Itō Hirobumi
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2020) |
Shōgun ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Succeeded by | Kuroda Kiyotaka | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Hayashi Risuke 16 October 1841 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | Itō Umeko (1848–1924) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 3 sons, 2 daughters | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | University College London[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Prince Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909) was a Japanese politician and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Japan. He was also a leading member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen that dictated Japanese policy during the Meiji era. He was born as Hayashi Risuke, also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun, and briefly during his youth as Itō Shunsuke.
A London-educated
During the 1880s, Itō emerged as the leading figure among the
On the world stage, Itō presided over an ambitious foreign policy. He strengthened diplomatic ties with the Western powers including
After Japanese forces emerged victorious over Russia, the ensuing Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 made Itō the first Japanese Resident-General of Korea. He consented to the total annexation of Korea in response to pressure from the increasingly powerful Imperial Army. Shortly thereafter, he resigned as Resident-General in 1909 and assumed office once again as President of the Imperial Privy Council. Four months later, Itō was assassinated by Korean-independence activist and nationalist An Jung-geun in Harbin, Manchuria.[5][6] The annexation process was formalised by another treaty in 1910 which brought Korea under Japanese rule, following year after Itō's death. Through his daughter Ikuko, Itō was the father-in-law of politician, intellectual and author Suematsu Kenchō.
Biography
Early years
Hayashi Risuke (林利助) was born on 16 October 1841, in Tsukari, Kumage, Suō Province (present-day Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture), the eldest son of farmer Hayashi Jūzō and his wife Kotoko. After his father went bankrupt and left for Hagi, Yamaguchi in 1846, he went to live at his mother's parental home. In 1849, Jūzō invited the family to Hagi and the family reunited. There Risuke entered Kubo Gorō Saemon's school. Because the family was poor, when Risuke was 12, Jūzō was adopted by samurai servant Mizui Buhē. In 1854, Mizui Buhē was adopted by samurai foot soldier (ashigaru) Itō Yaemon from Aihata, Saba. Mizui Buhē was renamed Itō Naoemon, Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. These adoptions allowed both Hirobumi and his father Jūzō to rise to the samurai class and become ashigaru.[7] Jūzō was the biological son of Hayashi Sukezaemon (林助左衛門), a 5th generation descendant of Hayashi Nobuyoshi (林信吉) who was a member of the Hayashi clan of Owari (尾張林氏).
He was a student of
In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student
Political career
Rise to power
After the
In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the
Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.
In 1885, he negotiated the
As Prime Minister
On 22 December 1885, Itō became the first
He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses,[according to whom?] were prime ministers.
During Itō's second term as prime minister (8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895, made Taiwan a Japanese colony with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji era.
During Itō's third term as prime minister (12 January – 30 June 1898), he was forced to contend with the rise of political parties. Both the Liberal Party and the Shimpotō opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the lower house of the Imperial Diet and called for general election. As a result, both parties merged into the Kenseitō, won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.[citation needed]
Itō returned to office as
Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the
While Prime Minister, Itō invited Professor
As Resident-General of Korea
On 9 November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Itō arrived in
On 17 November 1905, Itō and Japanese Field Marshal
After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first
While Itō was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, he also opposed its annexation, advocating instead that the territory should be treated as a protectorate. When the cabinet voted in favor of annexing Korea, he proposed that the process be delayed in the hopes that the decision could eventually be reversed.[22] However, Itō ultimately changed his mind and approved plans to have the region annexed on 10 April 1909. Despite changing his position, he was forced to resign on 14 June 1909 by the Imperial Japanese Army (one of the foremost advocates for Korea's annexation).[23] His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty.[24]
Death
Itō arrived at the Harbin railway station on 26 October 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. There An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist[24] and independence activist,[25][26] fired six shots, three of which hit Itō in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Akitsushima, and he was accorded a state funeral on 4 November 1909 at Hibiya Park.[27] An Jung-geun later listed "15 reasons why Itō should be killed" at his trial.[28][29] On 14 February 1910, Ahn was sentenced to death by hanging, Yu to two years in prison, and Cao and Liu to one year and six months in prison for murder and crimes against the Imperial Japanese Government.
Legacy
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (March 2015) |
In Japan
- A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Series C 1,000 yen note from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984.
- The publishing company Hakubunkan takes its name from Hakubun, an alternate pronunciation of Itō's given name.
Itō Hirobumi former residence in Hagi
The house where Itō lived from age 14 in Hagi after his father was adopted by Itō Naoemon still exists, and is preserved as a museum. It is a one-story house with a thatched roof and a gabled roof, with a total floor area of 29
In Korea
The
Itō has been portrayed several times in Korean cinema. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's An Jung-gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi in 1979 and South Korea's Thomas Ahn Joong Keun in 2004; both films made his assassin An Jung-geun the protagonist. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is a biopic of Itō's alleged adopted Korean daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1952).
