History of the Malaysian Constitution
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The foundation of the
Originally playing an advisory role, the function of the council was later extended to include both legislative and executive functions. This continued until 1948 when the Federation of Malaya was formed by two agreements, namely the State Agreement and the Federation of Malaya Agreement.
The State Agreement was of great significance to Malaysia's constitutional development. By virtue of this agreement, the
The Federation of Malaya Agreement that served as the core for the current federal system of central government was concluded as a compromise to the much-opposed. The Federation consisted of the (FMS), the Unfederated Malay States as well as
The federal government comprised the High Commissioner, an Executive Council and Legislative Council. The agreement also provided for a Conference of Rulers with its own elected chairman. Each of the states had its own Executive Council and Council of States to deal with all matters not specifically reserved to the Federation. The Federal Government was responsible for defence, the police, and the railways, labour, broadcasting, post and finance. This 1948 Constitution remained in force with some essential amendments, until 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained its independence.
A constitutional conference was held in
The conference proposed the appointment of a commission to devise a constitution for a fully self-governing and independent Federation of Malaya.[2] This proposal was accepted by and the Malay Rulers. Accordingly, pursuant to such agreement, the Reid Commission, consisting of constitutional experts from fellow Commonwealth countries and headed by, a distinguished Lord-of-Appeal-in-Ordinary, was appointed to make recommendations for a suitable constitution. The report of the Commission was completed on 11 February 1957.[3] The report was then examined by a working party appointed by the British Government, the Conference of Rulers and the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was enacted on the basis of its recommendations.[4]
The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August however. The constitutional machinery devised to bring the new constitution into force consisted of:
- In the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, together with the Orders in Council made under it. The Federation of Malaya Independence Act, 1957 passed by the British Parliament gave parliamentary approval to Her Britannic Majesty Queen
- to terminate her sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of the Straits Settlements of Melaka and Penangand all powers and jurisdiction in respect of the Malay States or the Federation as a whole.
- The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957, made on 5 August 1957 between the British High Commissioner on behalf of Queen and the Melaka).
- In the Federation, the Federal Constitution Ordinance 1957, passed on 27 August 1957 by the Federal Legislative Council of the Federation of Malaya formed under the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948. The new constitutions of the Federation as well as Melakawere given the force of law by the Ordinance.
- In each of the Malay states, State Enactments, and in Melaka and Penang, resolutions of the State Legislatures, approving and giving force of law to the federal constitution.
The Federal Constitution was significantly amended when Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the Federation to form Malaysia in 1963.[5]
References
- ^ "Sorry! This Site is Currently Not Available!". www.digitalibrary.my. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ See paragraphs 74 and 75 of Report by the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Conference Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Sorry! This Site is Currently Not Available!". www.digitalibrary.my. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ISBN 978-983-74-3656-5.
- ^ See the Malaysia Act (Act 26/1963)