John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

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John Neville
Marquess of Montague
Bornc. 1431
Died14 April 1471 (aged c. 40)
Barnet, Hertfordshire, England
BuriedBisham Abbey, Berkshire
Noble familyNeville
Spouse(s)
Isabel Ingoldesthorpe
​
​
(m. 1457)​
Issue
  • Alice Montagu, 5th Countess of Salisbury

John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

KG (c. 1431 – 14 April 1471) was a major magnate of fifteenth-century England. He was a younger son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the younger brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker
".

From an early age, he was involved in fighting for

Percy family. John Neville was personally responsible for much of the violence until, with his brothers, they defeated and imprisoned their enemies. This was taking place against the backdrop of a crisis in central government. The king, Henry VI, already known to be a weak ruler, suffered a mental collapse which led to a protectorate headed by John's uncle, Richard, Duke of York. Within two years an armed conflict had broken out, with York openly in rebellion against the king, and his Neville cousins supporting him. John fought with his father and Warwick against the king at the first Battle of St Albans
, at which they had the victory.

Following a few years of uneasy peace, the Yorkists' rebellion erupted once again, and John Neville fought alongside his father and elder brother

King Edward IV
.

John Neville soon emerged, with Warwick, as representatives of the king's power in the north, which was still politically turbulent, as there were still a large number of Lancastrians on the loose attempting to raise a rebellion against the new regime. As his brother Warwick became more involved in national politics and central government, it devolved to John to finally defeat the last remnants of Lancastrians in 1464. Following these victories, Montagu, in what has been described as a high point for his House, was created

George, Duke of Clarence
, in March 1470.

During Warwick's exile, King Edward stripped Montagu of the Earldom of Northumberland, making him Marquis of Montagu instead. John Neville appears to have seen this as a reduction in rank, and accepted it with poor grace. He seems particularly to have complained about the lack of landed estate that his new marquisate brought with it, calling it a "pie's nest". When the Earl of Warwick and Clarence returned, they distracted Edward with a rebellion in the north, which the king ordered Montagu to raise troops to repress in the king's name. Montagu, however, having raised a small army, turned against Edward, almost capturing him at Olney, Buckinghamshire; the king, with his other brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled into exile in Burgundy.

While in exile, Warwick had allied with the old king, Henry VI and his Queen, Margaret of Anjou, Henry was restored to the throne, and Warwick now effectively ruled the kingdom, This return to Lancastrianism did not, however, last long; within the year, Edward and Gloucester had returned. Landing only a few miles from Montagu in Yorkshire – who did nothing to stop them – the Yorkists marched south, raising an army. Montagu followed them, and, meeting up with his brother at Coventry, they confronted Edward over a battlefield at Barnet. John Neville was cut down in the fighting, Warwick died soon after, and within a month Edward had reclaimed his throne and Henry VI and his line was extinguished.

Youth and early career

Montagu was the third son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury, and a younger brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker."[1]

John Neville's upbringing and career was entwined with that of the north of England and specifically, the marcher areas, the eastern and western borders between Scotland and England, controlled from Berwick and Carlisle respectively.

Jasper Tudor, his brother Thomas Neville, William Herbert, Roger Lewknor, and William Catesby.[5]

Middleham Castle today; this was his father's caput.

Feud with the Percys

Main article:
Percy-Neville feud

Sir John Neville was from the branch of the Neville family based at

Royal Council, a summons which was ignored by both.[9] Feuding continued through summer 1453, and even though they had been instructed to keep the peace, by 27 July, the council was issuing letters to Northumberland and Salisbury regarding their sons. This was followed by more letters to the sons.[10] In Knaresborough, the locals generally aligned themselves with John Neville due to the unpopularity of Sir William Plumpton (the king's man), from whom they began stealing with impunity, which resulted in severe injuries when the Neville brothers demonstrated a "show of force" in January 1454.[11]

John Neville was with his brother's wedding party when Egremont

Heworth Moor on 24 August 1453.[12] The next month, John took a raiding party and ransacked Egremont's Catton manor,[7] "breaking windows and shattering tiles."[13] With his brothers, Thomas and Richard, as well as the Earl of Salisbury, they faced the Earl of Northumberland and his sons at Topcliffe on 20 October 1453, although a peace was then negotiated.[14] The feud continued for much of the next year, and only came to a halt with a battle at Salisbury's manor of Stamford Bridge, near York on 31 October 1454.[15] Thomas and John confronted, and decisively beat, Egremont and Richard Percy, whom the Nevilles captured.[16]

Marriage

John Neville married Isabel

Countess of Salisbury, for his part.[21][note 2]

John Neville's marriage caused a dispute with Queen Margaret: even though Isabel was over fourteen years old (and therefore of legal age), the Queen claimed that Isabel was still her ward. As a result, Queen Margaret insisted that John pay her a fine for his marriage to Isabel: he was bound to pay her £1,000 in ten instalments.[22]

Wars of the Roses

Main article: Wars of the Roses

The king had become incapacitated in August 1453,

Duke of York being appointed protector and controlling the government.[24] By Christmas of 1454, however, King Henry had recovered from his illness, which removed the basis for York's authority.[25] Having reconvened the court at Westminster by mid-April 1455, Henry and a select council of nobles decided to hold a great council at Leicester. York and the Nevilles anticipated that Somerset would bring charges against them at this assembly. John Neville included,[1] they gathered an armed retinue and marched to stop the royal party from reaching Leicester, intercepting them at St Albans.[26]

The gate of Chester Castle; John and his brother were imprisoned here for a year.

Although only a small affray, it resulted in the deaths of some important people; viz. the

Lord Clifford.[1] It has been suggested that, whilst Somerset might have been targeted by York, the latter too might have been intentionally slain by the Neville brothers.[27] It was John who, after the battle, appears to have been responsible for the victorious Duke of York removing Sir William Skipwith from the household offices the latter held of the Duke.[28] Neville was said to have achieved this by pointing out how Skipwith failed to join York in battle; John Neville subsequently shared in the profits of York's redistribution of Skipwith's ex-offices.[1]

In December 1456, the new

chroniclers, would have become a "skirmish" if the mayor had not intervened.[30] As it had been John who had "spearheaded" the Neville retaliation to the Percies during their feud, Salisbury entered into a bond for Thomas and John's behaviour on 23 March 1458.[31] John, however, continued to receive commissions from the government. He was part of a delegation of twenty-two Ambassadors nominated to discuss breaches of the Truce with Burgundy on 14 May that year,[32] and two months later he was investigating the murder of a royal serjeant. In 1459, he was appointed steward of the Honour of Pontefract.[33]

Reconciliation between the crown and the sons of the dead lords of St Albans on the one half and of York and his Neville allies did not last, however.

retainer James Harrington[40] were captured. This might have occurred in their pursuit of fleeing Lancastrians[41] the next day[40] or alternatively they may have been injured in battle and had been sent home.[42] Either way, captured at Acton Bridge near Tarporley, Cheshire, the four were imprisoned in Chester Castle.[43]

John Neville was not released until July 1460. As a result, he was not present at the Yorkists'

attainted at the Parliament of Devils in October 1459[44][45] and only restored in August the next year.[46] He was not released until June that year, and remained in London during York's return from exile, and his claiming of the throne.[47] On 1 November 1460,[48] York appointed John the king's Chamberlain for a crown-wearing ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral.[49] He stayed in London as word arrived that Lancastrians were gathering an army in the north;[24] York, Salisbury, and John's brother Thomas marched north to confront them. On 30 December 1460, they went down to a crushing defeat outside York's castle at Sandal, at the Battle of Wakefield where York and Thomas were killed, and Salisbury captured and beheaded the next day.[1]

John Neville appears to have been Lieutenant of the castle of Calais, whilst Warwick served as its

Captain.[50] During the Protector's absence that winter, and after York's and Salisbury's death, alongside his brothers Warwick and George (the Chancellor) Neville was part of the head of government.[51]

Elevation to the peerage and war in the north

According to Benet's Chronicle, John Neville was elevated to the peerage as Lord Montagu in the January 1461 parliament.

St. George's Chapel.[54]

Map for Second Battle of St Albans by Ramsay.

By February 1461 Queen Margaret's army was marching south.[55] Warwick and John, with their "frantically raised" army, collected the King and marched north to confront the Queen's army on the Great North Road.[56] The two armies met on 17 February at the Second Battle of St Albans – this time, just outside the town. In the resulting encounter, Warwick was "outflanked and now outmatched,"[57] whereas John seems to have kept his army together up until the point the King's person was regained by the Lancastrians.[58] Montagu commanded the left flank of the Yorkist army, which itself was subdivided into a group of archers in the town itself, with the majority posted on Bernards Heath,[59] stretching eastwards towards Warwick's vanguard.[60] This "bloody and bitter encounter" saw Warwick and John's army defeated.[61] The Earl escaped;[62] Montagu was captured and sent to York Castle.[1]

It seems probable that he escaped execution after the battle because, as the

Milanese Ambassador wrote, "a brother of my lord of Somerset is a prisoner [of Warwick's] at Calais."[63][64]

Quartered arms of Sir John Neville, Lord Montagu, KG

As a result of his capture and imprisonment in York, Montagu escaped participation in the biggest and probably bloodiest battle of the

Carlisle, "with prompt action."[70] Carlisle had had its suburbs burnt and been under siege from June[71] by a Scottish-Lancastrian force, but was easily[72] relieved by him,[73] apparently killing 6,000 Scots and Lord Clifford's brother in the process,[74] before Warwick had even arrived.[75]

The military campaign that followed was focused on the recapture of strategically vital castles on the Northumbrian border.

dolerite spur which had the sheer drop of a cliff on one side.[76] Montagu besieged Bamburgh, the most important of these northern bulwarks, due to its distance from London and proximity to Scotland.[77] By 26 December 1462, when the garrison surrendered,[78] they "had been reduced to eating their horses."[79]

Montagu joined Warwick in escorting the chariot of six horses in the funeral cortege conveying the mortal remains of their father and brother from

western marches.[1] Later that year, he led an expedition to Norham Castle, which had been besieged by the Scots for the previous eighteen days, and relieved it on 26 July; this was followed by a Chevauchée into Scotland which only ceased when Montagu's force ran out of supplies.[83]

Royal patronage

In the meantime though, John received the first royal patronage of the reign, being granted the royal gold and silver mines in Devon and Cornwall worth £110 annually, for life.[84] This was followed by duty payments from York and Kingston upon Hull[85] and manors belonging to the dead Lancastrian Viscount Beaumont.[86] In June 1461 he received the wardship of Edward Tiptoft, the heir of John Tiptoft, during his minority, and also the lands of Lord Clifford (who had died at Ferrybridge in a sharp encounter the night before Towton).[87] Professor A. J. Pollard has noted, ironically, that Neville "had to earn his rewards."[85] In 1462 he was appointed Steward of the Household of the Palatinate of Durham,[88] for which he received around £40 a year. This was twice the salary his legally-trained and "non-noble" successors would receive from the Bishop in later years,[89] and has been described as a "unique post."[90]

Hexham and Hedgeley Moor

Main articles: Battle of Hedgeley Moor and Battle of Hexham
The battle site of Hedgley Moor, where Montagu defeated a Lancastrian army in 1464.

In spite of Montagu's and Warwick's northern successes in the years following Towton, a not-insubstantial Lancastrian army was still active in the area; it had been slowly re-taking castles, like Bamburgh, Langley, Norham, and Prudhoe Castles, between February and March 1464. This threatened Newcastle, a major Yorkist supply centre. Local Lancastrians were returning to their estates, such as the Cliffords, who regained their castle at Skipton Craven[91] with no royal response, military or otherwise. They "virtually controlled most of the country immediately south of the Scottish border", wrote Charles Ross,[92] although very few local gentry directly supported them.[93] The situation was severe enough that in April 1464 he was too occupied with the northern situation to travel to London, and was exempted from attending the Order of the Garter Chapter meeting on the 29th of the month.[94] He has been described as the king's 'resident commander' in the north[95] and a "confident and aggressive commander."[96]

In early 1464, the Lancastrians having coalesced in the

Humphrey Neville, by changing his route.[97]

The Scottish embassy he eventually collected at Norham had been delayed,[99] and it was on the return journey that the Duke of Somerset with Lords Roos and Hungerford, Sir Richard Turnstall, and Sir Thomas Findern and the bulk of the Lancastrian army (approximately 5,000 men)[91] ambushed Montagu at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464. The assault failed, and left Sir Ralph Percy dead on the field.[100]

Montagu, having delivered the Scottish embassy to Newcastle, left there on 14 May,

Lords Greystoke and Willoughby or picking them up en route[72] with other supporters,[102] to seek out the Lancastrians.[103] The next day, at Hexham – having crossed the Tyne "either at Bulwell or Corbridge"[104] – he attacked the rebels in their camp which was on the south side of Devil's Water river.[105] Montagu, his army swelled with new recruits from Newcastle, and men raised by Montagu's brother, the Archbishop of York, may have had up to 10,000 men.[106] Leading his army "forward at the charge,"[107] Montagu's attack soon became a rout,[108] with the Lancastrian army dissolving and attempting escape over the bridge.[102] Lords Roos, Hungerford, Findern, and Tallboys survived the battle only to be executed, on Montagu's order – and probably in his presence[109] – with the Duke of Somerset in Newcastle.[100] Following Hexham, Montagu ordered the largest number of beheadings the civil wars had yet seen.[110]

Earl of Northumberland

In May 1464, Hexham, Langley and Bywell castles surrendered to Montagu.[111] Eight days later, on 27 May, he was created Earl of Northumberland, while Henry Percy was imprisoned in the Tower.[112] The Earldom gave an income of between £700 and £1,000 a year.[113] This, wrote Cora L. Scofield, was his reward for his decisive victories, since the Crown "had played no direct part in them."[114] That summer Montagu recaptured the three Northumberland castles – Dunstanburgh, Alnwick, and Bamburgh – that had been previously lost.[115] Later that year – the "high watermark of his House, the zenith of the Nevilles"[116] – Montagu's brother George was appointed Archbishop of York, with John his Treasurer at his enthronement feast.[114] During the feast, John's wife Isabel, sat at the children's table, supervising Warwick's two daughters and the young Duke of Gloucester.[117]

Later years

Following the final crushing of the Lancastrian resistance, Montagu's role focussed on diplomacy and peacekeeping. In June 1465 he was commissioned to contract marriages "between English and Scottish subjects"

Louis XI of France. However, due to commitments in the north with Warwick, Montagu ended up taking no part in this campaign.[123]

In 1465 Montagu received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates,

honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles,[125] which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463.[126] On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.[127]

Warden of the Marches

The Wardens were the military guardians of the border from the late fourteenth century, and their salaries made them the highest-paid among Crown officers, but this was inclusive of the cost of raising troops and maintaining defence. This has also been described as controlling "private armies raised at the Crown's expense."[128] By the mid-fifteenth century, the Wardenship of the East March was the most important of the two northern marcher lordships.[129] Marcher Wardens were granted the right to recruit by their being "explicitly" exempted from the 1468 Statute of Livery, which restrained- or attempted to restrain- retaining.[130] Montagu, however, was allowed to continue retaining in times of peace as well as war.[131] At this point Humphrey Neville was still on the run, and Montagu required troops to be raised on various occasions; in 1467, for example, Beverley sent him troops to deal with Humphrey's resistance.[132]

Warwick's rebellion

In 1467, as part of his brother's plan for a closer relationship with the French, John and Isabelle accompanied Warwick in escorting the French King's envoys to Canterbury.

George, Duke of Clarence married Warwick's daughter Isabelle whilst anchored off Calais; this was in direct defiance of the king's own wishes.[135] It seems that Montagu, however, reacted strongly against his brother's machinations,[136] and, unlike him, was satisfied with his current position.[137]

On 27 October 1469, Henry Percy had taken his oath of fealty to the King, and had been released from the Tower.[138] The following year saw the return of Robin of Redesdale and another rebellion on behalf of Warwick.[139] Montagu was forced to come down from the Scottish border to suppress it;[140] this he did, but, one historian has suggested, albeit that he "allowed the leaders to escape ... ensuring that the rebellion could rise again" at a more opportune moment.[141] Almost immediately, Montagu was forced to crush another rebellion, this time led by a Robin of Holderness, but calling for the return of Percy to the Northumberland Earldom.[142] The Redesdale rebels soon reformed into an army big enough to march south and defeat a royal force at the Battle of Edgcote on 24 July 1469.[143][144] King Edward still accepted that Montagu was uninvolved in his brother's rebellion,[110] and in the event, Montagu was the only Neville to accompany the king on his journey from the north back to London.[145]

However, it was while Edward was in York that he ordered the rehabilitation of

English peerage.[148] Historians have since questioned, however, whether his new title had the gravitas that his previous Earldom had had,[149] and have even suggested that the king was "walking a tightrope" as to whether Montagu would actually accept it or not.[150] To compensate him for the loss of the Percy estates Montagu was granted the lands of the dead Earl of Devon,[151] and Montagu's son, George was created Duke of Bedford. These were substantial estates,[152] providing an income of at least £600 per annum.[151] Montagu was to be the new regional magnate – as he had been in the north – to fill an existing power vacuum.[153]

Rebellion and death

Montagu, though, was not happy with the new arrangements, and King Edward has been held responsible for turning Montagu from a friend to an enemy.

Battle of Empingham. Following the battle, Edward headed north where he was met by Montagu and Northumberland at Doncaster.[156] Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the Lincolnshire uprising had by now been established, and they fled to Calais. Further trouble broke out in the summer of 1470 in the north, with friends and relatives of Warwick in open rebellion.[157] The new Earl of Northumberland was unable to put down these risings, so the king, once again marched north to deal with it personally. Modern historians generally consider that these rebellions were a deliberate trap, instigated by Warwick and Clarence from Calais.[157] On 24 June 1470 the Wardenship of the East March was stripped from Montagu and given to Percy.[1] Edward was still in the north with Percy when he received word that Warwick and Clarence had landed in Dartmouth.[158]

At Doncaster, the king awaited Montagu, who was in the north raising a substantial force in Edward's name.[159] Edward waited; but on 29 September 1470, marching to the King, Montagu declared for Warwick. His last-minute, surprise defection from the king has been called "decisive".[160] The king was trapped; disbanding his army, and with a few followers, he escaped to Bishop's Lynn, sailing for Burgundy on 2 October.[161]

Readeption of Henry VI

Main article:
Readeption of King Henry VI

On 3 October, with Edward IV in exile,

Lord Clifford. He was reappointed to the Wardenship of the East March, with its salary, on 22 October 1470.[1]

However, Montagu did not profit from the new regime as he probably expected to. He did not regain the Earldom of Northumberland. Further, he lost some of the Courtney lands that had come with his Marquessate to the newly returned Earl of Devon.[162] Montagu had no active role in government, and does not seem to have sat in Council,[163] although he was appointed Chamberlain to the King's Household.[164] Although he was confirmed in command of the new King's forces in the north[165] and in possession of the manor of Wressle on 21 March 1471,[166] he did not regain any other Percy estates. Indeed, it has been suggested that his loyalty might still have been suspected by the newly arrived Lancastrians: having been summoned to the November 1470 parliament, Polydor Virgil states that he had to apologise there for his prior support of Edward.[167] Montagu even had to pay cash for the king's pardon,[168] which he only received after making a lengthy speech, declaring that he had only remained faithful to Edward out of fear.[169]

Montagu, having responsibility for the defence of the north, received various commissions of array, which reflected the government's knowledge that King Edward was equipping a Burgundian-backed fleet in order to re-invade.

Ravenspur, on the coast of Yorkshire; he had intended to land in East Anglia, but this had been established as being unsafe.[173] Montagu, it has been suggested, could have "snuffed out" Edward's army almost immediately had he moved fast enough.[173] Montagu was in Pontefract Castle as Edward passed by (where even his castle bailiff deserted him for the returning king, taking the castle's funds with him).[174] Montagu's army, composed of local militias, was probably in the region of several thousand men, between 6,000 and 7,000,[175][176] and increased as he trailed Edward south.[177] Montagu arrived at Coventry, where the Earl of Warwick was camped, in early April 1471;[110] this was probably the day after Clarence had defected back to his brother Edward, and taken his army with him.[178]

Battle of Barnet Heath

Main article: Battle of Barnet

By 12 April 1471, Montagu, with his brother Warwick and the Duke of Exeter, the Earl of Oxford, and Viscount Beaumont were approaching London with their army.[179]

Battle of Barnet, as depicted on a 15th-century Ghent manuscript

Edward, having arrived in London on 11 April and been reunited with his queen,[180] met Montagu and Warwick a few miles north of London, outside the village of Barnet. It is possible that he commanded a smaller army, perhaps of only 9,000 men,[181] and probably no more than 14,000.[182]

The battle on 14 April was a "confused affair" and fought in

Jean de Waurin wrote that, in the thick of the fighting, Montagu was "cutting off arms and heads like a hero of romance."[189]

The Earl of Oxford, commanding the right wing of the Neville army, broke the opposing Yorkist line, under William, Lord Hastings, early in the battle. Oxford's men proceeded to chase the fleeing soldiers, and ended up looting away from the battlefield.[1] Oxford managed to regroup his men, but, returning to the battlefield, as James Ross has put it, "disaster struck". In the time he and his force had been absent, the line of battle had shifted almost ninety degrees, so instead of returning to attack Edward's rear, he crashed into Montagu's section. The fog prevented identification, and Oxford's men fought with Montagu's. Montagu may, one chronicler suggests, have mistakenly seen Oxford's "Streaming star" banner as the king's "Sunne in splendour," and thus believe that the Earl had gone over to York.[186][181] Recently though, one historian has pointed out that, in fact, Oxford had never previously used such a cognizance, and it was more prosaically just a case of men confused by fog.[190]

At some point, possibly around this time, Montagu was killed; he was certainly dead before his brother.[191] The Arrivall chronicler states this occurred "in plain battle,"[192] and in the thick of the fighting, rather than in the rout that later followed.[193]

Aftermath

The bodies of Warwick and Montagu were laid out "on the morrow after" and "openly shewed and naked" in St. Paul's, to prevent rumour stating that they had in fact survived the battle;[194] Warkworth too said that the King personally directed this, and arranged for the corpses "to be put in a cart ... to be laid in the church of Paul's, on the pavement, that every man might see them; and so they lay for three or four days"[195] before granting permission to their brother George for their burial at Bisham Priory.[196]

Issue

By his wife Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441-1476), daughter and heiress of Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (d.1456) of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire (who survived him and remarried, on 25 April 1472 (as his second wife), to Sir William Norreys of Yattendon[197]), he had a son and five daughters:[197]

Arms

Montagu took for his crest "a griffin issuing from a ducal crown".

gobony argent and azure crescent" for differencing,[207] as a younger son, being a reference to the arms of Beaufort (Neville arms with label compony of Beaufort, borne as a difference to the paternal Neville arms (Gules, a saltire argent) by the descendants of the second marriage of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (d.1425) to Joan Beaufort, a legitimised daughter of John of Gaunt, 4th son of King Edward III). This coat, when he was made Marquis of Montagu, was later augmented with further quarterings.[208]

Notes

  1. ^ Isabel Ingoldsthorpe is occasionally also referred to as Elizabeth in Exchequer records.[17]
  2. ^ Although cf. Hick's Warwick the Kingmaker (131), in which he states that it was eight manors.

References

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  2. ^ Tuck 1985, p. 44.
  3. ^ Griffiths 1981, p. 403.
  4. ^ Nicolas 1837, p. 65.
  5. ^ Griffiths 1981, p. 699.
  6. ^ Wolffe 1981, p. 268.
  7. ^ a b Pollard 1990, p. 256.
  8. ^ Storey 1966, p. 129.
  9. ^ Nicolas 1837, p. xlii.
  10. ^ Nicolas 1837, p. xlvii.
  11. ^ Wilcock 2004, p. 60.
  12. ^ Griffiths 1968, p. 597.
  13. ^ Griffiths 1968, p. 603.
  14. ^ Storey 1966, p. 132.
  15. ^ Wolffe 1981, p. 274.
  16. ^ Storey 1966, p. 149.
  17. ^ Selden Society 1933, pp. 138–40.
  18. ^ Hicks 1998, p. 130.
  19. ^ Pollard 2007, p. 34.
  20. ^ Davis 2004, p. 172.
  21. ^ Hicks 1986, p. 323.
  22. ^ Hicks 1998, pp. 130–31.
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  24. ^ a b Watts 2004.
  25. ^ Hicks 2010, p. 107.
  26. ^ Carpenter 1997, pp. 134–35.
  27. ^ Armstrong 1960, p. 46.
  28. ^ Lander 1976, p. 210 n. 34.
  29. ^ Goodwin 2011, p. 93.
  30. ^ Griffiths 1981, p. 800.
  31. ^ Griffiths 1968, p. 628.
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  33. ^ Somerville 1953, p. 514.
  34. ^ Pollard 2004.
  35. ^ a b Carpenter 1997, p. 145.
  36. ^ Hicks 2010, p. 143.
  37. ^ Gillingham 1990, p. 103.
  38. ^ Simons 1966, p. 38.
  39. ^ Harriss 2006, p. 639.
  40. ^ a b Pollard 1990, p. 272.
  41. ^ a b Simons 1966, p. 53.
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  43. ^ Clayton 1980, p. 118.
  44. ^ Wolffe 1981, p. 320 & n. 33.
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  72. ^ a b Ross 1974, p. 60.
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  74. ^ Summerson 1996, p. 89.
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  76. ^ Sadler 2006, p. 349.
  77. ^ Jacob 1993, p. 529.
  78. ^ Goodman 1990, p. 61.
  79. ^ N. C. H. C. 1893, p. 45.
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Bibliography

External links
Peerage of England
Preceded by Baron Montagu
1461 – 25 March 1470 		Extinct
New creation Marquess of Montagu
25 March 1470 – 14 April 1471
Vacant
Title last held by
Henry Percy, 3rd Earl
as holder until 1461 		Earl of Northumberland
27 May 1464 – 25 March 1470 		Succeeded by
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