Kermanshah
Kurdish: کرماشان
کرمانشاه | |
---|---|
City | |
Kermanshah | |
Panoramic, Takyeh Beyglarbeygi, Imad Doulah Mosque, Takyeh Moaven-ol-Molk (Tekiye Moaven Al Molk), Jameh Mosque of Shafei, Taq-e Bostan | |
UTC+3:30 (IRST) | |
Postal code | 67146 |
Area code | 083 |
Climate | Csa |
Website | kermanshah |
Kermanshah (
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 784,602 in 202,588 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 851,405 people in 242,311 households.[7]
Kermanshah is the largest
Etymology
"Kermanshah" derives from the
History
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1986 | 560,514 | — |
1991 | 624,084 | +2.17% |
1996 | 692,986 | +2.12% |
2006 | 794,863 | +1.38% |
2011 | 851,405 | +1.38% |
2016 | 946,651 | +2.14% |
source:[23] |
Prehistory
Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and Neolithic villages, Kermanshah is considered one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, the Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some hand axes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in various parts of the province, especially in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht, Tang-e Malaverd and near Taq-e Bostan.
Neanderthal Man existed in the Kermanshah region during this period and the only discovered skeletal remains of this early human in Iran was found in three caves and rock shelter situated in Kermanshah province.[24] The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Qobeh, Malaverd and Do-Ashkaft Cave. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago.
This is about the same time that the first
Remains of later village occupations and early Bronze Age are found in a number of mound sites in the city itself.
The city contains 4 archaeological mound sites: Chogha Kaboud, Chogha Golan, Morad Hasel, and Tappa Gawri.
Sassanid Kermanshah
In ancient
It was a glorious city in
Islamic era
Kermanshah was conquered by the
Modern history
Occupied by the
Climate
Kermanshah has a climate which is heavily influenced by the proximity of the
Highest recorded temperature: 44.1 °C (111.4 °F) on 13 July 1998
Lowest recorded temperature: −27.0 °C (−16.6 °F) on 6 February 1974[32]
Climate data for Kermanshah (1991–2020, extremes 1951-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
43.0 (109.4) |
44.1 (111.4) |
44.0 (111.2) |
40.4 (104.7) |
34.4 (93.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
44.1 (111.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.6 (101.5) |
33.6 (92.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
7.1 (44.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.0 (−11.2) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.1 (2.25) |
56.0 (2.20) |
68.4 (2.69) |
59.0 (2.32) |
25.5 (1.00) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.3 (0.01) |
2.6 (0.10) |
32.9 (1.30) |
61.1 (2.41) |
51.6 (2.03) |
416.4 (16.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 3 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 50.1 |
Average rainy days | 7.9 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 9.1 | 9 | 66.3 |
Average snowy days | 5.4 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 14.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 61 | 54 | 52 | 43 | 23 | 19 | 18 | 21 | 35 | 56 | 66 | 43 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
1.4 (34.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 154 | 160 | 198 | 216 | 272 | 339 | 341 | 338 | 303 | 245 | 186 | 158 | 2,910 |
Source 1: NCEI[33]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (snow/sleet days 1951-2010,[34] (records)[32] |
Main sights
Kermanshah sights include
Taq-e Bostan
The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sassanids, include representations of the investitures of Ardashir II (379–383) and Shapur III (383–388). Like other Sassanid symbols, Taghbostan and its relief patterns accentuate power, religious tendencies, glory, honor, the vastness of the court, game and fighting spirit, festivity, joy, and rejoicing.
Sassanid kings chose a beautiful setting for their rock reliefs along an historic Silk Road caravan route waypoint and campground. The reliefs are adjacent a sacred spring that empties into a large reflecting pool at the base of a mountain cliff.
One of the most impressive reliefs inside the largest grotto or ivan is the gigantic
Behistun
The Behistun inscription is considered as a
The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different
The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 meters wide, and 100 meters up a
Qajar dynasty monuments
Bazaars
Kermanshah is home to at least one
Churches
Economy
Kermanshah is one of the western agricultural core of Iran that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, however Kermanshah is emerging as a fairly important industrial city; there are two industrial centers with more than 256 manufacturing units in the suburb of the city. These industries include petrochemical refinery, textile manufacturing, food processing, carpet making, sugar refining, and the production of electrical equipment and tools. Kermanshah Oil Refining Company (KORC) established in 1932 by British companies, is one of the major industries in the city. After recent changes in Iraq, Kermanshah has become one of the main importing and exporting gates of Iran.
Education
Higher education
More than 49 thousands students are educating in 9 governmental and private universities in the city. Established in 1968 as the Kermanshah Graduate School of Nursing, the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was the first university in the west part of Iran. The medical school as a division of Razi University was established in 1976 and admitted some students in general practice. Razi University established in 1972 was the second university in the west part of Iran and is the most-prominent higher education institute in Kermanshah province and also west part of the country.[39] In 2020, Razi University ranked 24th in Iran and 1300th in the world by the U.S. News in universities of all countries of the world based upon 13 factors.[40]
Some of Kermanshah universities are:
- Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah[41]
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah University of Technology[42]
- Payame Noor University
- Razi University
Schools
Mohtashamiyeh (Persian: محتشمیه), established in 1899, was the first modern school in Kermanshah founded by Husseinali-Khan Mohandes-e Guran. Khalq Study Hall (Persian: قرائتخانۀ خلق) was the first study hall in Kermanshah and also an adult school founded in 1909.[43] Alliance Israélite school of Kermanshah founded by the Alliance Israélite Universelle in 1904.[44] The Azodiyeh State School for Misses (Persian: مدرسه دولتی دوشیزگان عضدیه) was the first girls' school, founded in 1922. The first private school in Kermanshah was founded in 1991.
Notable people
Arts
- Ali Mohammad Afghani, novelist
- Tanbourmaster
- Mahshid Amirshahi, writer
- Nozar Azadi, actor
- Ali Ashraf Darvishian, novelist and writer
- Pouran Derakhshandeh, film director, producer, screenwriter
- Reza Shafiei Jam, actor
- Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor, calligrapher
- Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, writer
- Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi, poet, lyricist
- Alexis Kouros, writer, documentary-maker, director, and producer
- Abolghasem Lahouti, poet
- Doris Lessing, writer, 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (born in Kermanshah to British parents)
- Aref Lorestani, actor, comedian
- Shahram Mokri, film director
- Nicky Nodjoumi, modern painter
- Reza Fieze Norouzi, actor
- Guity Novin, painter & graphic designer
- Mohammad Salemy, artist, curator, writer
- Persian Literature
Music
- Evin Agassi, singer
- Kayhan Kalhor, musician
- Mojtaba Mirzadeh, master of violin and setar
- Roknoddin Mokhtari, violin player
- Ali Akbar Moradi, musician and tanbour player
- Shahram Nazeri, vocalist and musician
- Sohrab Pournazeri, musician
- Sousan(Golandam Taherkhani), singer
- Marganita Vogt-Khofri, pianist, classical musician, and vocalist
- Bahramji, musician and santur player
Politics and military
- Ebrahim Azizi, member and spokesman of the Guardian Council
- Imperial Iranian Army and the Imperial Guard
- Amir Hossein Rabii, commander of the Imperial Iranian Air Force
- Swedish Riksdag
- Karim Sanjabi, Iran's attorney during oil nationalization movement, former foreign minister
- Bijan Namdar Zangeneh, minister of Petroleum
- Yar Mohammadkhan Kermanshahi A pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution[45]
Sciences
- Shahram Amiri, nuclear scientist
- Massoud Azarnoush, archaeologist
- Al-Dinawari, botanist, historian, geographer, astronomer and mathematician
- Fereidoun Biglari, archaeologist
Sports
- UFCfighter
- Kourosh Bagheri, world weightlifting champion
- rower
- Ali Mazaheri, 2006 Asian Games gold medalist, Asian champion & Olympic boxer
- freestyle wrestler& Iran's national team coach
- freestyle wrestler
- freestyle wrestler and nephew of Mohammad Hossein Mohebbi and Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi
- Mohammad Ranjbar, former Iran national football team player and head coach
- Kianoush Rostami, world weight lifting champion
- Neda Shahsavari, table tennis champion
- Mohammad Torkashvand, volleyball champion
- Iran Basketball Federation
- Peter Warr, businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams
- Saeid Ahmadi, world champion gold and silver medalist in karate
- Seyyedmasoud Derekeh, World Combat Games 2013 kickboxing champion silver medalist, WakoAsian kickboxing champion gold medalist, European Championship Tbilisi K-1 Georgia gold medalist, World Champion Iran 2011
Gallery
-
Anahita Temple in Kangavar
-
Mount Dalekhani
-
Ghouri Ghaleh Cave
-
Close-Up of Bisotun Inscription
-
Taghbostan Carving [fn 1]
Twin towns – sister cities
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See also
Footnotes
References
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (14 July 2023). "Kermanshah, Kermanshah County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 05. Archived from the original (Excel) on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Population and Housing Censuses at Statistical Center of Iran website.
- ^ Kermanshah can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3070245" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ "Kermanshah, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2021". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 05. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 05. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. "Atlas of the Languages of Iran". iranatlas.net. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "معاون امور عمرانی استانداری: کرمانشاه بزرگترین شهر کردنشین جهان است - ایرنا". شهرخبر. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "کرمانشاه؛ پرجمعیت ترین شهر کردنشین ایران". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "اورمیا - بزرگترین شهر کردنشین جهان مشخص شد". Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ Iran Chamber society: accessed: September 2010.
- ^ روزنامه سلام کرمانشاه Archived 2010-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Persian (Kurdish)
- ^ آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه Archived 2018-09-01 at the Wayback Machine(Persian)
- ^ سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان کرمانشاه[permanent dead link] بازدید 2010/03/11
- ^ "Arrest of the Assyrian leader of the Kermanshah Church in iran". Assistnews.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE, Refugee Review Tribunal, www.justice.gov
- ^ "آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه". www.artkermanshah.ir. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1610693912.
- ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.
- ISBN 978-0191866326.
- ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
- ^ Iran: Provinces and Cities population statistics
- ^ "New study sheds light on second Neanderthal tooth found in western iran". Tehran Times - 29 August 2021. Tehran Times. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "Most ancient Mid East village discovered in western Iran". 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
- ^ "با 11800 سال قدمت، قديميترين روستاي خاورميانه در كرمانشاه كشف شد". 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Dehkhoda: Kermanshah Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ J. Limbert. (1968). The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies, 1.2: pp. 41-51.
- ^ G. Asatrian. (2009). Prolegemona to the Study of Kurds. Iran and the Caucasus, 13.1: pp. 1-58.
- ^ James, Boris. (2006). Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources. Seminar at the American University of Beirut, pp. 6-7.
- ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them."[1] Archived 2015-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b
- "Highest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- NOAA. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "No. of days with snow or sleet in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- ^ "طاق بستان کجاست؟ | وبلاگ اسنپ تریپ". Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ "Jame-Shafeie Mosque".
- ^ "سازمان ميراث فرهنگي، گردشگري و صنايع دستي استان كرمانشاه". Kermanshahmiras.ir. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ Salehnezhad, Narges (25 June 2016). "تاریکه بازار؛ معرف تاریخ شهر کرمانشاه". Kojaro.
- ^ "About the university". Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (in Persian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2013.
- ^ "Razi University". US News. 2020.
- ^ "iauksh.ac.ir". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
- ^ kut.ac.ir
- ^ Mohammad-Ja'far Panahi. "Libraries of Kermanshah". Encyclopedia of Library and information science (in Persian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Nahid Pirnazar (15 June 2017). "Kermanshah, The Jewish Community". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ "Lost in history; Yar Mohammad khan, an unknown but brass hat of Persian Constitutional Revolution". پایگاه خبری تحلیلی منشور توسعه آنلاینmanshooretoseehonline (in Persian). 17 July 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
Sources
- Borijan, Habib (2015). "KERMANSHAH i. Geography". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Borijan, Habib (2016). "KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Calmard, Jean (2015). "KERMANSHAH iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Pirnazar, Nahid (2014). "KERMANSHAH viii. The Jewish Community". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
External links
- [2]
- Pictures of Inscription and Bas relief of Darius the Great - Free Pictures of IRAN irantooth.com
- Photos from Bisotun Complex - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
- Photos from Taqwasan - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
- Photos from Moavenol Molk Tekieh - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir