Hurricane Alex (2010)
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | June 25, 2010 |
Post-tropical | July 2, 2010 |
Dissipated | July 6, 2010 |
Category 2 hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 110 mph (175 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 946 mbar (hPa); 27.94 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 51 |
Missing | 22 |
Damage | $1.52 billion (2010 USD) |
Areas affected | Greater Antilles, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Northern Mexico, Texas |
IBTrACS / [1] | |
Part of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Alex was the first
Alex caused the deaths of at least 51 people along its path, and produced over $1.5 billion (2010
Alex triggered widespread power outages throughout northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. Damage was most evident in the
Meteorological history
The weather system from which Hurricane Alex developed was first discernible as a disturbance in the
On June 24, a low-level circulation had gradually become better established to the south of
As Tropical Storm Alex progressed through the western Caribbean Sea towards the Yucatán Peninsula, it developed a large field of clouds accompanied by well-established outflow throughout its circulation. Its inner structure was initially disorganized,[13] although by late on June 26, it became better defined. At about 21:00 UTC, as the tropical storm approached the Belize coast, a Hurricane Hunters flight reported winds of 65 mph (105 km/h);[14] early on June 27, Alex made landfall just north of Belize City at this intensity. Upon moving ashore, an area of convection increased over the center,[15] and the convection initially became better defined as it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula. While most tropical cyclones weaken and become disorganized after landfall, Alex seemed to become stronger when viewed on radar and satellite imagery—the National Hurricane Center noted in one of its forecast discussions that the cyclone's structure more closely resembled a hurricane than a deteriorating storm.[16] Still, after enough time over land, convective activity markedly decreased. Operationally, Alex was downgraded to a tropical depression as it approached the peninsula's western coastline;[17] however post-analysis determined that Alex remained a minimal tropical storm. Late on June 27, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with a large overall convective structure but little thunderstorm activity near the center due to the interaction with land.[18]
When Alex was still located over the Yucatán Peninsula, the NHC remarked upon the potential for significant strengthening. Because of low
Upon becoming a hurricane, Alex was located in a moist, low shear environment, which led to steady intensification on June 30. The pressure continued to fall—a sign of an intensifying cyclone—with a more rapid drop occurring that afternoon and evening.[24] The hurricane strengthened into a Category 2 storm late on June 30, as it approached the northeastern Mexican coast. At 02:00 UTC on July 1, Alex made landfall at peak strength, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) and an unusually low central pressure of 946 millibars (27.9 inHg) in the municipality of Soto la Marina in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.[3][25] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center had the landfall intensity estimate as 105 mph (169 km/h), gusts of 125 mph (201 km/h) and a of 947 millibars (28.0 inHg) when it struck the Mexican coast.[26][27] Several hours after moving ashore, the storm weakened to Category 1 status,[28] and its structure began to deteriorate. However, deep convection persisted around the center.[29] By 12:00 UTC, Alex had weakened into a tropical storm;[30] by 00:00 UTC July 2, the Sierra Madre Oriental disrupted Alex's core, causing the storm to weaken into a tropical depression. Soon afterward, the storm's low-level circulation center dissipated over San Luis Potosí.[3] However, the interaction with the mountain range caused orographic lift on the eastern side of the storm after the low-level circulation center had ceased to exist, producing torrential rainfall throughout northern and central Mexico.[26][31] Following the dissipation of Alex, divergence at the 200 mb atmospheric pressure level (approximately at 10 km (6.2 mi) of altitude), a ridge of high pressure located over southern Texas, and Alex's residual moisture interacted to produce intense convection over Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Coahuila for the next 72 hours.[26] Alex's mid-level circulation persisted for another several days, with the remnants turning northeastward and slowly moving towards Texas. On July 6, Alex's remnants dissipated near the border of southwestern Texas.[1]
Preparations
Caribbean
Immediately after the storm formed on June 25, a
Western Gulf Coast
As Alex neared hurricane strength on the evening of June 28, a hurricane warning was issued for the coast of Texas south of Baffin Bay to the mouth of the Rio Grande. The Mexican government also issued a hurricane warning from the Rio Grande south to La Cruz. A tropical storm warning was posted for coastal Texas from Baffin Bay northward to Port O'Connor. Governor of Texas Rick Perry declared a state of disaster in 19 counties and ordered the deployment of Texas Military Forces personnel (including 80 citizen-soldiers of the Texas State Guard Medical Brigade) to the Rio Grande Valley. President Barack Obama also declared a state of emergency, freeing federal funds for 25 counties in Texas.[34]
On June 29, authorities began evacuations of residents of coastal areas in the
Prior to Alex making landfall, the
Impact
Caribbean and Central America
The tropical wave from which Alex developed produced rainfall across the Greater Antilles in the central Caribbean Sea.[7] In the Dominican Republic, the rainfall triggered flooding that prompted the evacuations of over 3,000 people, mostly due to swollen rivers. In the capital city of Santo Domingo, 160 houses were flooded, and one person was killed by the storm; one additional person was reported missing.[45][46] In nearby San Juan de la Maguana, more than 500 homes were inundated.[47][48] In neighboring Haiti, minor flooding was reported in Gonaïves. The Jamaica Meteorological Service issued a flash flood warning for its entire island in response to the tropical wave producing thunderstorms across the nation.[49]
Fourteen people were killed in
Gulf of Mexico
According to the Mexican government, Alex stopped the production of 420,000 barrels (67,000 m3) of oil per day from the Gulf of Mexico, which corresponds to a quarter of the country's total oil production.
The storm was expected to impact operations regarding the
Southern Mexico
In
Prior to its second landfall, Alex caused one death in the state of Oaxaca when a wall collapsed on a dwelling in San Juan Chapultepec, killing the woman who was sleeping inside. Near San Francisco Ixhuatán, the Ostuta river breached its banks, flooding 1,000 homes. Farther upstream, in Reforma de Pineda, over 100 families were affected by the river's rise, which flooded their homes with 3.3 ft (1 m) of water.[63] Overall, 3,500 families were affected by the storm in the state.[58]
The outer rainbands of Alex caused three deaths in Acapulco, Guerrero, after a retaining wall collapsed over the occupants of an improvised shack in a vacant lot. The investigation that followed found that the wall had been built without structural enforcements, and that the torrential rainfall had weakened the wall's foundation.[65]
Northeastern Mexico
The storm's most significant effect in Northeastern Mexico was excessive rainfall, which was reported throughout the region. In Tamaulipas, between 3.829 to 12.421 in (97.25 to 315.5 mm) of precipitation were reported at weather stations statewide.
The historic rainfall caused several dams to fill throughout northeast Mexico. In Nuevo León, due to the heavy rainfall, CNA also began water discharges of 25,200 cubic feet per second (713 m3/s) from the La Boca Dam in
The rainfall also caused Venustiano Carranza Dam in Coahuila to fill completely;
Tamaulipas
Along the coast, 13 ft (4 m) waves were reported when the storm came ashore.
Throughout the state, the storm and resultant floods damaged at least 6,000 homes, 202 schools, and 500 businesses. Additionally, 28 roadways and bridges were damaged,[91] and left over 193,000 power consumers lost electric service.[88] Property damage was placed at $1.084 billion (2010 MXN; US$83.8 million) in the 19 municipalities of the state that were declared federal disaster areas.[92]
Nuevo León
In
According to the
Coahuila
In
United States
In southern Texas, the feeder bands on the northern side of the hurricane began producing tropical-storm-force winds throughout Cameron, Willacy and Kenedy Counties starting on June 30. The highest reported sustained wind was of 51 mph (82 km/h) at the southeast tip of Port Isabel. The strongest gust occurred over the Queen Isabella Causeway, where a wind speed of 66 mph (106 km/h) was measured. Sustained winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) and gusts of 53 mph (85 km/h) were measured in Bayview.[121]
The feeder bands also produced heavy rainfall, leading to flooding on South Padre Island.
Large amounts of precipitation fell throughout the
Flooding caused by the rainfall from the remnants of Alex caused the Rio Grande at Foster Ranch, in far western Texas, to exceed 31 ft (9.4 m), well above the flood stage at 14 ft (4.3 m) and the record stage at 25.9 ft (7.9 m).[126] Combined with the rainfall produced by Tropical Depression Two, the Rio Grande was under flood conditions for much of the month of July.[121] About $10 million (2010 USD) of agricultural damage was reported in Hidalgo County from Alex.[3]
Aftermath and records
Government response
Following the storm's final landfall, Mexico's Secretariat of National Defense deployed 800 troops to Nuevo León and Tamaulipas under Plan DN-III-E to help aid operations. The troops enforced mandatory evacuations of 3,337 residents of San Fernando and Soto la Marina in Tamaulipas.[127] Throughout Nuevo León, 60,000 people were evacuated from their homes.[128] In Tamaulipas, 263,000 people were affected by Hurricane Alex, and 2,260 homes were flooded. In Coahuila, 80,000 were affected by Alex's remnants, leaving 30% of the municipalities of the state without communication with the outside world.[90] 20,000 were considered total losses, most of them in Sabinas.[129] Approximately 500,000 people were affected by floods throughout northeastern Mexico.[90]
The
Even after its dissipation, Alex continued causing deaths throughout Mexico, particularly due to flooding. One death was reported in Tamaulipas and another one in San Luis Potosí; another six were reported to have died in Guanajuato as a result of Alex. In Coahuila, eight people died after a plane crashed while surveying the water discharges from dams in the state;[138] the Coahuila secretary of public works and the municipal president of Piedras Negras were among the victims.[139]
Infrastructure
The storm caused severe devastation in Nuevo León, and in particular throughout the
Railway traffic throughout the state was paralyzed, as some train bridges collapsed, and extensive damage was found in the
Alex destroyed the potable water infrastructure in portions of Nuevo León, causing widespread shortages of water. The damage to the water infrastructure was described as being of "unexpected magnitude,"
Economic and environmental effects
According to estimates from the Mexican
The storm also affected commerce throughout the region. The Mexican
As floodwaters receded from the Pesquería River in
Despite the destruction caused by the storm, the name Alex was not retired, and was used again in the 2016 season.
Meteorological records
Alex was the first Atlantic hurricane in the month of June since
See also
References
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En conjunto con los municipios, se pusieron en operación 90 albergues, a los que el Sistema DIF Nuevo León entregó el equipamiento necesario como catres, colchonetas, y cobertores entre otros, para brindar atención a más de 10 mil personas durante esta contingencia.
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La vigilancia epidemiológica se llevó a cabo en 127 localidades. Se visitaron 62 mil 796 viviendas; en 37 mil 950 se realizaron acciones de búsqueda activa de casos. Se encuestaron 133 mil 556 personas, entre las cuales se hallaron 334 casos de diarrea; los análisis resultaron negativos a cólera.
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