2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

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2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

Date	22 February 2020 – 24 November 2022 (2020-02-22 – 2022-11-24)
Location	Malaysia
Also known as	Sheraton Move (Malay: Langkah Sheraton)
Cause	Political infighting and party switching within Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional leading to inability to form a stable majority government in the Dewan Rakyat[1] Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's refusal to set a date for the transition of power to his designated successor, Anwar Ibrahim[2][3] Intention to establish an ethnic Malay-centric coalition government[4] Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020) and 2021 state of emergency
Participants	Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament Yang di-Pertuan Agong Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah
Outcome	Formation of Anwar Ibrahim cabinet, after collapse of 2 successive governments and a snap general election Resignation of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad Collapse of Parti Keadilan Rakyat withdraw Appointment of Muhyiddin Yassin as the 8th Prime Minister Perikatan Nasional replaces Pakatan Harapan as the coalition government Resignation of Perikatan Nasional Cabinet and Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin[5] Appointment of Ismail Sabri Yaakob as the 9th Prime Minister Amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia to restrict party switching Calling of 2022 snap election Hung parliament for the first time in Malaysian history Appointment of Anwar Ibrahim as the 10th Prime Minister Formation of several new political coalition based on focusing single-state ideology: The Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)

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History of Malaysia
Prehistoric period Paleolithic  Lenggong Valley c. 2,000,0000 BCE  Mansuli Valley 235,000 BCE Mesolithic  Niah cultures 65,000–40,000 BCE Neolithic  Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE  Perak man/woman 11,000–200 BCE  Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
Early kingdoms Ancient Kedah <100 BCE Chi Tu 100 BCE–642 CE Langkasuka 100 BCE–1474 CE Gangga Negara c. 100 CE–1025 Pan Pan 424–775 Old Kedah 170–1135 Old Pahang 449–1454 Srivijaya 700s–1025 Majapahit 1300s
Rise of Muslim states Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528–present Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641 Selangor Sultanate 1766–present Besut Kingdom 1780–1899 Setul Kingdom 1808–1916 Reman Kingdom 1810–1902 Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial period Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661 Dutch Malacca 1641–1824 Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 Straits Settlements 1786–1946 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Burney Treaty 1826 Naning War 1831–1832 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946 Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946 Pahang Civil War 1857–1863 Larut Wars 1861–1874 Klang War 1867–1874 Pangkor Treaty 1874 Perak War 1875–1876 British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946 Jementah Civil War 1879 North Borneo 1882–1946 Pahang Uprising 1891–1895 Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905 Federated Malay States 1895–1946 Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909 Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946 Battle of Penang 1914 Kelantan rebellion 1915
World War II Battle of Singapore 1942 Sook Ching 1942 Syburi 1942 Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945 Si Rat Malai 1943–1945 Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative period BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo/Sarawak 1946–1963 Anti-cession movement 1946–1963 Malayan Union 1946–1948 Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 Baling Talks 1955
Independence period Sarawak self-governance 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965 ASEAN Declaration 1967 Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
Modern period Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989 Royal Immunity Amendments 1993 Asian financial crisis 1997–1998 Reformasi Movement 1998–2022 2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave 2008 H1N1 flu pandemic 2009–2010 Sedition Dragnet 2014 1MDB scandal 2015–present Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018 COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022 Political crisis 2020–2022 Bornean Amendment 2021–2023 Green Wave 2022–present
Incidents 2023 Elmina plane crash 2023 2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2024 2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 2024
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The 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis was triggered after several Members of Parliament (MPs) of the

In February 2020, a development commonly dubbed the Sheraton Move, saw the fall of the ruling Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition government and the resignation of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad after 22 months in power. They were replaced by Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition government led by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin. Political instability continued after these changes throughout 2020 and into 2021, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This culminated with the resignation of Muhyiddin and his cabinet in August 2021, after 17 months in power. A few days later, Ismail Sabri Yaakob was appointed the ninth prime minister to replace Muhyiddin. The crisis triggered several early state elections and a 2022 snap general election.

The crisis started with division in the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. Some sources suggest this began due to Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad attempting to thwart the process of handing over power to his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim, as was promised ahead of his 2018 general election victory.^[7] Several MPs began discussing forming a new government by claiming majority seats and support in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower chamber of the bicameral Parliament of Malaysia, without going through a general election.

They accomplished it through the withdrawal of the

Four states – Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah – also experienced changes in the respective state governments as Perikatan Nasional gained majorities in the separate state legislative assemblies. The Sabah State Legislative Assembly was dissolved, triggering the 2020 Sabah state election. Perikatan Nasional won the election and formed the state government with Barisan Nasional and United Sabah Party under the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) coalition.

Political instability continued after the change in government. Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim announced he had obtained majority support to form a new government in September 2020, but this did not materialise.^[8] Malaysia declared a State of Emergency in January 2021 amid the worsening COVID-19 pandemic,^[9] which destabilised the Perikatan Nasional coalition in mid-2021.^[10][11][12] After a lengthy suspension, parliament temporarily reconvened but expected debates over the emergency measures were blocked,^[13][14] and was then suspended again when COVID-19 cases were detected in the building.^[15] Opposition MPs attempted to enter parliament on 2 August 2021 after the State of Emergency was lifted, but were blocked by police.^[16] After losing majority support and attempts to regain it were unsuccessful,^[17] Prime Minister Muhyiddin and his cabinet resigned on 16 August 2021.

Four days later,

President of UMNO

Ismail Sabri Yaakob

, the 9th Prime Minister

Mahathir reconciled with his former political rival Anwar Ibrahim, the leader of PKR, to win the 2018 election. Anwar was previously Mahathir's deputy prime minister from 1993 to 1998 before he was dismissed and imprisoned from 1998 until 2004 under corruption charges. He was then imprisoned again in 2014 under sodomy charges before receiving a royal pardon in 2018 from the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Muhammad V of Kelantan.^[26][27] Mahathir had promised to hand over the position of the prime minister to Anwar in two years.^[27]

The global COVID-19 pandemic spread to Malaysia in late January 2020. The first major local outbreak occurred at a Tablighi Jamaat religious event in Kuala Lumpur in late February 2020.^[44][45] As the pandemic emerged as a global crisis by March 2020, including in Malaysia, it has had major economic, social and political impacts.^[9][46]

The presidential council of Pakatan Harapan held a late-night meeting to discuss handing over power from Mahathir Mohamad to Anwar Ibrahim, who was coined as the "Prime Minister-in-waiting" as promised in the 2018 election. It was reported that Anwar conceded to Mahathir to allow the latter to choose a date to resign as the prime minister after

Meanwhile, Reuters reported that Mahathir had planned to block Anwar from becoming prime minister, with the plan to be carried out after APEC. Mahathir had begun accepting defectors from UMNO into his BERSATU party and started courting support of opposition parties like PAS with the intention of forming a unity government that would free him from his promise of handing over power to Anwar. However, Anwar's supporters' demand for Mahathir to pick a date for the handing over resulted in the latter's allies to move up their plan, which was carried out on 23 February.^[7]

On 23 February 2020, several political parties held extraordinary meetings: BERSATU at its headquarters at Menara Yayasan Selangor in

In a Facebook Live broadcast of a night prayer session at Anwar's residence, Anwar said that someone had informed him that a "treachery" was committed involving "former friends from BERSATU and a small group from PKR".^[62] Later, Azmin, in a statement, claimed that his action was to protect Mahathir, who was forced to choose a date for the transition of power during Pakatan Harapan presidential meeting on 21 February. The statutory declaration (SD) presented to the Agong was to cement support for Mahathir, not to elect a new prime minister.^[63] He further said that the real traitor was the faction that tried to usurp Mahathir.^[64]

In the morning of 24 February 2020, Anwar Ibrahim; the deputy prime minister,

PKR held a press conference at 2 pm where its general secretary, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, announced that Azmin and the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Zuraida Kamaruddin, also the vice president of PKR, had been dismissed by the party.^[68] Saifuddin explained that they were expelled due to their actions on 23 February which was against the party's principle regarding the position of prime minister.^[69] Azmin later announced that he would be forming an independent bloc at the parliament along with Zuraida and other nine MPs. They had decided to exit the party following his expulsion.^[70]

In the afternoon of 24 February, the prime minister's office confirmed that Mahathir had submitted his resignation to the Agong. Half an hour later, he also announced his resignation from his position as chairman of BERSATU after Muhyiddin declared the party's withdrawal from Pakatan Harapan coalition.^[71] The Agong tried to convince Mahathir against resigning, but the latter insisted.^[72] The Agong then accepted his resignation and appointed him as the interim prime minister until a new prime minister is chosen.^[73] The Cabinet of Malaysia was dissolved, per Article 43(5) of the Constitution of Malaysia.^[74][75] Pakatan Harapan lost its majority in the parliament after BERSATU and Azmin Ali's-led PKR faction of eleven MPs withdrew from the coalition at 2 pm.^[76] A representative of the palace then announced that the Agong would interview all 221 MPs, excluding Mahathir, to weigh their support for prime minister candidates.^[77] The interview sessions were held on 25 and 26 February, with 90 MPs on the former and 131 MPs on the latter.^[78]

At 9 pm, BERSATU leaders held an emergency meeting at its headquarters to discuss the party's future direction.^[79] Members of BERSATU rejected Mahathir's resignation as the party's chairman and pledged their support for him to be the prime minister. The party's secretary-general Marzuki Yahya said that the BERSATU's supreme council members were unanimous in their support for Mahathir.^[80]

On 25 February, Agong summoned 90 MPs to have an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Starting from 2:30 pm, the Agong spent two to three minutes interviewing each MPs.^[81] Following the first round of interviews, UMNO and PAS revealed that they have withdrawn their earlier support for Mahathir to remain as prime minister, and had instead called for parliament dissolution.^[82] It was previously reported that as all political factions voiced their support for Mahathir, he was about to establish a "unity government" that the two parties did not agree with.^[83][84] Annuar Musa, UMNO's secretary-general, said the basis of negotiations with Mahathir was that UMNO and PAS would lend their support to form an alternative coalition without DAP. Therefore, both PAS and UMNO declared their support for a snap election instead.^[85]

An emergency Pakatan Harapan presidential council meeting was held at PKR's headquarters in Petaling Jaya at night.^[86] Pakatan Harapan parties; DAP, PKR and Amanah invited Mahathir to the meeting in order to restore the previous government but Mahathir did not attend the joint meeting.^[87]

Later on 3 February 2021, Mahathir claimed that when the Pakatan Harapan MPs made their statutory declaration in front of the Agong, they did not name him as their candidate. Anwar had convinced PH MPs that he had sufficient support from Sabah and Sarawak MPs and PH MPs to have a majority to become prime minister. Mahathir said that "only DAP, Amanah, and his faction of his PKR" supported Anwar. Anwar had 92 supporters while Mahathir had 62. "When Muhyiddin was named Prime Minister he did not have majority support. But upon his appointment he was able to offer places in his cabinet to the members who supported me. They crossed over and Muhyiddin achieved a majority of two", Mahathir wrote on his blog.^[88]

Interim Prime Minister Mahathir addressed the nation at 4.45 pm on the political situation. He began his speech by apologising to Malaysians for the current impasse before confirming speculation that he wanted to form a unity government, saying the new administration would focus on national interests instead of political parties. Mahathir denied allegations of being obsessed with power, and reiterated his refusal to work with UMNO. Mahathir made no mention of Anwar Ibrahim or the agreement to pass the leadership baton to Anwar as agreed during 21 February meeting. Mahathir instead said the decision was up to the Dewan Rakyat.^[89]

Pakatan Harapan announced that they were nominating PKR president Anwar Ibrahim as prime minister following the previous night's meeting, despite publicly declaring support for Mahathir earlier, following Mahathir's televised speech.^[90][91] DAP lawmakers said Pakatan Harapan decided against a non-partisan "Mahathir government" as this would not be beholden to any party or coalition, which would give Mahathir free rein to do as he wanted.^[92]

In the morning of 27 February, Mahathir once again went to the palace for an audience with the Agong. The contents of this meeting remain unknown, although it was alleged to have been a discussion on the formation of a new cabinet.^[93] In the afternoon, the secretary general of BERSATU, Marzuki Yahya, confirmed that Mahathir had withdrawn his resignation as the chairman of BERSATU.^[94] In an unrelated press conference on the evening of 27 February, Mahathir revealed that the Agong "[could not] find anyone with a distinct majority" to be elected as the prime minister and that a special session of parliament would be held on 2 March to address the predicament. If all else failed, he hinted that there would be a snap election.^[95]

A special Conference of Rulers meeting was held on the morning of 28 February at the Istana Negara to discuss the current political climate in the country, with all state rulers or their crown princes in attendance.^[96] They were also joined by General Affendi Buang, the Chief of Defence Forces, and Abdul Hamid Bador, the Inspector-General of Police.^[97]

Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof, the speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, contradicted Mahathir's previous announcement regarding the special sitting of the parliament. Ariff said that he had received a letter from Mahathir stating that the government agreed for a sitting to be called on 2 March but it did not adhere to parliamentary Standing Orders.^[98] In the evening, the palace released a statement saying that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong would call the leaders of political parties who have members in the parliament for an audience, to allow them to nominate their candidates for the position of prime minister to break the impasse. It also confirmed that the Agong had not found a candidate who had the confidence of the majority of the MPs to form a new government.^[99]

BERSATU then released a statement announcing their support for the party's president,

In the morning of 29 February, the Pakatan Harapan presidential council held a meeting to discuss the political situation. They then announced their full support for Mahathir as the 8th Prime Minister, thus reversing the coalition's nomination of PKR president Anwar Ibrahim for prime minister.[106] Following the announcement, Mahathir expressed confidence that he had the majority support to form the government and could be appointed as the prime minister for the third time after receiving assent from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.^[107] In the afternoon, Anwar, as a representative of Pakatan Harapan went to Istana Negara to inform the Agong of the nomination changes.^[108]

Meanwhile, BERSATU's Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS,

In the evening, the royal palace released a statement announcing that Muhyiddin, in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's judgment, is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the MPs and was to be appointed as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia. The swearing-in ceremony would be held in the morning of 1 March in the Istana Negara.[117]

Late that night, Mahathir, in a final attempt to challenge Muhyiddin's appointment, published a list of 115 Members of Parliament whom he claimed was supported him and enclosed the list with a letter to be delivered to the Agong following a Pakatan Harapan meeting. Notable MPs who were in the list are Mahathir, his son

Minutes before the swearing ceremony of Muhyiddin, Mahathir said in a press conference that the Istana Negara had refused to grant him an audience to prove that Pakatan Harapan commanded the support of the majority of the Dewan Rakyat.^[120] He expressed disappointment towards Muhyiddin, who he alleged had been working on forming a government without Pakatan Harapan "for a long time". Mahathir also revealed that the confusion over the status of his chairmanship of BERSATU allowed Muhyiddin to appoint himself as the chairman, which he claimed was an illegal move.^[121]

Muhyiddin Yassin was sworn in as the eighth prime minister in front of the Agong at the Istana Negara on the morning of 1 March 2020.^[122]

On the morning of 2 March, Muhyiddin arrived at the Perdana Putra, to begin his official duties as the prime minister. Muhyiddin held meetings with Chief Secretary Mohd Zuki Ali, General Affendi Buang, the Chief of Defence Forces, and Abdul Hamid Bador, the Inspector-General of Police.^[123] Later that night, Muhyiddin addressed the nation in his first televised message as the prime minister. In his address, he told the nation that he had no prior intention to become the prime minister and denied being a traitor but due to the political turmoil in the country, he stepped up in order to avoid prolonging the crisis further. He also reassured that he will only choose individuals who are clean, virtuous and of high calibre to be in his cabinet. Before ending his message, he thanked former prime minister Mahathir for his service to the country.^[124]

Within weeks of Muhyiddin becoming prime minister, the

On 4 March, the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof announced that the Dewan Rakyat sitting which was originally scheduled to start on 9 March would be postponed to 18 May at the direction of Muhyiddin.^[127] The action was taken to allow the new prime minister to form his cabinet and for the newly appointed ministers to familiarise themselves with their ministry before the parliament sitting.^[128] However, PKR MP Wong Chen criticised Muhyiddin's move in delaying the opening of parliament, saying that it [was] a clear sign of weakness as he [was] unable to form a cabinet in a swift manner.^[129]

Muhyiddin on 10 March announced a Perikatan Nasional (PN) cabinet that he had picked from a mix of seasoned politicians, technocrats, stalwarts and close allies as ministers. However, this cabinet excluded the deputy prime minister position, which was instead replaced with 4 senior ministers for the first time.^[130]

In a Facebook Live session on 7 May, Anwar Ibrahim announced that he would be the new Leader of the Opposition for Pakatan Harapan in the new session of Parliament.^[131]

Speaker Mohamad Ariff announced on 7 May that he had received a letter on 1 May from Warisan leader Shafie Apdal seeking to table a motion of confidence in Dr Mahathir to show that he could command a majority in the Dewan Rakyat. The Speaker replied in a letter to Shafie that it was not in line with Article 43 of the Federal Constitution because it questioned the power of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint the prime minister.^[132] Mahathir sought a motion of no confidence against Muhyiddin as prime minister through a letter addressed to Ariff on 4 May.^[133] On 8 May, the Speaker accepted Dr Mahathir's motion and it would be debated when Parliament resumed on 18 May.^[134]

The speaker announced on 13 May that on the directions of the government, the parliament sitting on 18 May would only convene for the opening speech by the Agong initiating the new session, with no meeting after the speech. This meant that Mahathir's no confidence motion would not be debated as initially planned.^[135] Secretary to the Dewan Rakyat, Riduan Rahmat who was appointed on 22 February two days before the Sheraton Move, was demoted to Dewan Negara management secretary on 14 May.^[136] A source alleged that the secretary had attempted to keep the motion of no-confidence against Muhyiddin by Mahathir and Shafie a secret, leading to his demotion.^[136] In response, both Mahathir and Shafie along with Pakatan Harapan leaders condemned the move in a joint statement and accused the Perikatan Nasional government of being afraid to face the opposition in parliament.^[137]

The Agong addressed the political crisis by recounting that he tried to convince then-PM Mahathir not to resign but had no choice but to accept it as the latter insisted on resigning.

Speaker Mohamad Ariff was removed from his position on the next parliamentary sitting on 13 July by a margin of two votes, 111 to 109 and was controversially replaced by recently resigned Electoral Commission (EC) chairman, Azhar Azizan Harun as the new speaker. Azhar's appointment took place amidst a shouting match between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional MPs, after he was sworn in without a voting session by lawmakers, similar to the removal the incumbent Speaker. However, in his press conference with the media later, Azhar insisted that his appointment was legitimate, saying that there was no need for a voting session in the Lower House, as there was only one nominee.^[145][146] The Deputy Speaker, Nga Kor Ming announced his resignation in solidarity with Speaker Ariff. With the resignation of Nga, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced Azalina Othman Said would replace Nga, making her the first female Deputy Speaker.^[147][148]

On 23 September, at an afternoon press conference, Anwar Ibrahim, Leader of the Opposition, Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition and People's Justice Party (PKR), announced and claimed that he had commanded a "strong, formidable, convincing majority" and further claimed that the Perikatan Nasional (PN) federal administration led by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin "has fallen".^[149][8] However, Anwar also revealed that his planned audience with the Agong earlier on 22 September had been postponed due to the hospitalisation of the Agong to receive treatment for food poisoning and a sports injury at the National Heart Institute (IJN) on 21 September.^[150] When Anwar Ibrahim met the Agong on 13 October, he presented the number of 120 MPs to the Agong but did not submit the names of all the MPs supporting him.^[151]

The Sabah state election took place on 26 September, which led to a Perikatan Nasional victory. After calls to allow postal voting or stop the election were dismissed over concerns on the spread of COVID-19,^[152] the vote was held in-person with certain Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The election led to a major COVID-19 outbreak in Sabah which later spread to other states across the country.^[153][154]

By-elections in the Bugaya constituency in Sabah and the Gerik constituency in Perak were both suspended at the request of Prime Minister Muhyiddin in December 2020 by invoking states of emergency over rising COVID-19 cases. Bugaya was thought to be the epicentre of the third wave of COVID-19 in Sabah. Muhyiddin had requested a nationwide state of emergency, but this was rejected by the Agong.^[155]

On 13 December 2020, UMNO veteran Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah held a joint press conference with his longtime rival Mahathir Mohamad, where he publicly declared his rejection of the 2021 budget tabled by Muhyiddin. Both men also declared the PN government illegitimate.^[156] Razaleigh did not attend the subsequent budget vote held on 14 December, which was won by the government with 111 ayes against 108 nays.^[157]

With growing dissatisfaction within the party ranks over a number of issues, MPs from

Machang MP Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub held a press conference to personally and publicly announce his withdrawal of support for the PN government and resignation as Chairman of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). Jazlan cited BERSATU's repeated attempts to "bully" UMNO as the primary reason for withdrawing support. This resulted in a further collapse of the PN administration led by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, at this point commanding the support of only 110 out of 220 MPs in the Dewan Rakyat, Parliament.

On 12 January, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong consented to a national emergency proclamation under Article 150 of the Malaysian Constitution to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, effective from 12 January 2021 to 1 August 2021. With the proclamation, parliament was officially suspended and no snap elections could be held.^[162] Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz held a press conference on the same day to publicly and personally announce his withdrawal of support, declaring he was no longer aligned with PN as an MP, although his coalition was, further reducing Muhyiddin Yassin's majority to only 109 out of 220 MPs. His withdrawal of support is the third one from his coalition after the withdrawals of support of Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (Gua Musang MP) and Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (Machang MP). Nazri told the press that the proclamation was only further evidence that Muhyiddin was unable to prove he commands majority support in parliament if a confidence motion was held.^[163]

On 18 January, Khairuddin Abu Hassan sued Muhyiddin and his administration over the latter's announcement of a nationwide state of emergency. Khairuddin believed that what Muhyiddin was unlawful and unconstitutional, since Muhyiddin had already lost the majority needed to hold government.^[164]

On 23 January, opposition leader

February–July: Royal consent for parliament, more crossovers

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

On 24 February, King Abdullah consented for parliament to reconvene during the emergency period after an audience with President of the Dewan Negara Rais Yatim and Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Azhar Azizan Harun, but left it to the Prime Minister to set a date.^{[citation needed]}

On 28 February, rumours were rife that two Pakatan Harapan (PH) and People's Justice Party (PKR) MPs, Tebrau MP Steven Choong and Julau MP Larry Sng would become independents and declare support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition to provide it with a majority in the Dewan Rakyat, where it only had the support of 109 MPs out of 111 needed for a majority. In the afternoon on the same day, Julau MP Larry Sng confirmed the rumours and signed statutory declarations (SDs) in support of PN with Choong, handing them to Prime Minister Muhyiddin. PN thus regained majority support after the withdrawals of three BN MPs in January, whereas the opposition was once again reduce to a minority in the Dewan Rakyat.^{[citation needed]}

On 4 March, UMNO announced its support for PN only remained until the dissolution of Parliament, whereby it would withdraw its support after.

On 13 March, PH and PKR Kuala Langat MP and vice-president of PKR Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam announced his departure from PKR and resignation as PKR Vice-president, crossing over to support the PN led by Muhyiddin Yassin, becoming the third Opposition MP to do so in less than a month after Larry and Steven, as well as strengthening the majority support of PN in the Dewan Rakyat, PN had the support of 112 MPs following his crossover. Parliament carried on being closed after the government decided not to reconvene due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the reason was not accepted by the Opposition, leading them to form a Committee for Ending the Emergency Declaration and to launch a petition to appeal for an end to the state of emergency.

On 4 June, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Parliament and Law) Takiyuddin Hassan announced that the government was studying ways to reconvene Parliament by holding hybrid sessions virtually and physically to divide the MPs into two groups to attend virtual and physical sessions.

On 7 June, a loyalist of former Prime Minister Mahathir, who strongly opposed the Muhyiddin government,

On 15 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced that Parliament might be reconvened in September or October 2021 during the third phase of the National Recovery Plan through a televised address. On 16 June 2021, King Abdullah held a special meeting of the Conference of Rulers (COR) at Istana Negara involving rulers of nine states to discuss the views of the invitees of the audiences and issued a statement that the COR agreed that Parliament should be reconvened as soon as possible, and that the Emergency declaration should not be extended and instead be lifted on 1 August 2021. On 20 June 2021, Prime Minister Muhyiddin claimed that a committee consisting of Government and Opposition MPs was formed to look into every aspect of the reconvening of Parliament to avoid any issues. On 21 June 2021, BN Chairman and UMNO President Ahmad Zahid warned the PN government against treason and disrespect towards the royal institution and gave it a 14-day deadline to reconvene Parliament. He also announced that the Supreme Council of UMNO would meet to discuss the next course of action if their requests and warnings were not fulfilled by the deadline.^[166]

On 2 July, Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz claimed that he has returned to support Prime Minister Muhyiddin and withdrew his withdrawal of support declared on 12 January in the same year. His return of support further strengthened the PN government by increasing its majority in Parliament of 112 MPs to 113 MPs.

On 5 July, on the deadline set by UMNO, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) announced that the Parliament would finally reconvene with two special sessions of Dewan Rakyat from 26 July to 2 August for five days and of Dewan Negara from 3 to 5 August for three days. The PN government also advised the MPs to seize this opportunity to help the government in containing the COVID-19 pandemic by expressing their views and suggestions. However, on 7 July 2021, Pakatan Harapan (PH) presidential council urged the PN government to extend the five-day special Dewan Rakyat session as it was too short to discuss key issues that have been highlighted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and regretted that the PN government only intended to provide an explanation on the National Recovery Plan (NRP) without any debate, while the Emergency proclamation and Emergency Ordinance would only be tabled and not discussed or decided.^[167]

On 7 July, a minor Cabinet reshuffle aimed at distributing more powers and positions to UMNO took place by promoting two UMNO Cabinet members, namely Ismail Sabri Yaakob from Senior Minister (Security) to the 13th Deputy Prime Minister and Hishammuddin Hussein, Minister of Foreign Affairs to Senior Minister (Security). It was seen as a gesture to ease the tensions between UMNO and PN as well as to persuade UMNO, which has been unsatisfied with PN due to the unequal distribution of powers and positions, to retain their support for Muhyiddin as PM and PN as government.^[168]

However, on 8 July 2021, after a UMNO supreme council meeting had been held, BN Chairman and UMNO President

On 10 July, UMNO's vice-president and newly appointed Deputy Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said the majority of UMNO's supreme council disagreed with Ahmad Zahid's directive to withdraw support for Muhyiddin at this point amid the current pandemic as it was not a "reasonable move", and that efforts should be focused on helping people during these times instead of politicking. Although UMNO decided earlier in a 2020 meeting to withdraw support for Perikatan Nasional, the decision did not have to be carried out now, saying that this had to be done at the right time.^[11] Four days later, the Cabinet including all nine ministers from UMNO agreed to support Muhyiddin as prime minister to lead Malaysia out of the crisis.^[171]

Parliament reconvened on 26 July for the first time in 2021, for a special five-day session. The Agong requested that State of Emergency measures be discussed in Parliament; the government stated no other issues were to be debated.^[172][15] The session was chaotic; no debate or vote was held on COVID-19 emergency measures and opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim and former Prime Minister Mahathir accused the government of not fulfilling the Agong's request. Prime Minister Muhyiddin also left early, which incensed the opposition.^[13] Delays occurred when positive COVID-19 cases were detected among parliamentarians.^[14]

Law Minister

The special parliamentary session was suspended on 31 July when 11 positive COVID-19 cases were detected among its members. The opposition criticised this, accusing the government of further delaying parliamentary debate.[15]^[176]

On 31 July,

On 3 August, the President of UMNO Ahmad Zahid Hamidi along with 10 other UMNO MPs held a press conference announcing the withdrawal of UMNO's support for Muhyiddin as prime minister.^[183]

Following the announcement of UMNO's withdrawal, two UMNO

Following Ismail Sabri's support for Muhyiddin, this started a split in the party as some UMNO MPs continued their support for Muhyiddin while some MPs joined Ahmad Zahid Hamidi in withdrawing their support for Muhyiddin. The support totalled up to 31 Barisan Nasional members.^[190]

On 9 August, UMNO's website displayed documents of UMNO president

By 9 August, 15 UMNO MPs had withdrawn their support for Muhyiddin as prime minister.[193]

List of UMNO MPs

No.	Seat	Member of Parliament	Current Positions in Cabinet / Government / Organisation	Current Positions in UMNO
P001	Padang Besar	Zahidi Zainul Abidin	Deputy Minister of Communications and Multimedia	Supreme Council Member
P003	Arau	Shahidan Kassim	1Malaysia People's Housing Programme Chairman National Housing Corporation Chairman
P007	Padang Terap	Mahdzir Khalid	Tenaga Nasional Chairman	Vice-president
P016	Baling	Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim		Supreme Council Member
P026	Ketereh	Annuar Musa	Minister of Federal Territories	Supreme Council Member
P029	Machang	Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub	Malaysian Palm Oil Board Chairman (resigned)	Kelantan State Chairman Supreme Council Member
P032	Gua Musang	Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah		Chairman of Advisor Council
P033	Besut	Idris Jusoh	Federal Land Development Authority Chairman
P041	Kepala Batas	Reezal Merican Naina Merican	Minister of Youth and Sports	Supreme Council Member
P055	Lenggong	Shamsul Anuar Nasarah	Minister of Energy and Natural Resources (resigned)	Supreme Council Member
P061	Padang Rengas	Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz
P067	Kuala Kangsar	Mastura Mohd Yazid	Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Special Functions)
P069	Parit	Mohd Nizar Zakaria	National Population and Family Development Board Chairman
P073	Pasir Salak	Tajuddin Abdul Rahman	Prasarana Malaysia Chairman (resigned)	Supreme Council Member
P075	Bagan Datuk	Ahmad Zahid Hamidi		President
P078	Cameron Highlands	Ramli Mohd Nor	Amanah Raya Berhad Chairman
P079	Lipis	Abdul Rahman Mohamad	Deputy Minister of Rural Development I	Supreme Council Member
P081	Jerantut	Ahmad Nazlan Idris	Malaysian Rubber Board Chairman (resigned)
P084	Paya Besar	Mohd Shahar Abdullah	Deputy Minister of Finance II
P085	Pekan	Mohd Najib Abdul Razak
P086	Maran	Ismail Abdul Muttalib	Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government
P087	Kuala Krau	Ismail Mohamed Said	Deputy Minister of Home Affairs I
P090	Bera	Ismail Sabri Yaakob	Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Defence	Vice-president
P091	Rompin	Hasan Arifin	Water Asset Management Company Chairman
P095	Tanjong Karang	Noh Omar	Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad Chairman	Selangor State Chairman Supreme Council Member
P125	Putrajaya	Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor		Treasurer-General
P126	Jelebu	Jalaluddin Alias	UDA Holdings Berhad Chairman	Supreme Council Member
P127	Jempol	Mohd Salim Shariff	Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority Chairman
P131	Rembau	Khairy Jamaluddin	Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Coordinating Minister of the National COVID-19 Immunization Program
P139	Jasin	Ahmad Hamzah	Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Industries I
P147	Parit Sulong	Noraini Ahmad	Minister of Higher Education (resigned)	Deputy President Women Chief
P153	Sembrong	Hishammuddin Hussein	Senior Minister (Security) Minister of Foreign Affairs
P155	Tenggara	Adham Baba	Minister of Health
P156	Kota Tinggi	Halimah Mohamed Sadique	Minister of National Unity
P157	Pengerang	Azalina Othman Said	Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat	Supreme Council Member
P164	Pontian	Ahmad Maslan		Secretary-General Supreme Council Member
P176	Kimanis	Mohamad Alamin	Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia Chairman
P187	Kinabatangan	Bung Moktar Radin	First Deputy Chief Minister of Sabah	Sabah State Chairman Supreme Council Member

On 11 August, top leaders in the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition flocked to the Perdana Putra Complex to attend a political meeting with Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin.^[194]

On 12 August,

On 13 August in a televised address, Muhyiddin offered a series of major concessions to opposition parties, including opposition leader Anwar, in an attempt to form a unity government ahead of an expected vote of confidence scheduled for September. These included a constitutional amendment to introduce two-term limits for the Prime Minister, equal financial allocation for all MPs, greater resources for the Leader of the Opposition, introducing an anti-party hopping bill in Parliament, balanced parliamentary committees, allowing 18-year-olds to vote, and a general election by July 2022, among others. These were unanimously rejected by all opposition parties, who characterised the proposal as corruption and reiterated calls for Muhyiddin to resign.^{[197][198][199]}

On 15 August,

According to reports the following day, UMNO nominated Ismail Sabri Yaakob as their candidate for prime minister and was supported by PAS and BERSATU, with Anwar Ibrahim nominated by the Pakatan Harapan coalition and supported by its component parties. UMNO initially suggested 3 potential PM candidates — Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, Mohamad Hasan and Ismail Sabri Yaakob. However, Zahid withdrew himself and Mohamad was ineligible as a non-MP.^[205] This automatically paved the way for Ismail Sabri.^[206] It was also reported that an UMNO MP did not support Sabri,^[207] which was revealed to be Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah.^[208] Meanwhile, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong called for a meeting two days later with all state rulers and asked that a confidence motion be tabled to confirm the majority.^[209][210]

On 19 August, meetings began with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to verify support of Members of Parliarment (MP) who nominated Ismail Sabri as a candidate. Istana Negara received nominations for the future prime minister from 220 members of the Dewan Rakyat, each through a statutory declaration on 18 August 2021. From the declaration letters, a total of 114 members of the Dewan Rakyat nominated Ismail Sabri, a sufficient majority to form the government. Following that, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong agreed to grant an audience with the 114 members of the Dewan Rakyat to confirm their trust in Ismail Sabri who was nominated to be appointed as the next prime minister. Subsequently, Perikatan Nasional chairperson Muhyiddin affirmed support for Ismail Sabri provided the Cabinet did not include MPs facing criminal charges.^{[211][212][213]} An online petition opposing Ismail Sabri's appointment gained over 200,000 signatures within the first 8 hours, and subsequently garnered more than 350,000 signatures.^[214]

On 20 August, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong named UMNO's vice president, Ismail Sabri Yaakob as the nation's 9th Prime Minister in accordance with Article 40(2)(a) and Article 43(2)(a) of the Federal Constitution after being satisfied that he commanded the confidence of the majority in Parliament.

Ismail Sabri was formally appointed and sworn in as the ninth prime minister of Malaysia in front of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the Istana Negara on the afternoon of 21 August 2021.^[40] Ismail Sabri formed his new cabinet after getting approval from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following a meeting on 26 August at the Istana Abdulaziz in Pahang, Kuantan.^[215] The Prime Minister's Office replied to the media that the cabinet list would be announced at 11am the next day and the swearing-in of all ministers would be done on 30 August 2021. When the new cabinet was announced, it consisted of ministers mostly retained from the Muhyiddin cabinet with some minor changes.^{[216][217][218]}

Opposition parties criticised the newly formed cabinet. The leader of the opposition, Anwar Ibrahim described it as a "recycled cabinet" of Muhyiddin's government, and stated that a majority of the people were disappointed with the new cabinet ministers as they had failed to fulfil their previous duties during the PN administration, and that the new cabinet could not bring in confidence among domestic and foreign investors.^[219] DAP's secretary-general, Lim Guan Eng questioned the competency of the new cabinet line-up unveiled by the Prime Minister.^[220][221]

Deputy Minister for Education II Mohamad Alamin could not attend the swearing-in ceremony due to being infected with COVID-19,^[222] nor did Ismail Sabri or Minister for Entrepreneurship Development and Cooperative Noh Omar due to them self-quarantining after being in contact with undisclosed COVID-19 infected contacts.^[223][224]

On 10 September 2021, the cabinet agreed to implement key reforms like an Anti-Party Hopping Bill, equal membership in parliamentary committees, consulting on every Bill, having the Opposition Leader the same amenities as a cabinet minister, limiting a prime minister's term to 10 years and speeding up an amendment for 18-year-olds to vote and stand in elections. The following day, the opposition indicated its willingness to accept the deal in the interest of the country.^[225][226]

On 12 September 2021, the government led by Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob and opposition led by Leader of the Opposition Anwar Ibrahim agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on bipartisan cooperation and proposed reforms for greater political cooperation and stability during the COVID-19 pandemic. The MoU was signed the following day with elections not expected before 31 July 2022.^{[227][228][229]} Media commentary noted the significant milestone for Malaysian politics, given bipartisan cooperation has not occurred in the history of the country.^[230][231]

The Malacca State Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 4 October when four members withdrew support for Chief Minister Sulaiman Md Ali, triggering the 2021 Malacca state election.^[232] The government announced it would seek expert advice over whether the election can be held safely given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or whether a state-wide state of emergency could be introduced to postpone it.^[233] The state election was carried out 20 November 2021 with strict Standard Operating Procedures, where Barisan Nasional won with a two-thirds majority of 21 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly.^[234]

On 3 November 2021, Istana Negara announced that

The

On 24 June, Pasir Salak MP Tajuddin Abdul Rahman was removed from UMNO supreme council. After his removal decision, Tajuddin accepted the decision and held a press conference to reveal the UMNO leadership crisis, which includes that UMNO was going to split between two camps, which are Zahid's camp and Ismail's camp; UMNO President, Zahid Hamidi's attempt to become PM and SD declaration for Anwar to become PM that happened during 2020 and 2021. Tajuddin also asked for Zahid's resignation as UMNO President for good because Zahid is currently facing a corruption trial in court.^[240]

A constitutional amendment was passed, which prohibits members of parliament from switching political parties.^[241] Several UMNO lawmakers began calling for a snap election before the end of 2022 to resolve ongoing infighting in the party and obtain a stronger mandate, with the UMNO Supreme Council agreeing to this by the end of September.^[242] On 10 October 2022, Ismail Sabri announced that the 14th Parliament had been dissolved to pave way for the upcoming 15th general election, which would be held within 60 days.^[243]

On 20 October, the Election Commission revealed the polling date for the 15th general election set on 19 November.^[244]

On 19 November, for the first time in Malaysian history, the results of the 2022 election resulted in a

Impact

Parliament

List of seats that changed allegiance in the Dewan Rakyat^{[citation needed][when?]}

No.	Seat	Member	Previous Party (GE14 Result)		Previous Party (before February 2020)		Current Party (as of May 2023)
P001	Padang Besar	Zahidi Zainul Abidin		UMNO )		UMNO )		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P003	Arau	Shahidan Kassim		UMNO )		UMNO )		Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P004	Langkawi	Mahathir Mohamad		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		Gerakan Tanah Air (PUTRA)[262]
P005	Jerlun	Mukhriz Mahathir		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		Pejuang)[262]
P006	Kubang Pasu	Amiruddin Hamzah		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		Pejuang)[262]
P019	Tumpat	Che Abdullah Mat Nawi		PAS		PAS		UMNO )
P026	Ketereh	Annuar Musa		UMNO )		UMNO )		Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P027	Tanah Merah	Ikmal Hisham		UMNO )		BERSATU)[263]		BERSATU )
P030	Jeli	Mustapa Mohamed		UMNO )		BERSATU)[264]		BERSATU )
P035	Kuala Nerus	Khairuddin Razali		PAS		PAS		UMNO )
P038	Hulu Terengganu	Rosol Wahid		UMNO )		BERSATU)[265]		BERSATU )
P042	Tasek Gelugor	Shabudin Yahaya		UMNO )		BERSATU)[263]		BERSATU )
P047	Nibong Tebal	Mansor Othman		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P056	Larut	Hamzah Zainudin		UMNO )		BERSATU)[265]		BERSATU )
P058	Bagan Serai	Azmi Ghazali		UMNO )		BERSATU)[267]		BERSATU )
P059	Bukit Gantang	Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz		UMNO )		Independent[268]		BERSATU)[269]
P063	Tambun	Ahmad Faizal Azumu		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P082	Indera Mahkota	Saifuddin Abdullah		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P086	Maran	Ismail Muttalib		UMNO )		UMNO )		Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P092	Sabak Bernam	Fasiah Fakeh		UMNO )		BERSATU)[265]		BERSATU )
P093	Sungai Besar	Muslimin Yahaya		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P095	Tanjong Karang	Noh Omar		UMNO )		UMNO )		Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P098	Gombak	Azmin Ali		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P099	Ampang	Zuraida Kamaruddin		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PBM
P112	Kuala Langat	Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PBM[270]
P115	Batu	P. Prabakaran		Independent		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P119	Titiwangsa	Rina Harun		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P124	Bandar Tun Razak	Kamarudin Jaffar		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P129	Kuala Pilah	Eddin Syazlee Shith		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P134	Masjid Tanah	Ermieyati Samsudin		UMNO )		BERSATU)[265]		BERSATU )
P135	Alor Gajah	Redzuan Yusof		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P140	Segamat	Edmund Santhara		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PBM[266]
P143	Pagoh	Muhyiddin Yassin		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		BERSATU )
P146	Muar	Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		MUDA[262][271]
P149	Sri Gading	Shahruddin Md Salleh		BERSATU )		BERSATU)[272]		Pejuang)[273]
P150	Batu Pahat	Rashid Hasnon		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P151	Simpang Renggam	Maszlee Malik		BERSATU )		BERSATU )		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)[274]
P154	Mersing	Abdul Latiff Ahmad		UMNO )		BERSATU)[265]		BERSATU )
P158	Tebrau	Steven Choong Shiau Yoon		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PBM
P166	Labuan	Rozman Isli		UMNO )		Warisan[275]		Warisan
P167	Kudat	Abdul Rahim Bakri		UMNO )		BERSATU)[276]		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct members)
P168	Kota Marudu	Maximus Ongkili		Barisan Nasional (PBS)		PBS[277]		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (PBS)
P170	Tuaran	Wilfred Madius Tangau		Barisan Nasional (UPKO)		UPKO[278]		Pakatan Harapan (UPKO)[279]
P177	Beaufort	Azizah Dun		UMNO )		BERSATU)[276]		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct members)
P178	Sipitang	Yamani Musa		UMNO )		BERSATU)[276]		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct members)
P179	Ranau	Jonathan Yasin		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct members)[266]
P180	Keningau	Jeffrey Kitingan		STAR		STAR		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (STAR)
P182	Pensiangan	Arthur Joseph Kurup		Barisan Nasional (PBRS)		PBRS[280]		Barisan Nasional (PBRS)[281]
P183	Beluran	Ronald Kiandee		UMNO )		BERSATU)[276]		BERSATU Sabah )
P184	Libaran	Zakaria Edris		UMNO )		BERSATU)[276]		Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct members)
P188	Lahad Datu	Mohammadin Ketapi		Warisan		Warisan		PBM
P193	Santubong	Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P194	Petra Jaya	Fadillah Yusof		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P197	Kota Samarahan	Rubiah Wang		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P198	Puncak Borneo	Willie Mongin		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P199	Serian	Richard Riot Jaem		Barisan Nasional (SUPP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (SUPP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (SUPP)
P200	Batang Sadong	Nancy Shukri		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P201	Batang Lupar	Rohani Abdul Karim		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P202	Sri Aman	Masir Kujat		Barisan Nasional (PRS)		PSB[282]		Independent
P203	Lubok Antu	Jugah Muyang		Independent		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU )
P204	Betong	Robert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P205	Saratok	Ali Biju		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		BERSATU)[266]
P206	Tanjong Manis	Yusuf Abd. Wahab		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P207	Igan	Ahmad Johnie Zawawi		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P209	Julau	Larry Sng		Independent		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PBM
P210	Kanowit	Aaron Ago Dagang		PRS )		PRS )		PRS )
P213	Mukah	Hanifah Hajar Taib		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P214	Selangau	Baru Bian		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		PSB[283]
P215	Kapit	Alexander Nanta Linggi		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P216	Hulu Rajang	Wilson Ugak Kumbong		PRS )		PRS )		PRS )
P217	Bintulu	Tiong King Sing		Barisan Nasional (PDP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PDP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PDP)
P218	Sibuti	Lukanisman Awang Sauni		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P220	Baram	Anyi Ngau		Barisan Nasional (PDP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PDP)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PDP)
P221	Limbang	Hasbi Habibollah		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P222	Lawas	Henry Sum Agong		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)		Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)

The Deputy Works Minister Shahruddin Md Salleh of BERSATU resigned from his ministerial position on 4 June, calling his decision to join the Perikatan Nasional government "incorrect" and adding that he should have considered his constituents who "voted for Pakatan Harapan" in 2018.^[284] On 19 July, his BERSATU membership was terminated because he issued a notice to change the position of his seat in the Dewan Rakyat from the government bloc to the opposition bloc.^[285]

On 5 June, Member of Parliament (MP) for

On 30 October 2021, Mohammadin Ketapi left WARISAN and became an independent in support for GRS[291] Later, he officially became a member of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) party on 26 November 2021.^[292]

On 8 January 2022, Larry Sng was elected president of PBM and Steven Choong became PBM senior vice-president.^[293]

On 14 March 2022, Khairuddin Razali left PAS. He declined to disclose the reasons for his stance, other than insisting that he would be an Independent Member of Parliament.^[294] On 20 March 2022, Khairuddin was firm in his stand and insisted that he would not join UMNO following his recent exit from PAS.^[295]

On 30 March 2022, Masir Kujat quit PSB. He said the decision to leave PSB was made after holding discussions with grassroots supporters in his constituency as well as several other factors such as the country's political instability which affected the well-being of the people. He pledged his full support to the leadership of the then prime minister, Ismail Sabri Yaakob.^[296]

On 26 May 2022, Zuraida Kamaruddin quit BERSATU to join PBM. She met with Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob to discuss her resignation from the Cabinet and continued supporting Ismail's government, in line with PBM's stand.^[297]

On 7 August 2022, Willie Mongin left BERSATU and joined PBB.^[298]

On 1 November 2022, Jugah Muyang joined BERSATU.^[299]

On 3 November 2022, Che Abdullah Mat Nawi joined UMNO to compete in Tumpat Parliament.^[300] Earlier, Che Abdullah's nomination to compete in Tumpat Parliament was not approved by the PAS Shura Ulama Council.^[301] Khairuddin Aman Razali also joined UMNO to defend his parliamentary seat.^[302] Shahidan Kassim joined PAS after BN dropped him as a candidate.^[303] Ismail Muttalib defended his seat in the 15th general election under PN.^[304]

On 28 February, the

On 2 March, the chief commissioner of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), Latheefa Koya tendered her resignation from the post. She stated that she wasn't pressured into doing so and that she wanted to return to her practice as a human rights advocate.^[308] The deputy chief commissioner of operations, Azam Baki, was appointed as the new chief commissioner on 9 March 2020.^[309]

The

On 5 March 2020, Amirudin announced a purge of BERSATU leaders and members from all positions of the state administration.[317]

On 13 June 2020 Dr Daroyah Alwi, Deputy Speaker & EXCO, announced that she had quit the PKR party and became an independent assemblyman in support of the Perikatan Nasional coalition. She came out on the grounds that he had "lost confidence in the President (Anwar Ibrahim) and his harpist leadership of the idealism of the struggle".^[318] On 29 June, PKR Women's chief & EXCO, Hanizah Talha was sacked from PKR, stripping her from Selangor State Executive Council position. She has described PKR's decision to sack her from the party as an "act of revenge".^{[319][320][321]} Ahmad Mustain Othman, Sabak assemblyman, was sacked from Amanah on 28 July, for allegedly breaching party disciplinary rules.^[322]

On 8 August 2020, Jeram assemblyman announced his exit from PPBM. He said he will now be an independent who will back former PPBM chairman Dr Mahathir Mohamad. Shaid also claimed his exit will be followed by the majority of the PPBM Kuala Selangor division members, including various heads of branches.^[323]

On 16 November 2020, Meru assemblyman announced his exit from Amanah and join PKR.^[324] Sabak assemblyman also join PKR after being fired from Amanah.^[325][324]

On 8 January 2022, Daroyah Alwi and Hanizah Talha join PBM.^[326] Daroyah Alwi said she was attracted to join PBM because the party had a clear direction and goal of the struggle.^[327]

On 23 January 2022, Teratai assemblymen Lai Wai Chong join WARISAN.^[328]

The

On 28 August 2020, Chong Fat Full joins BERSATU.[342]

On 4 September 2020, Osman Sapian BERSATU membership has been voided with immediate effect after he was spotted stumping for Pejuang during the 2020 Slim by-election campaign period.^[343] However at same time BERSATU Secretary-General Hamzah Zainudin says, Osman Sapian still remains a member of BERSATU. He said for now, Osman would only be called to answer charges regarding allegations of helping the Independent candidate campaign in the recent Slim State Assembly (DUN) by-election (PRK), and no action has yet been taken.^[344] He died on 21 December 2021 at the age of 69 from the complications of the stroke he suffer earlier.^[345]

On 27 February 2021, three Amanah assemblyman from Senggarang, Serom, and Mahkota joined PKR.^[346]

After Osman Sapian died on 21 December 2021, speculation arises about Johor state election should be held due to government seats only 28 left while Pakatan Harapan seats 27 in the state assembly.^[347]

On 18 January 2022, Pakatan Harapan rejects Johor state elections and bargains on 'Stability Commitment'^[348]

On 22 January 2022,

On 23 January 2022, Johor state assembly Speaker Suhaizan Kayat of Amanah signing the Letter and Proclamation of the dissolution of the Johor state assembly.[351]

On 27 January 2022, Mazlan Bujang announced that he resigned as Division Chairman of BERSATU of Tebrau and himself as well as 23 Tebrau BERSATU branch chairmen and action committee members decided to leave the party and throw their support behind Barisan Nasional (BN) and the leadership of Menteri Besar of Johor Hasni Mohammad with immediate effect to "give way to a more stable political environment and for the betterment of the Johor people in general".^[352] He also claimed that he would carry on to serve the people without a political position and failure of the two previous Menteris Besar from Pakatan Harapan (PH) to lead the Johor state administration and the failure of both parties to nominate a better Johor Menteri Besar candidate as well as he felt disrespected of his removal as Johor BERSATU Chairman and did not send any representative to the meetings he had chaired even though Muhyiddin had signed his promotion letter as the reasons as well. Muhyiddin then lashed out at Mazlan by asking where is his honour and sarcastically asked him to bring 200000 members to leave BERSATU as well.^[353]

On 29 January 2022, Larkin assemblyman Izhar Ahmad quit BERSATU. He said one of the main reasons he resigned was that he had lost confidence in party president Muhyiddin Yassin. He will no longer contest in the Larkin state constituency or in any other constituency, however, will join UMNO.^[354]

On 27 February 2022, Najib Lep's membership in PAS was automatically revoked following his contest as an Independent candidate in the seat in the Johor State Election. PAS deputy president Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man said Najib's decision was against the party's directives and decisions.^[355] Najib Lep said PAS's decision to transfer him to another seat seemed to want to kill his political career even after showing excellent service as the party's sole elected representative for the past four years.^[356]

On 6 March 2022, Johor Lama assemblyman Rosleli Jahari said that he has left BERSATU and will be requesting to rejoin UMNO. Rosleli, who was not selected as a candidate to defend his seat, said that he has lost confidence in BERSATU, its president Muhyiddin Yassin and his administration.^[357]

On 12 March 2022, Barisan Nasional won a two-thirds majority of 40 seats in the Johor State Legislative Assembly.^[239]

On 14 March 2022, Speculation had spread regarding the appointment of the new Johor Menteri Besar after Barisan Nasional was declared the winner of the state election. The speculation followed the call by Benut assemblyman, Hasni Mohammad for BN to choose young people to lead Johor, even though he was previously appointed as the party's Menteri Besar candidate. Rumors are rife that there are other names who have also been nominated as the new Menteri Besar of Johor. Among them are the names Onn Hafiz Ghazi and Dr. Mohd. Puad Zarkashi.^[358]

On 15 March 2022, Onn Hafiz Ghazi was sworn as Menteri Besar Johor in on the evening of 28 February in front of the Sultan at Istana Bukit Serene, Johor Bahru.^[359]

On 18 October 2022, Najib Lep joined UMNO.^[360]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021)

In Malacca, the legislative assembly was caught in a deadlock as both Pakatan Harapan and the opposition Barisan Nasional held 13 seats each after BERSATU left the then-ruling coalition.^[362] The Chief Minister of Malacca, Adly Zahari met the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca, Mohd Khalil Yaakob on 26 February to brief him on the current political situation.^[363] On 27 February, the state government announced in a press conference that they will preserve the status quo and will continue to operate as usual.^[364] However, the assembly session that was scheduled to be held on 6 March was postponed.^[365]

On 2 March 2020, Barisan Nasional's Malacca state chairman, Abdul Raouf Yusof attended a meeting with the Yang di-Pertua Negeri.^[366] In a press conference held in the evening, he confirmed that Pakatan Harapan had lost their majority in the legislative assembly and Perikatan Nasional will form a new government. The new coalition government had the support of 17 state assemblymen.^[367] On the same day, Adly Zahari met with the Yang di-Pertua Negeri and suggested that the state assembly be dissolved and to trigger a state election in accordance with Article 7 (4) of the state constitution, but Adly's suggestion was rejected.^[368][369]

On 3 March 2020, Adly held a press conference, in which he stated that he did not resign from his post. However, he was informed that he was no longer chief minister and was dismissed on the previous evening.^[370] The new chief minister of Malacca, Sulaiman Md Ali from UMNO was sworn in on the evening of 9 March 2020.^[371]

On 11 May 2020, the state assembly convened and the Perikatan administration moved a motion of no confidence in Speaker Omar Jaafar of PKR, which led to heated verbal exchanges and insults between both sides of the assembly. Example included PN Independent MP Norhizam Hassan Baktee shouting "babi" ("pig") repetitively to DAP representative Low Chee Leong in response to the latter's "pengkhianat" ("traitor") remark.^[372] The Speaker adjourned the sitting. Later, the assembly reconvened with only Perikatan assemblymen and declared Ab Rauf Yusoh of UMNO as the new Speaker.^[373] The ousted speaker said Malacca Pakatan Harapan is contesting the legality of the new Speaker's appointment.^[374]

On 2 January 2021, Muhammad Jailani Khamis joined UMNO.^[375]

On 4 October 2021, Four Malacca assemblymen declared that they have lost confidence in Chief Minister Sulaiman Md Ali's leadership. The assemblymen are former Malacca Chief Minister Idris Haron, Nor Azman Hassan, Norhizam Hassan Baktee and Noor Effandi Ahmad. Idris said the move was due to a series of decisions not implemented by the state government, which he added portrayed Malacca as a 'flip flop' state.^[376] State UMNO Liaison Committee chairman Ab Rauf Yusoh said the membership of Idris Haron and Nor Azman Hassan in UMNO was automatically dropped after being involved in the movement to overthrow the existing Malacca State Government.^[377] UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi proposed that the Malacca State Assembly be dissolved to make way for state elections to be held. The state elections will also give the people of the state the opportunity to elect a new government in the future.^[378]

On 5 October 2021, Idris Haron says Pakatan Harapan (PH) leaders should have the opportunity to take over the Malacca state government. The former Chief Minister said there was no need for the state election to be held as the 15th general election would be held in a year and a half. He said he personally rejected UMNO's proposal to hold a State Election (PRN) to resolve the state's political crisis. He, however, left the issue to the discretion of the Yang Dipertua Negeri, Mohd Ali Rustam to decide whether the State Legislative Assembly should be dissolved or elect a new Chief Minister from among the PH leaders.

On 18 October 2021, Idris Haron, Nor Azman Hassan, Norhizam Hassan Baktee and Noor Effandi Ahmad join PH.Idris Haron join PKR and Nor Azman Hassan join Amanah.^[382]

On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a simple majority of 21 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly.^[234]

On 21 November 2021, Melaka DAP chairman Tey Kok Kiew resigns. He took responsibility for the DAP's defeat of half of the eight state assembly seats contested in the election and he also apologized for PH's failure to form a state government.^[383]

On 26 November 2021, Melaka Perikatan Nasional and BERSATU chairman Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen resigns. He said the decision was made to allow new leadership in the state BERSATU and PN in preparation for the 15th general election.^[384]

On 28 November 2021, BERSATU deputy president Ahmad Faizal Azumu said two BERSATU assemblymen continue to support the Malacca state government.^[385]

On 19 May 2022, Noor Effandi Ahmad join Amanah.^[386]

On 30 October 2022, Rafiq quits BERSATU. He was upset over seat distribution for the 15th general election.^[387] On 16 February 2023, Rafiq rejoin UMNO.^[388]

In

On 13 May, Mukhriz appeared in a press conference with his exco members from Pakatan Harapan and insisted that his administration was still intact. He insisted that he will remain in control until the Kedah palace notifies him, or with a no confidence vote in the state assembly.[397] Two days later, Kedah's assemblymen from both Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional were granted audience with the Sultan to resolve the issue.^[398][399] On 17 May, Mukhriz resigned, conceding that he had lost the confidence of the assembly.^[400] Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor of PAS was sworn in as the new Menteri Besar on the evening.^[401]

On 6 September, Azman Nasrudin and Robert Ling Kui Ee joined BERSATU.^[402]

On 30 October 2022 Phahrolrazi Mohd Zawawi was sacked from AMANAH, the component party of PH opposition coalition, he became an independent Kedah MLA, disqualifying him from holding the position as State Leader of the Opposition of Kedah, he was replaced with Johari Abdul, the Gurun MLA from another component party of PH, the People's Justice Party (PKR).^[403]

On 27 February 2020, an UMNO representative from the opposition had an audience with the Sultan of Perak, Nazrin Shah of Perak and later revealed that the Sultan stated that any coalition which can prove that they have at least 30 seats in the state assembly will be able to form a government.^[411] The incumbent Menteri Besar of Perak, BERSATU's Ahmad Faizal Azumu then hinted that there will be a new state government, and articulated his hope that he would continue as Menteri Besar under the new government.^[412] On 3 March 2020, he informed the media that he had been ordered to see the Sultan at Istana Iskandariah in the afternoon.^[413]

In a press conference held on 9 March 2020, Faizal confirmed that a new state government made up of twenty five assemblymen from UMNO, three from PAS and four from BERSATU was being formed.^[414] He tendered his resignation on the next day to formalise the dissolution of the Perak State Executive Council.^[415] He was subsequently reappointed as the Menteri Besar of Perak by the Sultan and was sworn in on the evening on 13 March 2020.^[416]

On 12 May 2020, speaker of the Perak state legislative assembly Ngeh Koo Ham announced in a speech to the assembly that he would be resigning as speaker after an attempt by Menteri Besar Faizal to launch a motion of no-confidence against him. During the speech, he stated that attempts to replace him as speaker should not be done through threats, referencing Faizal's attempted motion of-no confidence against him. State government assemblymen had previously tried to persuade Ngeh to vacate the position before the state assembly convened.^[417][418]

On 26 July 2020, Buntong assemblymen, Sivasubramaniam Athinarayanan announced joining Gerakan after being sacked from DAP, however he joined BERSATU last December, but his membership was only reported 5 March 2021. Perak Gerakan chairman, See Tean Seng, said his party was not informed about the matter, either by BERSATU or Sivasubramaniam.^{[404][408][419]}

On 29 July 2020, Hasnul Zulkarnain joined BERSATU because of Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin's beliefs.^[405] However, on 23 March 2021 he was sacked from BERSATU due to his actions in supporting Perak UMNO chairman Saarani Mohamad as Perak Menteri Besar.^[406]

On 4 December 2020, Faizal lost a confidence vote, ending his term as Menteri Besar of Perak ^[420]

On 5 December 2020, Faizal resigned as Menteri Besar of Perak.^[421]

On 10 December 2020, the new Menteri Besar of Perak,

On 18 January 2021, Leong Cheok Keng was sacked by party DAP.[410]

On 5 March 2021, Sivasubramaniam Athinarayanan and Paul Yong Choo Kiong join BERSATU.^[409]

On 8 January 2022, Sivasubramaniam Athinarayanan, Paul Yong Choo Kiong, and Leong Cheok Keng join PBM. Cheok Keng said he chose PBM because this party is truly a multi-racial party and not like other parties that claim to be multi-racial but only dominated by certain races.^[423]

On 23 January 2022, Menteri Besar of Perak Saarani Mohamad said There is no need to dissolve the state assembly because the state government has strong support including from the Pakatan Harapan. He said therefore it was different from the political situation in Johor with the government having a slim majority.^[424]

On 28 September 2022, Sivasubramaniam Athinarayanan rejoin BERSATU.^[425]

On 3 November 2022, Leong Cheok Keng announced that he had quitted PBM and will participate in the 2022 Perak state election under WARISAN.^[426]

On 4 March,

On 23 May, two BERSATU state representatives withdrew their support for the Harapan government of Penang following their appointments by the federal government to the Penang Regional Development Authority (under the Rural Development Ministry) and MARA's investment arm Mara Corp Sdn Bhd's board of advisors.[434] On 28 May, Chief Minister Chow Kon Yeow announced that the state government will table a motion at the next state legislative assembly sitting to compel the two BERSATU representatives, along with Afif who was suspended from PKR on 3 May, to vacate their seats. At that time, Penang is the only state in Malaysia that has legislation which prohibits switching of parties for elected representatives under Section 14A of the Penang Constitution.^[435] The law also allows the assembly to declare the seats vacant via a motion carried by a majority of the House if the representatives do not resign. However, it is a controversial law and had been previously ruled as unconstitutional by the Federal Court in 1992.^[436]

On 24 June, Afif announced his departure from PKR and joined forces with BERSATU.^[427] On 4 July, Zulkifli Ibrahim was sacked from PKR. He declared that he is joining Perikatan Nasional on the same day. He insisted that the PKR disciplinary committee should have summoned him for investigations before making any decisions.^[428]

On 15 June 2020, two UPKO assemblymen representing Kuala Penyu and Sugut left the party citing Sabah state government is not in line with the Federal Government and become independents friendly towards Perikatan Nasional.^[437]

On 29 July 2020, former Sabah Chief Minister, Musa Aman claimed to have a simple majority to form a new PN government in Sabah. In a special afternoon press conference, he said, the new Perikatan Nasional coalition involved several parties, namely UMNO, Parti Pribumi BERSATU Malaysia (BERSATU), Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku (STAR) and Parti BERSATU Sabah (PBS). He also said the Minister of Home Affairs, Hamzah Zainudin and the Political Secretary to the Prime Minister paid a courtesy call on the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah, Tun Juhar Mahiruddin in the morning. Speculation rose in recent weeks that changes will take place in the Sabah government.^{[438][439][440]}

On 30 July 2020, Sabah Chief Minister Shafie Apdal said Sabah governor Juhar Mahiruddin has consented to the dissolution of the state assembly, paving the way for a snap election in the state. This follows claims by former chief minister Musa Aman who said that he had the numbers needed to form a new state government. The announcement also followed talk that Musa was heading to the state palace to be sworn in as chief minister today. Musa said yesterday that he had received statutory declarations from a number of assemblymen from various parties confirming their support for a new alliance he was leading. A total of 73 seats will be up for contest following the addition of 13 new seats endorsed in Parliament last year. He said he could seek the governor's consent to dissolve the state assembly as he was still chief minister.^[441][442]

Nominated Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh Ee Eng was sacked from DAP for supporting the Perikatan Nasional (PN) attempt to topple the Warisan-led Sabah government.

On 16 August 2020, James Ratib joined UMNO.[447]

On 2 September 2020, Abd. Muis Picho joined BERSATU.^[448]

On 26 September 2020, Perikatan Nasional won a simple majority of 38 seats in the Sabah State Legislative Assembly, and replacing the Warisan-led Sabah government with the Perikatan Nasional-led Sabah government.^[449] The new chief minister of Sabah is Hajiji Noor of BERSATU.^[450]

On 25 February 2021, Sebatik assemblyman, Hassan A. Gani Pg. Amir exited Warisan. The reason he left is because the party is no longer prioritizing the well-being of the people and only focused on politics.^[451] On 6 April 2021, he joined BERSATU.^[452]

On 10 March 2021, Pitas assemblyman, Ruddy Awah joined BERSATU.^[453]

On 3 October 2021, Sindumin assemblyman, Yusof Yacob exited Warisan. Yusof, who is also WARISAN's Information Chief, decided to leave the party due to be disappointed with WARISAN's struggle which is losing direction.^[454]

On 30 October 2021, Mohammadin Ketapi left WARISAN and became independent in support for GRS.^[291] He officially became a member of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) party on 26 November 2021.^[292] However, on 28 June 2022, he left BERSATU and became independent again in support for BN and GRS ruling coalitions after joining it only seven months prior.^[455]

On 28 December 2021, Limbahau assemblyman Juil Nuatim and Melalap assemblyman Peter Anthony left WARISAN and would be forming a new local political party based in Sabah that would align with the ruling GRS coalition on 28 January 2022.^[456]

On 20 January 2022, Elopura assemblyman Calvin Chong and Sri Tanjong assemblyman Justin Wong left DAP but carry on aligning themselves with the PH opposition coalition.^[457]

On 26 March 2022, Elopura assemblyman Calvin Chong and Sri Tanjong assemblyman Justin Wong join Warisan.^[458]

On 22 May 2022, Yusof Yacob confirmed his return to UMNO.^[459][460]

On 5 June 2022, Kukusan MLA Rina Jainal left WARISAN and joined PHRS on the same day.^[461]

On 28 August 2022, Segama MLA and Lahad Datu MP Mohamaddin Ketapi joined PBM.^[462]

On 21 October 2022, State Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister and Bandau MLA Wetrom Bahanda left BERSATU and joined KDM on the same day.^[463]

On 10 December 2022, The leadership of BERSATU Sabah announced its exit from the party and will form a new local party. BERSATU Sabah Chairman Hajiji Noor said the “unanimous decision” by BERSATU Sabah leaders to leave the party is based on the premise that the status quo is “no longer tenable”.^[464]

On 21 February 2023, Yusof Yacob, along with other 8 MLAs support Hajiji. At the same time, Yusof Yacob, James Ratib, Jasnih Daya, Arshad Bistari, Hamid Awang, Mohammad Mohamarin, Ben Chong and Norazlinah joined PGRS.^[465]

On 27 February 2023, Awang Ahmad Sah Awang Shaari left WARISAN and joined GAGASAN.^[466]

On 4 March 2023, Karamunting MLA George Hiew Vun Zin left WARISAN for GAGASAN.^[467]

On 21 May 2023, Juil Nuatim resigned from KDM and support GRS.^[468]

On 10 July, Rahang assemblyman, Mary Josephine, announced that she is quitting DAP, as well as resigning from all her positions in the political party.^[469] She said the decision was made after she could no longer face the challenges and pressures from the state DAP leadership. She added that she would continue to support Pakatan Harapan as an independent politician.^[470] She had since retracted her decision and rejoined the party on 20 July.^[471]

On 5 September 2021, a group of 4 PKR assemblypersons and other 11 PKR members representing state PKR declared their loss of faith in Negeri Sembilan MB, Aminuddin Harun, in his capacity as Negeri Sembilan PKR chief.^[472] Among the reasons cited was "failure to strengthen the party" and the risk of losing the next general election.^[473]

On 18 September 2018, Mustapa Mohamed quit UMNO and become an independent Member of Parliament and state assembly. He said the decision was made as he felt that the party's current direction is no longer in line with the political principles he upheld.^[475] On 27 October 2018 he joined BERSATU. Mustapa said he joined the party as he is confident that BERSATU would be able to serve his constituents better.^[476]

Perikatan Nasional and Barisan Nasional secured every seat in the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly, leaving it without an opposition.

UMNO Terengganu state chief Ahmad Said has claimed that there was no cooperation between the party and the PAS led Terengganu government, be it through PN or Muafakat Nasional pact set up before the crisis^[477]

On 22 January 2022, UMNO Kelantan state chief Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub said he decided to no longer be with PAS Kelantan through Muafakat Nasional (MN). UMNO made the decision following PAS Kelantan which is still cooperating with BERSATU and still chose the party to face the 15th General Election 15.^[478] PAS Kelantan state chief and Menteri Besar of Kelantan Ahmad Yakob said PAS Kelantan hopes that the relationship with UMNO will continue.^[479]

In the 2018 election, Ismail Kassim was nominated as a candidate for Menteri Besar by Perlis BN after retaining his seat but when the plan did not go through, he decided to quit UMNO to become first Perlis independent state assemblyman.^[480] He later applied to join People's Justice Party (PKR) instead but the application was never reported to be approved.^[481] Ismail finally announced he had joined Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) in August 2019. However, the then secretary-general of BERSATU, Marzuki Yahya denied his participation after Marzuki claimed that he had never received the party's participation form from the Tambun Tulang assemblyman.^[482][483] He rejoin UMNO on 16 May 2020 after his application to join UMNO approved.^[484]