Italy–Peru relations
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (July 2023) |
Italy |
Peru |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Italy, Lima | Embassy of Peru, Rome |
Italy–Peru relations are foreign relations between Italy and Peru. Both countries are members of the United Nations and the Latin Union.
History
History until 1821
The earliest Italians recorded in Peru were Simón Genovés and Pedro Milanés, who accompanied
The arrival of the
History from 1821 to 1870
After the
Before the unification of Italy, Peru formally established relations with the Holy See in 1852,[7][8] with prior contacts taking place three decades prior due to a mission sent from Rome to South America.[9] The establishment of relations with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Sardinia was also unsuccessfully attempted by Simón Bolívar, as these states initially showed no interest in challenging the status quo in Europe.[10] However, due to Sardinian interests in overseas commercial contacts established by the former Republic of Genoa, annexed by the Kingdom in 1815 and homeland of most Italian Peruvians at the time, the latter's opinion changed in favour of Peru, leading to the signing of a treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation on June 14, 1853.[11] From 1841 to 1846, Luis Baratta acted as the first consul of Sardinia and the Papal States in Peru. He was then replaced in the Sardinian consulate by José Canevaro in 1846.[12]
History from 1870 to 1906
Peru recognised the Kingdom of Italy on April 7, 1862. On May 3, 1863, both states signed a 10-year consular agreement and in 1864 the Italian legation opened in Lima, replacing the Sardinian one. A treaty of commerce and navigation was signed on July 27, 1869, and an extradition agreement was signed on May 21, 1870. The former was modified and approved in 1874.[13] Relations were formally established on December 23, 1874, with the signing of a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation,[14] although it was only approved by both parliaments in 1878.[15]
During the
The
From 1840 to 1880, a wave of Italian immigration reached Peru, with the 1857 census of Lima numbering the community at 3,469 people. In contrast to other colonies, the Italians assimilated easily into Peruvian society, with a local motto, "the Italian on the corner", referencing the commercial nature of the community in Lima.[18] Colonisation attempts were made again by Peru starting in 1872, with the establishment of the Society of European Immigration, whose efforts varied in success.[19]
After the ascension to the throne of
Nominally, consular agents that made their presence known were to be untouched, leading to Italians seeking refuge in buildings that flew the Italian flag. This was, however, not respected by Chilean troops. In Tacna, the house of consul Giovanni Raffo was occupied by Chilean troops searching for Peruvian soldiers. This led to a written protest by the consul on May 30, 1880. Similar letters were sent from neighbouring Arica and Lima, the latter occupied in 1881.[23]
Other colonies were guarded by warships sent by their countries to the Peruvian coast. The Italian government's poor response in the form of the arrival of three minor ships, among them two old corvettes, saw the Italian committee writing directly to the King on August 15, 1881.[24] An international coallition met with Chilean representatives, with their ships idling outside of the capital city to prevent looting and rioting, as had happened in the southern provinces.[25][26][27][28]
During this period, the Italian colony followed the example of their diplomatic representatives, flying the flag of Italy from their businesses and seeking documents to validate their Italian origin to protect their property from Chilean troops. One example was Antonio Raimondi, who asked for his documents to protect his collections of minerals and plants. Other members chose to support the Peruvians in places such as hospitals. One of the most notable contributions during this period was that of the Italian firefighter corps, who acted, in addition to their regular duties, as a law enforcement agency during the occupation. For this support, eleven firemen were executed by a Chilean firing squad. These efforts were recognised by the Peruvian government in 1892.[29]
After the war, relations between both states revolved around the property lost by the Italian colony during the conflict and the struggle for power between Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Nicolás de Piérola, with the Italians seeking compensation with varying success until 1893, when the Peruvian government started to work on the issue. In 1899, Foreign Minister Manuel M. Gálvez met with the Italian Envoy, Giuseppe Pirrone, to discuss the arbitration of the Spanish representative, Ramiro Gil de Uribarri, to finally solve the issue.[30]
During this period, Italian investment increased[31] and two treaties were signed in 1889 and 1893. The former was regarding the exchange of marital records and the latter was a consular agreement. An arbitration treaty was also signed in 1905 between Foreign Minister Javier Prado y Ugarteche and Italian envoy Tomás Carletti.[32] With the arrival of the 20th century, the Italian representative in Lima, Giovanni Viviani, began efforts to further diplomatic relations.[33]
History from 1906 to 1945
During
Two diplomatic incidents took place during this period: the Canevaro case , a lawsuit regarding the nationality of an individual that reached the court in the Hague, and the political asylum of vice president Roberto Leguía in the Italian embassy in Lima due to the coup d'état carried out by Óscar R. Benavides two days prior.[36] Both situations implied a constant communication between Foreign Minister Fernando Gazzani and Italian envoy Rufillo Agnoli.[37]
