compete at Hamilton Civic Stadium, the current site of Ivor Wynne Stadium as a result of the efforts of Melville Marks Robinson.[23]

The

birth control clinic in 1931.[22]

Emotional relief from the Depression was found in the Washingtons, local brothers who performed as a blues quartet throughout Ontario.[24] Practical relief was found in government works projects designed to prime the economy and which added to the long-term attractiveness of Hamilton.

Royal Botanical Gardens, seeing the institution through from an early concept in the 1920s to incorporation and staffing in the 1940s. Whitehern, his downtown family home, now serves as a civic museum.[25]

1939–1945

In the

QEW.[26]

Hamiltonians like others in Canada and the world welcomed the spike of economic demand caused by the war but not its source. Heavy industry again began spewing out its pollutants, and by the end of the war the ecological cost of pollution had taken its toll on Hamilton: heavy metals made fish from the

Hamilton Harbour inedible, air pollution made breathing difficult and industrial dumps contaminated land
.

Unlike the First World War, in this war the

Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (colloquially known as the Rileys) and the rest of the 2nd Canadian Division were mobilized early, but sat on their hands in Britain for two years. The Hamilton area was also active in the Royal Canadian Air Force
(RCAF): the city proper sponsored 424 "Tiger" Squadron by buying bombers to equip it.

On the home front, the public not only eagerly followed the progress of the war, but they also got a chance to see airmen in action. In 1940, as part of the

RCAF
Station Mount Hope, and some unfortunate ones are still buried there.

The army’s enforced idleness—disregarding their unsuccessful foray to

Lord Louis Mountbatten’s ill-advised and unauthorized raid-in-force. The Rileys lost hundreds of its young men on a single day in 1942, when they were effectively wiped out as a fighting force at Dieppe. In 1943, the Hamilton Parks Police, a special constable force was formed.[27]

When the

Women
had permanently entered the paid workforce. The lean times of the Great Depression were over—and veterans were going to make sure that happened.

Notable people from Hamilton prior to 1946

See also: Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1816 668—    
1833 1,000+49.7%
1841 3,000+200.0%
1846 6,832+127.7%
1850 10,248+50.0%
1861 19,096+86.3%
1871 26,716+39.9%
1880 35,009+31.0%
1890 44,643+27.5%
1900 51,561+15.5%
1910 70,221+36.2%
1914 100,808+43.6%
1920 108,143+7.3%
1929 134,566+24.4%
1939 155,276+15.4%
1945 175,364+12.9%
1950 192,125+9.6%
1960 258,576+34.6%
1970 296,826+14.8%
1980 306,640+3.3%
1990 307,160+0.2%
2002† 490,268+59.6%
2006 504,559+2.9%
2011 519,949+3.1%
Source: [28][29][30]
†2002=Post-Amalgamation.

People associated with Hamilton who became well-known prior to 1946 are listed below in the order of their birth year.

Colin Campbell Ferrie, Hamilton's first mayor
Thomas Bain, Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan
from 1889 to 1902.
Sir John Morison Gibson

See also

References

  1. ^ Nobel, William, "The Neutral" Historica Canada, Last Edited December 16, 2013
  2. ^ Henley, Brian. "Historic charm enhances Hamilton's revamped cityscape (921 words)". tourism hamilton. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  3. ^ Jurgens, Olga (1979) [1966]. "Brûlé, Étienne". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Bailey, Thomas Melville (1981). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875). W.L. Griffin Ltd.
  5. ^ "United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  6. ^ "A History of the city of Hamilton". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  7. ^
    ISBN 0-88862-593-6
    .
  8. ^ Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833 3° William IV pg. 58-68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Publice Market therein.
  9. ^ "Battlefield House Museum Battle of Stoney Creek 1813". Archived from the original on August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  10. ^ Provincial Statutes of Canada 1846 9° vict. pg 981 Chapter LXXIII. An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City.
  11. ^ "Anson Keill's Second class certificate from the School of Military Instruction, Kingston". Archived from the original on 2016-04-07. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  12. ^ Richard Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada' published by the RMC Club by U of Toronto Press.
  13. ^ "Transit History in Hamilton, Ontario". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  14. ^ "Hamilton Transit History". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  15. ISBN 1-55028-804-0
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 1-55028-804-0
    .
  17. ^ a b "History of Industry in Hamilton, Ontario". Archived from the original on 2006-02-06. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  18. ^ "Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway Historical Society". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bailey, Thomas Melville (1991). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol II, 1876-1924). W.L. Griffin Ltd.
  20. ISSN 1920-9894
    .
  21. ^ Luton, Tom (1 April 2019). "The Hamilton Terminal Station". Trainweb.org. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bailey, Thomas Melville (1992). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol III, 1925-1939). W.L. Griffin Ltd.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Tigertown Triumphs" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition). 2006-06-10. p. MP56.
  24. ^ "Jackie Washington". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. 4 February 2014.
  25. ^ a b Best, John (1991). Thomas Baker McQuesten: Public Works, Politics and Imagination. Corinth Press.
  26. ^ "Fast Facts from Hamilton's Past". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  27. ^ Hamilton Police Department Scrapbook. vol. 9. p. 37. Local History & Archives, HPL.
  28. ^ "The Hamilton Memory Project" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition. June 10, 2006. p. MP38.
  29. ^ Bailey, Thomas Melville (1981). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875). W.L. Griffin Ltd. p. 143.
  30. ^ "Barton township census - 1816" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-03.[permanent dead link‍]
  31. ^ Farrell, David R. (1983). "Askin, John". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  32. ^ In collaboration with Bruce A. Parker (1983). "Hatt, Richard". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  33. ^ Weaver, John C. (1987). "Durand, James". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  34. ^ a b "The Hamilton Gallery of Distinction". Archived from the original on 2006-05-11. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  35. ^ Smith, Don (2013). Sacred Feathers: The Reverend Peter Jones (Kahkewaquonaby) and the Mississauga Indians, Second Edition. University of Toronto Press.
  36. ^ McGoogan, Ken (2002). Fatal Passage: The Story of John Rae – the Arctic hero time forgot. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  37. ^ Swainson, Donald (1982). "Daly, Thomas Mayne". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  38. ^ Drutchas, Geoffrey G. (2002). Gray Eminence in a Gilded Age: The Forgotten Career of Senator James McMillan of Michigan. pp. 78–113.
  39. ^ Hanlon, Peter (1990). "Sanford, William Eli". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  40. ^ Heron, Craig (1998). "Studholme, Allan". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  41. ^ Roland, Charles G. (1998). "Osler, Sir William". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  42. ^ Paton, Jennifer (1998). "Willson, Thomas Willson". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  43. ^ "Field's Institute Biography: John Charles Fields". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  44. ^ Black, Naomi (4 March 2015). "Helen Gregory MacGill". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
  45. ^ "Internet Broadway Database Biography: Julia Arthur". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  46. ^ Hunt, Geoffrey (4 March 2015). "John MacIntosh Lyle". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.
  47. ^ "Hamilton Spectator: "The Greatest Hamiltonian". (II)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  48. ^ "Internet Movie Database Biography: Jean Adair". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  49. ^ "Famous Canadian Women Athletes". Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  50. ^ "Library and Archives Canada: Elizabeth Bagshaw". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  51. ^ "The Hamilton Gallery of Distinction: Reverend John Holland". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  52. ISBN 0-7737-5728-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  53. ^ "Internet Movie Database Biography: Douglas Dumbrille". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  54. ^ "Vancouver History, List of Mayors: James Lyle Telford". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  55. ^
    ISBN 978-0-385-66093-8
    .
  56. ^ "Internet Movie Database Biography: Del Lord". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  57. ^ "Famous Canadian Women, Judges: Helen Alice Kinnear". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  58. ^ "www.baseball-reference.com/: Frank O'Rourke". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  59. ^ "Kinsmen Clubs of Canada: Harold A. Rogers". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  60. ^ "Legends of Hockey Biography: George Owen". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  61. ^ "Canadian Soccer Hall-of-Fame Bio: Robert McDonald". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  62. ^ "Veteran Affairs Canada: John Weir Foote". Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  63. ^ Phillipson, Donald J.C. (26 May 2015). "George Klein". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
  64. ^ "Canadian Nuclear Society: Harold E. Johns". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  65. AllMusic
    . Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  66. ^ "Comiclopedia: Win Mortimer". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  67. ^ "Alberta Order of Excellence: John Callaghan". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24.

Further reading

  • Freeman, Bill (14 October 2006). Hamilton: A People's History. James Lorimer & Company.
    ISBN 9781550289367
    .

Historical documentation

Many other websites contain some photographs and other documentation, but these sites contain primarily these.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario&oldid=1269960769"