Igor Kurchatov
Igor Kurchatov | |
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Игорь Курчатов | |
Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute | |
Website | I.V. Kurchatov by PBS |
Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (Russian: Игорь Васильевич Курчатов; 12 January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet physicist who played a central role in organizing and directing the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.[2]
As many of his contemporaries in Russia, Kurchatov, initially educated as a naval architect, was an autodidact in nuclear physics and was brought by Soviet establishment to accelerate the feasibility of the "super bomb". Aided by effective intelligence management by Soviet agencies on American Manhattan Project, Kurchatov oversaw the quick development and testing of the first Soviet nuclear weapon, which was roughly based on the first American device, at Semipalatinsk in the Kazakh SSR in 1949.
Kurchatov, a recipient of many former Soviet honors, had an instrumental role in modern
Biography
Kurchatov was born in a small village in Simsky Zavod in Ufa, Russia (now it is a town of Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast), on 12 January 1903.: 2039 [4] His father, Vasily Alekseyevich Kurchatov, was a surveyor and former forester's assistant in the Ural Mountains; his mother, Mariya Vasilyevna Ostroumova, a daughter of the parish priest at Sim, was a school teacher.[5][1] He was an elder and second of three children of Vasily Kurchatov, and the family moved to Simferopol in Crimea in 1912.[6] The Kurchatovs were of Russian ethnicity.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Igor_Kurchatov_1929.jpg/186px-Igor_Kurchatov_1929.jpg)
After his older sister, Antonina, passed away in Crimea, Igor grew up with his younger brother, Boris, where they both attended the Simferopol gymnasium №1, and was a Mandolin player at his school's orchestra.[6] During World War I, Igor and Boris had to work to support the family, becoming a skilled welder and developing interests in steam engines, wishing to become an engineer.[6]
Kurchatov attended the
While working under Ioffe on
In 1940, Kurchatov moved to
Soviet program of nuclear weapons
After 1942, Kurchatov oversaw the facility expansion and overall development of the Russian program in the Soviet Union, from military to civilian dimensions of the nuclear program.: 24–25
The Soviet establishment did not start the program until 1943 despite receiving intelligence from Russian spies in the United States and a warning from
During the early years, the Soviet program suffered from many setbacks due to logistical failures and lack of commitment by the Soviet establishment but received later full support - after the atomic bombings of
In 1946, the Soviet program was aggressively pursued under
The team was assisted by public disclosures made by the
RDS-1
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kurchatov_at_Harwell_on_26_April_1956.jpg/251px-Kurchatov_at_Harwell_on_26_April_1956.jpg)
The
Final device assembly was overseen by Yulii Khariton who had a device moved to a knock-down subassembly in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan.: 551 [26]
On 29 August 1949, Kurchatov and his team successfully detonated its initial
In 1950, the work on
By the time RDS-1 exploded, Kurchatov had decided to work on nuclear power generation, working closely with engineer
After Stalin's death and the execution of Beria, Kurchatov began to speak about the dangers of
Death
In January 1949, Kurchatov was involved in a serious radiation accident which became a
Legacy and honors
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/2003._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_0819_hi.jpg/240px-2003._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_0819_hi.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/RIAN_archive_440214_A_monument_to_Kurchatov_on_the_background_of_the_Semipalatinsk_nuclear_test_site%27s_Central_Staff.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_440214_A_monument_to_Kurchatov_on_the_background_of_the_Semipalatinsk_nuclear_test_site%27s_Central_Staff.jpg)
During his time in Soviet nuclear program, Kurchatov swore he would not cut his beard until the Soviet program succeeded, and he continued to wear a large beard (often cut into eccentric styles) for the remainder of his life, earning him the nickname "The Beard".[36] Kurchatov was a communist: 37 [25] who had a portrait of Stalin by the time he died, and a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union.: 37 [25]
Two towns bear his name:
For his part in establishing the Soviet nuclear program, in accordance with state decree 627-258, Kurchatov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the Stalin Prize First Class, the sum of 500,000 rubles (besides the earlier results of (50%) premium in the amount of 500,000 rubles) and a ZIS-110 car, a private house and cottage furnished by the state, a doubling of his salary and "the right (for life for him and his wife) to free travel by rail, water and air transport in the USSR". In all, he was:
- Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (elected in 1943)[1]
- Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954)[1]
- Awarded five Orders of Lenin
- Awarded two Orders of the Red Banner
- Awarded the following medals: "For Victory over Germany", "For the defense of Sevastopol"
- Four times recipient of the Stalin Prize (1942, 1949, 1951, 1954)
- Recipient of the Lenin Prize (1957).
Kurchatov was buried in the Kremlin Wall in Moscow, a burial place reserved for top Soviet officials. In 1960 his institute was renamed to the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, and in 1991 to the Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. The Kurchatov Medal was established by the Academy of Sciences for outstanding work in nuclear physics.[1] In the Transfermium Wars element naming controversy, the USSR's proposed name for element 104 was "kurchatovium", Ku, in honor of Kurchatov. Element 104 is now known as rutherfordium.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov Archived 19 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ "Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Igor Kurchatov". www.nuclearfiles.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-359-73723-9. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-317-74060-5. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Dictionary of World Biography, volume VIII- The 20th Century, Go-N, ed. Frank N. Magill, Routledge, p. 2039
- ^ a b c d e f g Golovin, Igorʹ Nikolaevich. Academician, Igor Kurchatov. Russia, Mir Publishers, 1969.
- ^ Курчатов Игорь Васильевич Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. warheroes.ru
- ^ Inc, Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science (December 1967). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: The Father of Soviet Atomic Bomb. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-087031-7. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Radium Institute named Vitaly Khlopin Archived 26 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Radium Institute named Vitaly Khlopin. Chronology Archived 26 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Aleksandrov, A. P. (1983). "Годы с Курчатовым". Nauka i Zhizn. 2. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ^ Koptev, Yu. I. (2008) "Виза безопасности". St. Petersburg. Изд-во Политехнического Университета. (in Russian)
- ^ Regel, V. R. (1975). "Размагничивание кораблей в годы Великой Отечественной войны". Priroda. 4. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
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- ^ Gubarev, Vladimir, Atomnaya Bomba
- ISBN 978-0-275-95713-1. Archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ Sherwin, Martin (12 October 1999). "Center to Premiere Film on Igor Kurchatov, Father of Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Washington D.C.: Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-316-29812-1. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i Day, Dwayne A. (1999). The Maker of Stalin's Bomb. Vienna, Austria: National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-14265-5. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-61673-242-4. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ Medvedev, Zhores. Stalin and the Atomic Gulag (PDF). pp. 11–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
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- ISBN 978-1-4683-1041-2. Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
Further reading
- Dark Sun: The Making Of The Hydrogen Bomb by Richard Rhodes (ISBN 0-684-82414-0)
- PBS documentary Citizen Kurchatov
- DeGroot, Gerard (2004). The Bomb: A History of Hell on Earth. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7748-8.
- S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3
External links
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