During the 1930s, when
After Sánchez Cerro's death, Óscar R. Benavides was appointed by the
Italy, a member of the League of Nations, also participated as a mediator during the
With the start of World War II, the Peruvian government released a decree of neutrality on September 5, 1939. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the German and Italian declarations of war against the United States, a meeting between the foreign ministers of the Americas was held in Rio de Janeiro. As a result, Peru severed its relations with Italy on January 24, 1942.[46] As a result, the military mission was expelled in January 1942 and the Caproni aircraft factory was expropriated, among other things.[47] In October 1944, Peru signed, alongside other Latin American countries, a document with its intention of reestablishing relations with Italy. Relations were thus renewed in November 1944.[48] After the war, a new wave of Italian immigration reached Peru.[49]
History since 1945
Italy did not initially prioritise relations with Peru after the war. However, by the end of the 1980s, Italian interest in Peru was the second most important for the country, only surpassed by Argentina.[50] During the latter half of the 20th century, a large number of treaties was signed between both countries.[51]
Diaspora
There are between 400,000 and 900,000 people of Italian descent living in Peru. Similarly, the Peruvian community in Italy are numbered at around 130,000 people.[52]
Resident diplomatic missions
- Italy has an embassy in Lima
- Peru has an embassy in Rome and consulates general in Rome, Florence, Genoa, Milan and Turin.[53]
-
Embassy of Italy in Lima
See also
- Foreign relations of Italy
- Foreign relations of Peru
- Italian Peruvians
- List of ambassadors of Italy to Peru
- List of ambassadors of Peru to Italy
References
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 22–23.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 23.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 28–31.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 31–32.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 43, 48.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 47.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 60–61.
- ^ "Exposición: CL Años de Relaciones con la Santa Sede". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 50–51.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 54–57.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 62, 64.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 66.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 71–72.
- ^ "Relaciones Político – Diplomáticas". Embajada del Perú en Italia.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 86.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 72–73.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 74.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 77–78.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 88–90.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 84–85.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 86, 93–94.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 96–97.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 98–99.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 99–100.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 100–101.
- ^ Cuya Vera, Ricardo (2017-09-13). "Petit Thouars: El hombre que salvó a Lima". Las Memorias de Miguel Grau.
- ^ Tamariz, Domingo (2018-01-14). "Profiles: Abel Bergasse du Petit Thouars". El Peruano.
- ^ "Du Petit-Thouars, un Français qui a marqué l'histoire du Pérou". 2021-05-14.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 101–102.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 105–106.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 110.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 107.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 112.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 117, 120–123.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 123.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 122–123, 127.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 127.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 126–127.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 130–131.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 131–132.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 132–133.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 133–134.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 135–136, 143.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 139.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 140–141.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 145–146.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 148.
- ^ Giner Vásquez, Renzo (2017-09-27). "Embajador de Italia: "Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas"". El Comercio.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 156.
- ^ Valdez 2003, p. 156–172.
- ^ "Relaciones bilaterales". Ambasciata d'Italia.
- ^ "Consulados en Italia". Consulado General del Perú en Roma.
Bibliography
- Valdez Arroyo, Flor de María (2003). Las relaciones entre el Perú e Italia (1821–2002) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Lima: ISBN 9972-42-626-2.
External links
- Italian embassy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish only)
- Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Italy (in Spanish only)
- Peruvian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Spanish only)
- Peruvian general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Spanish only)
- Peruvian general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Spanish only)