History of Sabah

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Jesselton
, circa 1911.
Part of a series on the
History of Malaysia
Prehistoric Malaysia
Paleolithic
 Lenggong Valley c. 2.000.0000 BCE
 Mansuli Valley235,000 BCE
Mesolithic
 Niah cultures 65,000–40,000 BCE
Neolithic
 Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE
 Perak man/woman 11,000–200 BCE
 Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
Early kingdoms
Ancient Kedah <100 BCE
Chi Tu 100 BCE–642 CE
Langkasuka 100 BCE–1474 CE
Gangga Negara c. 100 CE–1025
Pan Pan 424–775
Old Kedah 170–1135
Old Pahang 449–1454
Srivijaya 700s–1025
Majapahit 1300s
Rise of Muslim states
Pattani Sultanate
 1516– 1902
Johor Sultanate 1528–present
Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641
Selangor Sultanate 1766–present
Besut Kingdom 1780–1899
Setul Kingdom 1808–1916
Reman Kingdom 1810–1902
Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial era
Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641
Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661
Acehnese conquest of Perak 1620
Dutch Malacca 1641–1824
Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881
Straits Settlements 1786–1946
Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826
Anglo-Dutch Treaty1824
Burney Treaty1826
Naning War 1831–1832
Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946
Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843
Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946
Pahang Civil War 1857–1863
Larut Wars 1861–1874
Klang War 1867–1874
Pangkor Treaty 1874
Perak War1875–1876
British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946
Jementah Civil War 1879
North Borneo 1882–1946
Pahang Uprising 1891–1895
Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905
Federated Malay States 1895–1946
Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909
Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946
Battle of Penang 1914
Kelantan rebellion 1915
World War II
Battle of Singapore
 1942
Sook Ching 1942
Syburi 1942
Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945
Si Rat Malai 1943–1945
Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative era
Sarawak Self-governance
 1963
Formation of Malaysia 1963
Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965
ASEAN Declaration 1967
Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
13 May incident 1969
National Operations Council 1969–1971
Declaration of Rukun Negara 1970
New Economic Policy 1971–1990
Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
Barisan Nasional era
Federal Territory of KL 1974
1977 Kelantan Emergency 1977
Pedra Branca dispute 1979–2008
South China Sea dispute (Spratly) 1980–present
Federal Territory of Labuan 1984
Memali incident 1985
Operation Lalang 1987
Constitutional crisis 1987–1988
Royal Immunity Amendments 1993
Financial crisis 1997–1998
Reformasi Movement 1998–2022
1MDB scandal 2015–present
Multi-party era
Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018
COVID-19 pandemic 2020–present
Political crisis 2020–2022
Bornean Amendment 2021–2023
Green Wave 2022–present
Incidents
2020-21 Malaysia floods
 2021
LRT train collision 2021
2021-22 Malaysia floods 2021–2022
2022 Batang Kali landslide 2022
2023 Elmina plane crash 2023
2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2024
By topic
By region
flag Malaysia portal

The history of Sabah can be traced back to about 23–30,000 years ago when evidence suggests the earliest human settlement in the region existed. The history is interwoven with the

protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1888 and subsequently became a Crown colony from 1946 until 1963, during which time it was known as Crown Colony of North Borneo. On 16 September 1963, Sabah merged with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore (left in 1965) to form Malaysia
.

Prehistoric Sabah

Entrance to the Madai Cave.

During the

Niah Caves, Sarawak
.

The earliest ascertained wave of human migration, believed to be

Formosa (Taiwan) than to the indigenous peoples of neighbouring Sarawak and Kalimantan,[12] These claims were also supported by the findings of Charles Hose and William McDougall in their account of the "Pagan Tribes of Borneo".[13]

Pre-15th century

The presence of Chinese junk in northern Borneo on Kinabatangan as photographed by Martin and Osa Johnson in 1935, both the sultanates of Brunei and Sulu have been traditionally engaging trade with the dynasties of China and the arrival of Chinese junks was continued until the British colonial times.[14][15]

During the 7th century CE, a settled community known as Vijayapura, a tributary to the

Bruneian Empire existing around the northeast coast of Borneo,[16] founded by the Funan Prince among the early coastal Dusun people. Another kingdom which was suspected to have existed according to Chinese records beginning the 9th century was P'o-ni, also founded by the ancient Dusun people. It was believed that Po-ni existed at the mouth of Brunei River and was the predecessor to the Sultanate of Brunei.[17]

The Brunei Annals in 1410 mentioned about a Chinese settlement or province centring in the Kinabatangan Valley in the east coast surrounding Kinabatangan River founded by a man known as Ong Sum Ping. This is consistent with the recent discovery of timber coffins in the Agop Batu Tulug cave in the Kinabatangan Valley, belong to the Dusun Sukang tribe. The coffins, adorned with carvings believed to resemble similar cultural practices in China and Vietnam, are believed to date back from around 700 to 1,000 years ago (11th to 14th century).[18] From the 14th century, the Majapahit empire expanded its influence towards Brunei and most of the coastal region of Borneo.

Bruneian Empire and the Sulu Sultanate

Main articles:
Brunei Civil War, and Sultanate of Sulu

The Sultanate of Brunei began after the ruler of Brunei embraced

Bruneian Empire. Some sources indicate that this had occurred around 1365 CE after the ruler, Awang Alak Betatar, converted into Islam and became known as Muhammad Shah.[19] Other sources suggests that the conversion occurred much later around 1514 to 1521 CE, albeit, under the same person.[17][20] During the same period, trade relations flourished, and intermarriages among the native peoples of Borneo with Chinese and Arab traders became common. The intermixing of blood resulted in a distinct breed both in physical stature and features. Prior to the expansion of the Sultanate of Brunei, most of the coastal region of Borneo then came under the rule of the Bruneian Empire during the reign of the fifth sultan known as Bolkiah between 1485 and 1524, with the Sultanate's thalassocracy extended over Sabah, Sulu Archipelago and Manila in the north, and Sarawak until Banjarmasin in the south.[20] This was during the period when the Sultanate was in its 'golden era'.[21]

In 1658, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to the Sultanate of Sulu in compensation for the latter's help in settling the

Bajau-Suluk people also arrived from the Sulu Archipelago and started to settling in the coasts of north and eastern Borneo. It is believed that they were fleeing from the oppression of the Spanish colonies in their region.[24]

British North Borneo

Main articles: North Borneo and Madrid Protocol of 1885
Kinabalu National Park and it was declared a World Heritage Site
in 2000.

In 1761,

Labuan on the west coast of Sabah was ceded to Britain by the Sultan of Brunei and in 1848 it became a British Crown Colony. Labuan became a base for British operations against piracy in the region. The first recorded ascent of Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in Borneo, was made in 1851 by British Malaya colonial administrator and naturalist Hugh Low
. The highest peak and the deep gully of the mountain was later named after him.

In 1865, the American Consul General of Brunei,

Gustav Baron Von Overbeck, the Austro-Hungarian Consul in Hong Kong (though he was actually a German national), and he later obtained another 10-year renewal of the lease. The lease was subsequently converted into a cession via a treaty which was signed by the Sultan of Brunei Abdul Momin. In the treaty, the Sultan appointed Overbeck as "Maharajah of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan." The treaty granted Overbeck the right over the whole region of Sabah, including the parts purporting to be the dominion of the Sulu Sultanate, as well as Sandakan and Tawau. The treaty was signed on 29 December 1877 at the Brunei Palace.[26] In 1880, Overbeck offered to trade the territory as a penal colony to the Kingdom of Italy, but with pressure from the British, the Italian government refused to the proposal and Britain acquired the region soon after.[27] Similar offer were also made to Austria-Hungary and the German Empire.[28]

On the east coast of North Borneo near Sandakan, William Cowie, on behalf of Dent's company,

British North Borneo Chartered Company was subsequently formed. William Hood Treacher was appointed as the first British Governor of North Borneo, with Kudat
became the first capital.

British North Borneo Company
.

As the population was too small to fully economically exploit the region, the company brought in Chinese people mainly

Guangdong province to work as labourers in plantation farms. Most of the migrants settled in Kudat and Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu). The capital was moved to Sandakan in 1884 to capitalise on its potential of vast timber resources. In 1885, United Kingdom, Spain and Germany signed the Madrid Protocol of 1885. The purpose of the protocol was to recognise the sovereignty of Spain in the Sulu Archipelago and also for Spain to relinquish all claims it might have had over North Borneo.[31]

In 1888, North Borneo became a

Bugis people beginning 1890s[36] and the Florenese people together with Timorese from Flores and West and East Timor respectively beginning in the early 1950s.[37]

The First Native's Paramount Leader was Pehin Orang Kaya-Kaya Koroh Santulan of Ansip & Kadalakan, also known as old Keningau town, "The father of former Sabah State Minister Tan Sri Stephen (Suffian) Koroh, and Sabah's fifth State Governor Tun Thomas (Ahmad) Koroh (the elder brother of Suffian)". Santulan which also a Pengeran, the father to Pehin Orang Kaya-Kaya Koroh was a Murut descendant of Omar Ali Saifuddin I, the 18th Sultan of Brunei.[citation needed]

  • Flag of North Borneo
    Flag of North Borneo
  • Civil ensign of North Borneo
    Civil ensign of North Borneo
  • Map of British North Borneo by Edward Stanford in 1888, kept by the United States Library of Congress.
    Map of British North Borneo by Edward Stanford in 1888, kept by the United States Library of Congress.
  • Map of North Borneo from the British Library, 1888
    Map of North Borneo from the British Library, 1888
  • Joseph William Torrey been given a permission by the Sultanate of Brunei to operating from the entire northern portion of the island of Borneo from Sulaman on the west to river Pietan on the East and the states of Paitan, Sugot, Banggayan, Labuk, Sandakan, China Bantangan, Gagayan Mumiang, Benuni and Kimanis, together with the islands of Banguey, Palawan and Balabao on 24 November 1865.
    Joseph William Torrey been given a permission by the Sultanate of Brunei to operating from the entire northern portion of the island of Borneo from Sulaman on the west to river Pietan on the East and the states of Paitan, Sugot, Banggayan, Labuk, Sandakan, China Bantangan, Gagayan Mumiang, Benuni and Kimanis, together with the islands of Banguey, Palawan and Balabao on 24 November 1865.
  • (Left) The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei, appointing Baron de Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan, signed on 29 December 1877.[1] (Right) The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu, also appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878, approximately three weeks after signature of the first treaty.[3]
    (Left) The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan
    Baron de Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan, signed on 29 December 1877.[1]
    (Right) The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu, also appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878, approximately three weeks after signature of the first treaty.[3]

Japanese occupation and Allied liberation

See also:
Borneo Campaign (1945), and Crown Colony of North Borneo
Japanese characters
.

As part of the Second World War Japanese forces landed in

Mustapha Harun. On 10 October 1943, the Kinabalu Guerrillas together with followers of Panglima Alli staged a surprise attack on the Japanese. The attack however was foiled. The 324 local residents who participated in the attacks, including Albert Kwok and Panglima Alli, were detained in Petagas and later executed on 21 January 1944.[38] The site of the execution is today known as the Petagas War Memorial
.

In Keningau during World War II, Korom was a rebel and some said he was a Sergeant with the North Borneo Armed Constabulary. It was claimed that he spied for the Allied Forces by pretending to be working for the Japanese. He provided intelligence on Japanese positions and some credited him with the escape of 500 Allied POWs. Fighting alongside Korom in his platoon was Garukon, Lumanib, Kingan, Mikat, Pensyl, Gampak, Abdullah Hashim, Ariff Salleh, Langkab, Polos, Nuing, Ambutit, Lakai, Badau and many more including the Chinese.

In

Sandakan Death March. Sickness, disease, exhaustion, thirst, hunger, whipping, and shooting killed most of the prisoners, except for six Australians who successfully escaped, were never caught, and survived to tell the horrific story of the death march. The fallen of this march are commemorated each year on Anzac Day
(Memorial Day) in Australia and in Sandakan, at the original POW campsite where a POW hut style museum and a black marble memorial obelisk monument are nestled in a peaceful park setting with a lily pond.

The war ended with the official surrender by Lieutenant-General

Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi and Mangsee Islands) were ceded to the Philippine government by the Crown colony government of North Borneo.[39] Due to massive destruction in the town of Sandakan since the war, Jesselton
was chosen to replace the capital with the Crown continued to rule North Borneo until 1963.

  • Japanese troops march through the streets of Labuan on 14 January 1942.
    Japanese troops march through the streets of Labuan on 14 January 1942.
  • Japanese civilians and soldiers leaving North Borneo after the surrender of Japan to the Australian forces.
    Japanese civilians and soldiers leaving North Borneo after the surrender of Japan to the Australian forces.

Self-government and the formation of Malaysia

Main articles: Malaysia Agreement and 20-point agreement
Postage stamp of the North Borneo Crown with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in 1964. Although North Borneo (Sabah) became part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, all British Crown stamps were maintained until 30 June 1964; the newly printed Sabah stamps arrived on 1 July 1964.

On 31 August 1963, North Borneo attained self-government. The idea for the formation of a union of the former British colonies, namely, Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo was mooted as early as the late 19th century, but it was Tunku Abdul Rahman who officially announced the proposal of wider federation in May 1961. It also seemed that this idea was supported by the British.[40] There was a call for complete independence on that date by it was denied by the British Governor who remained in power until Malaysia Day.[41] In 1962, the Cobbold Commission was set up to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union. The commission had found that the union was generally favoured by the people but wanted certain terms and conditions incorporated to safeguard the interest of the people. The commission had also noted some opposition from the people but decided that such opposition was minor. The Commission published its report on 1 August 1962 and had made several recommendations. Unlike in Singapore, however, no referendum was ever conducted in Sabah.[42]

Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Mustapha representing the Muslims,

20-point agreement
was entered into between the federal and the state government.

Indonesian confrontation and the Brunei Revolt

Main articles:
Brunei Revolt

Leading up to the formation of Malaysia until 1966, Indonesia adopted a hostile policy towards Malaya and subsequently Malaysia, which was backed by British forces. This undeclared war stems from what Indonesian President Sukarno perceive as an expansion of British influence in the region and his intention to wrest control over the whole of Borneo under the Indonesian republic.

Around the same time, there were proposals from certain parties, particularly by the Brunei People's Party, for the formation of a North Borneo Federation consisting of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. The proposal culminated in rebel attacks in Brunei and some parts of Sabah and Sarawak. The rebellion was foiled by the Bruneian Army with the help of the British colonials in December 1962.

Philippine claim to eastern Sabah

Main article: North Borneo dispute
Map of the British North Borneo with the yellow area covered the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to the International Court of Justice on 25 June 2001.[45]

The Philippines maintains a

leased
to the North Borneo Chartered Company.

However, Malaysia considers this dispute as a "non-issue" as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.[46][47]

Post-independence

  • Flag of Sabah from 1963 to 1982.
    Flag of Sabah from 1963 to 1982.
  • Flag of Sabah from 1982 to 1988.
    Flag of Sabah from 1982 to 1988.
  • The official flag of the state of Sabah (1988–present).
    The official flag of the state of Sabah (1988–present).

federal territory on 16 April 1984.[50]

In 1985, following the

Moro pirates attacked Lahad Datu, killing 21 people and injuring 11 others in an event known as the 1985 Lahad Datu ambush. In 1986, opponents of the newly elected PBS government started riots around the state, mainly in the cities of Kota Kinabalu, Tawau and Sandakan, resulting in bombings and five fatalities. Peace was gradually restored following a snap election in 1986 which consolidated PBS' position as the ruling state government.[51][52]

Kota Kinabalu in 2008. It became the first city in the state in 2000 and has become not only the administrative capital but also the economic and transportation hub of the region.

From 1990 to 1991, several

rotation system was introduced by the then prime minister Mahathir Mohamad in which the chief ministerial post would be rotated every two years among the three main communities in Sabah, namely, the Muslim Bumiputeras, non-Muslim Bumiputeras and the Chinese. Sakaran Dandai became the first chief minister under this system in 1994. The rotation system was finally abolished in 2005 with current chief minister Musa Aman at the helm. On 26 December 1996, Sabah was hit by one of the worst tropical storms, Tropical Storm Greg
. The storm hit the western coast of the state resulting in over 200 deaths and thousands of homes destroyed.

In 2000, the state capital

Kinabalu National Park was officially designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, making it the first site in the country to be given such designation. On 3 May, the Abu Sayyaf militant group from the southern Philippines arrived on the resort island of Sipadan and kidnapped 21 people, both tourists and resort workers, for ransom. Most hostages were rescued on 16 September 2000 following an offensive by the Philippine army. In 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan, claimed by Indonesia, are part of Sabah and Malaysia.[54]

In early 2013, an armed group which identified themselves as the "Royal Sulu Army"

chief ministers and 10 different Yang di-Pertua Negeris
.

The Malaysia-Sulu Case

In 2019, the Sabah region received global attention due to the Malaysia-Sulu Case. The case involved a multi-billion dollar arbitration claim made by self-proclaimed descendants of the last Sultan of Sulu Empire against the Malaysian government.

The arbitration claim featured the region of Sabah and a colonial-era agreement.[59] The 1878 agreement involved a deal with the Sulu Sultan for the use of his territory now falling in present-day Malaysia. The Malaysian government continued honoring the agreement until 2013 and stopped payment henceforth, leading to the arbitration case.

The claimants demanded compensation worth US$32 billion. In January 2022, Spanish arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa ruled in favor of claimants, awarding an arbitration settlement of US$15 billion, the largest such award in international arbitration history.[60] However, the award was eventually struck down by the Hague Court of Appeal on June 27, 2023.[61][62]

References

  1. ^ a b Rozan Yunos (21 September 2008). "How Brunei lost its northern province". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
  2. ISBN 978-0-674-92615-8
    .
  3. ^ a b Rozan Yunos (7 March 2013). "Sabah and the Sulu claims". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-0-7100-4141-8
    .
  5. ^ Steven Dutch (14 October 2003). "Plate Tectonics and Earth History". Natural and Applied Sciences. University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. The South China Sea opened as Borneo moved away from China.
  6. ^ a b c "About Sabah". Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation and Sabah State Museum. Sabah Education Department. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-945971-73-3
    .
  8. ^ Durie Rainer Fong (10 April 2012). "Archaeologists hit 'gold' at Mansuli". The Star. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017.
  9. ^ "Prehistoric site discovered". Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment of Sabah. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  10. ^ Ruben Sario (24 May 201). "Prehistoric settlement unearthed". The Star. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017.
  11. ISBN 978-1-907065-36-1
    .
  12. PMID 1346259
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1-60608-307-9
    .
  14. ^ Henry Wise (1846). A Selection from Papers Relating to Borneo and the Proceedings at Sarāwak of James Brooke ... publisher not identified. pp. 10–.
  15. ISBN 978-0-8223-4903-7
    .
  16. ISBN 978-962-593-180-7
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-312-38121-9
    .
  18. ^ Haslin Gaffor (10 April 2007). "Coffins dating back 1,000 years are found in the Kinabatangan Valley". The Star. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017.
  19. ^ "Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (in Malay). Brunei History Centre. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7007-1698-2
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-86011-309-3
    .
  22. ^ Rozan Yunos (24 October 2011). "In search of Brunei Malays outside Brunei". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016.
  23. ISBN 978-983-100-095-3
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-979-799-083-1
    .
  25. ISBN 978-0-7146-2594-2
    .
  26. ^ British Government (1877). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1877)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers).
  27. ^ Francesco Lamendola (30 September 2010). "Quando la vecchia Austria voleva stabilirsi nelle isole dell'Oceano Indiano [Riferimento al tentativo di creare colonie penali italiane nel Borneo]" (in Italian). Arianna Editrice. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017.
  28. ISBN 978-0-521-84974-6
    .
  29. ^ Charles A. Fisher (1971). South-East Asia: A Social, Economic and Political Geography. Methuen. p. 669.
  30. ^ British Government (1878). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1878)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers).
  31. ^ British Government (1885). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1885)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
  32. ^ C.Buckley: A School History of Sabah, London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968
  33. ISBN 978-981-230-812-2
    .
  34. ^ Andson Cowie; William Clark Cowie (1893). English-Sulu-Malay Vocabulary: With Useful Sentences, Tables, and C. editor. pp. 10–.
  35. doi:10.3406/arch.1999.3538
  36. ^ Ken Goodlet, Tawau : The Making of a Tropical Community, Opus Publication, 2010
  37. ^ Riwanto Tirtosudarmo (2003). "Between Larantuka and Tawau: Exploring Florenese Migration Space" (PDF). The Research Centre for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia.
  38. Berita Harian (in Malay). Archived from the original
    on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  39. ^ Peter C. Richards (6 December 1947). "New Flag Over Pacific Paradise". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  40. ISBN 978-981-230-783-5
    .
  41. ^ Johan M. Padasian: Sabah History in pictures (1881-1981), Sabah State Government, 1981
  42. ^ Luke Rintod (8 March 2013). "There was no Sabah referendum". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013.
  43. Muzium Sabah
    , Kota Kinabalu. 1992
  44. ^ Ramlah binti Adam, Abdul Hakim bin Samuri, Muslimin bin Fadzil: "Sejarah Tingkatan 3, Buku teks", published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2005)
  45. ^ Mohamad, Kadir (2009). "Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ : Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)" (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia: 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2014. Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001 {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  46. ^ Ruben Sario; Julie S. Alipala; Ed General (17 September 2008). "Sulu sultan's 'heirs' drop Sabah claim". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  47. ^ Jerome Aning (22 April 2009). "Sabah legislature refuses to tackle RP claim". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  48. ISBN 978-1-134-96099-6
    .
  49. ^ "More revenue from oil". Daily Express. 19 June 2004. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011.
  50. ^ "Laws of Malaysia A585 Constitution (Amendment) (No.2) Act 1984". Government of Malaysia. Department of Veterinary Services. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  51. ^ Chronicle of Malaysia, Editions Didier Millet (2007). "1986".
  52. ^ Crossette, Barbara (1 October 1987). "Kota Kinabalu Journal; With Houses on Stilts and Hopes in Another Land". The New York Times.
  53. ^ "Abdication of Responsibility: The Commonwealth and Human Rights" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. October 1991.
  54. ^ "The Court finds that sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan belongs to Malaysia". International Court of Justice. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014.
  55. ^ "Why 'Sultan' is dreaming". Daily Express. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015.
  56. ^ Najiah Najib (30 December 2013). "Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013". Astro Awani.
  57. ^ "Semporna villagers beat to death ex-Moro commander". The Star. 3 March 2013.
  58. ^ "Nur Misuari involved, says Zahid". Bernama. MySinChew English. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014.
  59. ^ "The Paris Court of Appeal rules on the Sulu Sultan Heirs' colossal fight against Malaysia: the rise and fall of one the most controversial ad hoc arbitration cases ever? | LexisNexis Blogs". www.lexisnexis.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  60. ^ "Report: M'sia ordered to pay almost RM63b to Sulu sultan's descendants". Yahoo News. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  61. ^ "MALAYSIA SCORES LANDMARK WIN AGAINST SULU CLAIMANTS – PM ANWAR". Prime Minister's Office of Malaysia Official Website. 27 June 2023.
  62. ^ "Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets". Reuters. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sabah&oldid=1213335681"