Itō argued the
Itō memorial temple built
On 26 October 1932, the Japanese unveiled in Seoul the Hakubun-ji 博文寺 Buddhist Temple dedicated to Prince Itō. Full official name "Prince Itō Memorial Temple (伊藤公爵祈念寺院)". Situated in then Susumu Tadashidan Park on the north slope of Namsan, which after liberation became Jangchungdan Park 장충단 공원. From October 1945, the main hall served as student home, ca. 1960 replaced by a guest house of the Park Chung-Hee administration, then reconstructed and again a student guest house. In 1979 it was incorporated into the grounds of the Shilla Hotel then opened. Several other parts of the temple are still at the site.
Genealogy
- Hayashi family
∴Hayashi Awajinokami Michioki ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ Michimoto Michiyo Michisige Michiyoshi Michisada Michikata Michinaga Michisue ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magosaburō Nobukatsu ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Magoemon Nobuyoshi ┃ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓ ┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃ ┃ ┃ Nobuaki Sakuzaemon Sojyurō Matazaemon ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃Hayasi Hanroku ┃ Nobuhisa Genzō ┃ ┃ ┣━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ Sōzaemon Heijihyōe Yoichiemon ┃ ┃ ┏━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━┫ ┃Hayasi Hanroku ┃ ┃ ┃ Rihachirō Riemon Masuzō Sukezaemon ┃adopted son of Hayasi Rihachirō ┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫ ┃Itō ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife Jyuzō woman woman ┃ ┃ ┃'''Itō Hirobumi''' ┃ ┏━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃Kida ┃Itō ┃ ┃ Hirokuni Humiyoshi Shinichi woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃Shimizu ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃Itō ┃ ┃ ┃ Hirotada Hiroharu Hiromichi Hiroya Hirotada Hiroomi Hironori Hirotsune Hirotaka Hirohide woman woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ Hiromasa woman woman woman woman woman ┃ ┣━━━━━━━┓ ┃Itō ┃ Tomoaki woman
- Itō family
∴ Itō Yaemon ┃ Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son ┃ Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son ┃ Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia article
Japanese
Peerages
- Count (7 July 1884)
- Marquess (5 August 1895)
- Prince (21 September 1907)
Decorations
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2 November 1877)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (11 February 1889)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (5 August 1895)
- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906)
Court ranks
- Fifth rank, junior grade (1868)
- Fifth rank (1869)
- Fourth rank (1870)
- Senior fourth rank (18 February 1874)
- Third rank (27 December 1884)
- Second rank (19 October 1886)
- Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
- Junior First Rank (26 October 1909; posthumous)
Foreign
- German Empire:
- Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Crown (1886)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (22 December 1886); in Brilliants (December 1901)[33]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon (29 September 1882)
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (17 September 1883)
- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (19 March 1896); in Brilliants (28 November 1901)[34]
- Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa(25 May 1885)
- Order of the Iron Crown(27 September 1885)
- Siam: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Siam (24 January 1888)[35]
- Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (26 October 1896)
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold (4 October 1897)
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1898)
- Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade III (5 December 1898)[35]
- United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division) (14 January 1902)[36]
- Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (16 January 1902)[37]
- Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Ruler (18 April 1904)[35]
Popular culture
Year | Title | Portrayed by |
---|---|---|
1980 | The Battle of Port Arthur | Hisaya Morishige |
2001–02 | Empress Myeongseong | Yoon Joo-sang |
2009–11 | Clouds Above the Slope | Gō Katō |
2010 | Ryōmaden | Hiroyuki Onoue |
2014 | Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends | Yukiyoshi Ozawa |
2015 | Burning Flower | Hitori Gekidan
|
2018 | Segodon | Kenta Hamano |
2018 | Mr. Sunshine | Kim In-woo |
2022 | Hero | Kim Seung-rak |
See also
- Japanese students in Britain
References
- ^ "Famous Alumni". UCL. 11 January 2018.
- ISBN 978-0691604848.
By 1878 Ōkubo, Kido, and Saigō, the triumvirate of the Restoration, were all dead. There followed a three-year interim during which it was unclear who would take their place. During this time, new problems emerged: intractable inflation, budget controversies, disagreement over foreign borrowing, a scandal in Hokkaido, and increasingly importunate party demands for constitutional government. Each policy issue became entangled in a power struggle of which the principals were Ōkuma and Itō. Ōkuma lost and was expelled from the government along with his followers...¶Itō's victory was the affirmation of Sat-Chō rule against a Saga outsider. Itō never quite became an Ōkubo but he did assume the key role within the collective leadership of Japan during the 1880s.
- ISBN 0-521-22356-3.
Now that Ōkubo was dead and Iwakura was getting old, the contest for overall leadership seemed to lie between Itō and Ōkuma, which gave the latter's views a particular importance. He did not submit them until March 1881. They then proved to be a great deal more radical than any of his colleagues had expected, not least in recommending that a parliament be established almost immediately, so that elections could be held in 1882 and the first session convoked in 1883...Ōkuma envisaged a constitution on the British model, in which power would depend on rivalry among political parties and the highest office would go to the man who commanded a parliamentary majority...Implicit in this was a challenge to the Satsuma and Chōshū domination of the Meiji government. Itō at once took it up, threatening to resign if anything like Ōkuma's proposals were accepted. This enabled him to isolate Ōkuma and force him out of the council later in the year.
- ISBN 9781598847420. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
In 1878, Itō became Minister of Home Affairs. He and Ōkuma subsequently became embroiled over the adoption of a constitutional form of government. Itō had Ōkuma ousted from office and assumed primary leadership in the Meiji government...
- ^ "Ahn Jung-geun Regarded as Hero in China". The Korea Times. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
- ISBN 0-8248-2829-1.
- OCLC 466068077.
- ^
Takii, Kazuhiro (2014). Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution. trans. Takeshi Manabu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415838863.
- ^ "Itō Hirobumi". Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ISBN 9781598847420. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ISBN 9781598847420. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
In 1878, Ōkuma was placed in charge of the bureau for land tax revision, where he attempted to enforce a series of unsuccessful programs geared toward financial retrenchment. Despite economic setbacks, his public popularity grew because he favored the immediate adoption of a British-style constitution and parliamentary government. Consequently, Ōkuma found himself the chief political rival and competitor of Itō Hirobumi, who championed the Prussian-style constitutional monarchy. In 1881, as the popular rights movement was gaining momentum, Ōkuma publicly advocated the immediate establishment of a national assembly. That stand placed him in direct opposition to Itō, and as a result, he was forced out of office in 1881.
- ^ ISBN 0-312-04077-6
- ^ "United States". The Times. No. 36594. 24 October 1901. p. 3.
- ISBN 0582491142), p. 118.
- ^ Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.
- ^ Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd", The New York Times. 22 February 1908.
- ^ a b "Business: Japanese Strip", Time. 8 May 1939.
- ^ "American Honored by the Japanese", The New York Times. 22 October 1899.
- ^ "Great Head Temple Sôjiji". 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- Fleming H. Revell Company.
- ^ United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918, p. 273, at Google Books
- ISBN 978-4-250-20414-2.
- ISBN 978-4000221795.
- ^ ISBN 0-231-12340-X.
- ^ "What Defines a Hero?". Japan Society. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "안중근". terms.naver.com.
- ISBN 978-1445571423.
- ^ "The Harbin Tragedy". The Straits Times. 2 December 1909. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ "Why Did Ahn Jung-geun Kill Hirobumi Ito?". The Korea Times. 24 August 2009.
- ISBN 978-4311750403.(in Japanese)
- ^ "伊藤博文旧宅" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
- ^ New DongA (in Korean). Retrieved 1 May 2012., Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... On 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. On 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... 1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 '동족(同族)'인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...1904 년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서]
... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the Russo-Japanese War
- ^ "Latest intelligence – Germany". The Times. No. 36639. London. 16 December 1901. p. 6.
- ^ "Latest intelligence – Russia and Japan". The Times. No. 36626. London. 30 November 1901. p. 7.
- ^ a b c JAPAN, 独立行政法人国立公文書館 | NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF. "枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書 明治ノ二". 国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "No. 27397". The London Gazette. 14 January 1902. p. 295.
- ^ "Court circular". The Times. No. 36667. London. 17 January 1902. p. 8.
Sources
- ISBN 0415471796; OCLC 40410662
Further reading
- Edward, I. "Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Itō-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95." Journal of Asian Studies 37#1 (1977): 61–72.
- Hamada Kengi (1936). Prince Ito. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
- Johnston, John T.M. (1917). World patriots. New York: World Patriots Co.
- Kusunoki Sei'ichirō (1991). Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
- Ladd, George T. (1908). In Korea with Marquis Ito
- Nakamura Kaju (1910). Prince Ito, the man and the statesman, a brief history of his life. New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
- Palmer, Frederick (1910). Marquis Ito: the great man of Japan. n.p.
External links
- Works by or about Itō Hirobumi at Internet Archive
- About Japan: A Teacher's Resource Ideas about how to teach about Ito Hirobumi in a K-12 classroom
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .
- Newspaper clippings about Itō Hirobumi in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW