Terengganu
Terengganu
Tranung | ||
---|---|---|
Tamil திராங்கானு | Tiraṅkāṉu (Transliteration) | |
PAS) | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 13,035 km2 (5,033 sq mi) | |
Highest elevation | 1,519 m (4,984 ft) | |
Population (2020 Census)[3] | ||
• Total | 1,149,440[1](10th) | |
• Demonym | Terengganuan Ganu | |
Demographics of Terengganu | ||
• Ethnic composition |
| |
• Languages | ||
• Religions |
| |
Economy | ||
• HDI (2021) | 0.791 (high) (11th | |
• GDP (2021) | RM 38.2 billion | |
• GDP per capita (2021) | RM 32,199 | |
T | ||
Establishment of the Sultanate | 1724 | |
British control | 1909 | |
Japanese occupation | 1942 | |
Accession into the Federation of Malaya | 1948 | |
Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya | 31 August 1957 | |
Website | www |
Terengganu (Malay pronunciation:
Located on the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu borders with the state of Kelantan to the north and Pahang to the west and south while to the east of Terengganu is the South China Sea. Terengganu is geographically divided into sparsely populated and mountainous inland (known as Terengganu Highlands of which the highest point is Mount Lawit at 1,519 metres) that spans from the border with Kelantan to Kemaman district and largely flat coastal plains of which most of the state's 1.1 million people are concentrated. The state is known for having the longest coastline in East Malaysia and achieved the Malaysian Book of Records for having the cleanest beach in the country.[4] Many of the most popular islands in Malaysia are located in the state of Terengganu such as Perhentian, Kapas and Redang islands as well as Bidong Island which was once a refuge to tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s.
Etymology
There are several theories on the origin of the name "Terengganu". One theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu,
Chinese naming
The traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been "丁加奴" (Pinyin: dīngjiānú), which is a direct transcription of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name, citing[citation needed] that the characters used loosely translate to "giving birth to a child who will become a slave" (Chinese: 添丁加做奴). Therefore, they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to "登嘉楼" (Pinyin: dēngjiālóu), which can be loosely translated to "aspiring/stepping up to a higher level", in September 2004. The new name was in unofficial use by the state's Chinese community for at least 30 years before its official adoption.
Certain segments of the Chinese community opposed the name change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes, making it much more difficult to write. They have proposed to revert the name to the version used before 2004, but with the word "奴" (slave, which was mainly the cause of the controversy) to the similar sounding, but more positive "努" (perseverance).[citation needed]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2016) |
Prehistory
Human activities may have already existed in Terengganu as early as 16,000 years ago during the
Hindu-Buddhist Era
Terengganu's location by the
Medieval and early modern period
Terengganu was the first Malay state to receive Islam, as attested to by the
Terengganu emerged as an independent sultanate in 1724. The first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin, the younger brother of a former sultan of Johor, and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu politics through the 18th century. However, in the book Tuhfat al-Nafis, the author, Raja Ali Haji, mentions that in the year 1708, Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu by Daeng Menampuk - also known as Raja Tua - under the rule of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah.
Scottish sailor Alexander Hamilton was known to have made several recorded visits to Terengganu in 1719 and 1720.[9]
In 1741, Sultan Sulaiman installed Sultan Mansur as ruler of Terengganu, his rule from 1741 to 1793 saw him creating a strong united Malay front against the rising power of the Bugis. He expanded his power on a weakened and divided Kelantan in 1764, culminating in the installation of his son's marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Kelantan. European accounts of the time praised the well-ordered administration of his rule, while at the same time he was highly respected by his subjects.[10]
In the 19th century, Terengganu became a vassal state of the Thai
Modern era
The terms of the
During World War II, Japan occupied Terengganu and transferred sovereignty over the state back to Siam, which had been renamed Thailand in 1939, along with Kelantan, Kedah, and Perlis. After the defeat of Japan, British control over these Malay states was reestablished. Terengganu became a member of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, then a state of a sovereign Malaya in 1957, which became Malaysia in 1963.
Following decades of rule by the
Geography
Terengganu is situated in eastern
Politics and government
Affiliation | Coalition/Party Leader | Status | Seats | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2023 election | Current | ||||
Perikatan Nasional | Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar | Government | 32 | 32 | |
Government majority | 32 | 32 |
Constitution
The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911. It has a supplement that came into force in 1959. The official English title for the 1911 constitution is "The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty". The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections. The sections' official English language titles are "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (First Part)" and "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (Second Part)"
The Sultan of Terengganu
The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu. The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is "the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government in the State and Territory of Terengganu", the Head of the Religion of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. He is also vested with the Executive Power of the State. The hereditary Sultan of Terengganu since 1998 has been Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin.
Regency
As per both the Malaysian and state constitutions, the
Chief Ministers
When Terengganu was an absolute monarchy, the Chief Minister was selected by the Sultan. Since the declaration of independence of Malaysia (then called Tanah Melayu) and the first general election, the Chief Minister has been the State Assembly (ADUN) member elected by a majority of all State Assembly members, who are themselves elected by universal adult suffrage of the citizens of their constituencies. Below is the list of the Chief Ministers of Terengganu from 1925.
Term Starts | Term Ends | Chief Minister[13] | Party |
---|---|---|---|
April 1925 | June 1940 | Dato' Seri Amar Diraja Ngah Muhamad bin Yusof | |
June 1940 | May 1942 | Tengku Seri Setia Raja Tengku Omar bin Othman | |
May 1942 | Dec 1945 | Dato' Jaya Perkasa Da Omar bin Mahmud | |
Dec 1945 | Dec 1949 | Tengku Panglima Perang Tengku Muhamad bin al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad | |
Dec 1949 | June 1959 | Dato' Perdana Menteri Di Raja Dato' Seri Setia Raja Kamaruddin bin Idris | |
June 1959 | Nov 1961 | Mohd Daud bin Abdul Samad | PAS *
|
Nov 1961 | Sep 1970 | Tan Sri Ibrahim Fikri bin Mohammad | Perikatan |
Sep 1970 | Sep 1971 | Dato' Mahmood bin Sulaiman | Perikatan |
Sep 1971 | Aug 1974 | Dato' Nik Hassan bin Wan Abdul Rahman | Perikatan |
Sep 1974 | Dec 1999 | Dato' Seri Amar Diraja Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad | Barisan Nasional |
Dec 1999 | March 2004 | Dato' Seri Abdul Hadi Awang | PAS
|
March 2004 | March 2008 | Dato Seri Idris Jusoh | Barisan Nasional |
March 2008 | May 2014 | Datuk Ahmad Said | Barisan Nasional |
May 2014 | May 2018 | Dato' Seri Ahmad Razif Abd Rahman | Barisan Nasional |
May 2018 | Current | Dato' Seri Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar | PAS
|
Perikatan Nasional |
Note:* The state Government formed by
2008 Menteri Besar appointment crisis
Following the ruling party UMNO's return to power over Terengganu after winning 24 out of 32 seats in the
The Sultan of Terengganu appointed Ahmad Said instead for the job, with the Regency Advisory Council handing him the letter of appointment. The PM claimed that the appointment of Ahmad Said was unconstitutional as it went against the wishes of the assemblymen and the Prime Minister's office who have supported Idris Jusoh candidacy for Menteri Besar.[17]
In spite of threats to strip
The opposition party
On 26 March 2008 however, PM
The apparent backdown was due to threat that the royal household would be prepared to dissolve the state assembly if the motion of no-confidence was initiated against Ahmad Said, which would trigger another election in what is already a climate of discontent towards the ruling party and the possibility of dissenting assemblymen defecting to the opposition.[23]
The
Administrative divisions
Terengganu is divided into 8
Administrative divisions of Terengganu | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPI code[26] | Districts
|
Population (2020 census)[29] |
Population (mid 2023 estimate)[30] |
Area (km2)[28] |
Seat | Mukims | |
1101 | Besut | 154,168 | 162,600 | 1,233.678 | Kampung Raja | 19 | |
1102 | Dungun | 158,130 | 165,200 | 2,735.031 | Kuala Dungun | 13 | |
1103 | Hulu Terengganu | 69,881 | 73,700 | 3,874.626 | Kuala Berang | 10 | |
1104 | Kemaman | 215,582 | 226,600 | 2,535.599 | Chukai | 17 | |
1105 | Kuala Terengganu | 229,781 | 241,000 | 210.215 | Kuala Terengganu | 21 | |
1106 | Marang | 116,605 | 124,000 | 666.543 | Marang | 8 | |
1107 | Setiu | 59,651 | 62,900 | 1,304.363 | Bandar Permaisuri | 7 | |
1108 | Kuala Nerus | 145,642 | 153,600 | 397.521 | Kuala Nerus
|
4 | |
Note: Most districts have a single local government, excepting Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu, respectively under the jurisdiction of Kuala Terengganu City Council. |
On 18 September 2014, it was announced that the Kuala Terengganu District sub-district of Kuala Nerus would become Terengganu's 8th district, to be called Kuala Nerus by sixth Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak.[31]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 405,368 | — | ||
1980 | 525,255 | +29.6% | ||
1991 | 766,244 | +45.9% | ||
2000 | 880,234 | +14.9% | ||
2010 | 1,011,363 | +14.9% | ||
2020 | 1,149,440 | +13.7% | ||
2023 | 1,209,400 | +5.2% | ||
| ||||
Source: [32] |
Terengganu has a population of 1,015,776 as of 2010[update],
In 2000, the state's population was only 48.7% urban; the majority lived in rural areas.[38] By the 2005 census, the proportions had changed significantly, with 51% of the population living in urban areas and 49% in the rural areas.[38] Terengganu recorded the lowest life expectancy in Malaysia for both males and females for the period 2021-2023.[39]
Ethnic groups
Terengganu is one of Malaysia's most
Malays
Malays are the largest ethnic group in the state with more than 94% of the population. The Malays in Terengganu are distinct from Malays of other parts of the country, they have unique cultures, traditions and spoken language. There are two sub-groups of Malays in the state:
Terengganu Malays
Besut Malays
Besut Malays are predominantly found in the district of Besut and northern Setiu. Despite being Terengganu citizens, they are ethnically, linguistically and culturally closer to, and still maintain strong ties with, Kelantan. Most Malays in Besut and northern Setiu speaks only Kelantanese, although those who have long been exposed to other districts of Terengganu can speak Terengganuan as well.
Chinese
The Chinese Terengganuan form the largest minority ethnic group in the state. They are mostly Hokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect of Hokkien. Unlike other parts of Malaysia, the Chinese in Terengganu are much more assimilated; they speak fluent local Malay (Terengganuan in most parts of Terengganu and Kelantanese in Besut) and also share a similar lifestyle. They also have a local Peranakan culture known as "Mek Awang" which is a mixture of Chinese (mostly Hokkien) and Malay (Terengganu Malay) cultures, which can be seen in their cuisine and clothing and their language as well.
Indian
Indians in Terengganu are mostly
Siamese
The Siamese in Terengganu maintain a small but well-organised community. They can be found in Besut and few in Setiu and Kuala Terengganu. Physically, there is little difference between Malays and Siamese other than their name and religion. Their native language is Southern Thai language but most speak Kelantanese as large numbers of them live in Besut.
Orang Asli
The Orang Aslis are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. In Terengganu they can be found mostly in Hulu Terengganu and Besut districts. There are two Orang Asli ethnic groups in Terengganu, the
Languages
The people of Terengganu generally speak Coastal
Religion
According to the 2020 Census, the population of Terengganu is 95%
Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91.4% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (4.7%), Chinese folk religions (1.6%) and Muslims (1.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (69.8%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Muslims (18.1%), Christians (5.3%) and Buddhists (4.9%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Muslims (56.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (33.2%) and Buddhists (5.6%). All Malays are Muslims.[42]
Economy
Terengganu used to be Malaysia's poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline in the 80s., and various other fruits and vegetables available in season. Terengganu was traditionally famous for boatbuilding, with highly decorated carved wooden boats called bangau to be found in the harbour of every village and town in days not so long gone by, before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state's fishermen.
Income and Quality of life | 1995[44] | 2005[44] |
---|---|---|
GDP (RM Million)
|
12,082.9 | 16,821.2 |
GDP Per Capita (RM) | 13,636.1 | 13,642.6 |
Average Household Income (RM) | 1,113.0 | 2,075.3 |
Crude Birth Rate (Per Thousand) | 29.5 | 18.5 |
Infant Mortality Rate (Per Thousand) | 10.4 | 6.5 |
Number of Population Per Doctor | 2,803.0 | 1,930.0 |
Number of Students Per Teacher | 17.6 | 15.1 |
Motor Vehicles Registered (Per Thousand) | 181.0 | 212.5 |
Number of Viewers Per TV | 11.4 | 9.0 |
In addition to its main industries in petroleum, gas, tourism, and fishing, recent real estate transaction data indicates that Terengganu's residential median price stands at RM 313,000, with a price per square foot (PSF) of RM 118.10, based on 2,661 transactions.[45] The commercial sector reflects a median price of RM 530,000, with a PSF of RM 381.97, based on 100 transactions[46], according to figures provided by NAPIC over the past 12 months[47].
Culture and attractions
Terengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants, and therefore
The major tourist attractions in the state include:
Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host of
Basic Tourism Sector Data | 1999[48] | 2005[48] |
---|---|---|
Average Day of Stays of Foreign Tourist | 3.3 | 4.2 |
Average Day of Stays of Domestic Tourist | 1.9 | 3.1 |
Sectorial Contribution to the Economy (RM Million) | 298.9 | 1281.0 |
Number of Registered Tourist Agents | 70 | 92 |
Number of Tourist Guides | 21 | 37 |
Average Hotel Occupancy Rate (%) | 55.9 | 58.3 |
Domestic Tourist | 1,002,324 | 1,624,726 |
Foreign Tourist | 146,713 | 197,952 |
Total Tourist Arrival | 1,149,037 | 1,822,678 |
Culture
Terengganu, along with Kelantan, is known as the cradle of the Malay civilization in Peninsular Malaysia. There are various traditional dances in the state such as the
Events
- 2008 National Horse Show at Terengganu Equestrian Resort 31 October to 2 November
- Monsoon Cup- international sailing event
- Sultan's Cup Terengganu Endurance Challenge - Horse Endurance Race
- Formula Future- speed boat racing for under 15
- Kapas-Marang International Swimathon- International swimming event
- Kenyir Motocross Championship
- Terengganu Masters- Golf
- Kenyir International Mountain Bike Challenge
- 'Candat Sotong' Fiesta - fishing competition
- Kenyir Lake International Triathlon
- Terengganu Starhill Tasik Kenyir 4x4 Challenge
- Tasik Puteri Water Festival
- Terengganu Traditional Games Competition
- Terengganu International 4WD Rainforest Challenge 2007
- FEI World Endurance Championship 2008
- Le Tour de Langkawi 2012
- Terengganu International Squid Jigging Festival
Cuisine
The most famous local food is
Laksam (or laksang in Terengganu Malay), a modified version of laksa, is made from rice flour (thick and soft slices). It is served in a bowl of light fresh coconut milk mixed with boiled fish flesh (mainly mackerel), finely chopped cucumbers, chillies, onions and long beans. It is eaten cold at breakfast.
Another Terengganu speciality is sata, a type of otak-otak or fish cake wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over a grill. Sata made from combination of fish and grated coconut, with some portion of spice.
Nasi dagang is also popular.
The state is also known for dedicated restaurants serving battered fresh seafood (in Malay: celup tepung, lit. 'flour-dipped') lining its beaches.[49]
Education
There are several institutes of higher learning in Terengganu. They are either categorised as Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA); public university or Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS); private university. Among public universities which have campus in Terengganu is the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Both universities have campus in Gong Badak, in north Kuala Terengganu.
Beside that, Terengganu also had 3 Universiti Teknologi MARA branches, in Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Bukit Besi. Also, Terengganu host several private university and college, such as TATI University College in Kemaman, UCSI Terengganu campus in Marang, Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) in Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu and Kolej Teknologi Bestari in Setiu, Politechnics Sultan Zainal Abidin, among others.
List of Tertiary Institutes (public and private)
- Politeknik Kuala Terengganu
- Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Universiti Teknologi MARA (3 branches)
- Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
- Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
- Kolej PTPL
- Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara (KKTM) Kemaman
- Kolej Teknologi & Inovasi KRIM
- Institut Teknologi Petronas
- Kolej Seri Iman
- Kolej Ketengah
- RANACO Education and Training Institute (RETI)
- Kolej Teras Timur
- Kolej Islam Sains Teknologi (KIST)
- TATI University College(TATIUC)
- MARA KETENGAH International College (MKIC)
Secondary school (high school) education is provided by Sekolah Kebangsaan (National School, e.g.: Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (National-type School) Chinese primary schools, and Sekolah Ugama (Religious schools, e.g.: SMA Sultan Zainal Abidin Ladang). All of them follow the syllabus and curriculum provided and regulated by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). Every year the state government spends RM34 million to develop education in Terengganu. Part of these grants ensures that every eligible primary school student in Terengganu is able to get a Netbook worth RM1000 to help in their studies.
Transportation
Air
There are three airports located in Terengganu, of which two of them are open to the public.
A military air force base,
Sister states
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2022) |
See also
In popular culture
Movies
- Tukang Perahu Pulau Duyong (2013)
References
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- ^ a b "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 27. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
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- ^ "Terengganu has longest, cleanest beach: Malaysia Book of Records | New Straits Times". 25 August 2015.
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- ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A history of Malaysia. Martin's Press. p. 121.
- ^ Timah Hamzah (1981). Pemberontakan Tani 1928 di Trengganu: satu kajian ketokohan dan kepimpinan Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Ministry of Education Malaysia. p. 80.
- ^ "Rulers of Terengganu". Retrieved 23 May 2007.
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- ^ "Ahmad Said stays Mentri Besar". Malaysia Insider. 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
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- ^ Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2020.
- ^ Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2023.
- ^ Sean, Ong Han (19 September 2014). "Kuala Nerus is newest T'ganu district". The Star. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
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- ^ "Commercial Transaction Prices in Terengganu | Propertygenie.com.my". Property Genie | Transaction and Statistics. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ "Property Genie | Transaction and Statistics". Transaction and Statistics | Property Genie. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
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- ^ Nurul Hani (6 February 2019). "5 Kedai Ikan Celup Tepung Wajib Cuba Di Terengganu". Saji (in Malay). Karangkraf.
External links
- Terengganu State Government Information Portal
- Tourism Malaysia - Terengganu
- Terengganu tourism page
- ^ "PenyuSukan.com - Terengganu Peroleh Exco Sukan Baharu". 16 May 2018.