Korean conflict
Korean conflict | |||||||||
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Part of the Cold War in Asia (until 1991) | |||||||||
The Korean DMZ, viewed from the north | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
South Korea | North Korea | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Kim Jong Un Former
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See Korean War for details of belligerents during the war. |
The Korean conflict is an ongoing conflict based on the division of Korea between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (Republic of Korea), both of which claim to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. During the Cold War, North Korea was backed by the Soviet Union, China, and other allies, while South Korea was backed by the United States, United Kingdom, and other Western allies.
The division of Korea by the United States and the Soviet Union occurred in 1945 after the defeat of Japan ended Japanese rule of Korea, and both superpowers created separate governments in 1948. Tensions erupted into the Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953. When the war ended, both countries were devastated, but the division remained. North and South Korea continued a military standoff, with periodic clashes. The conflict survived the end of the Cold War and is still ongoing. It is now considered part of the 10 frozen conflicts of this world and is considered one of the oldest with the Sino-Taiwanese conflict.
The U.S. maintains a military presence in the South to assist South Korea in accordance with the
Following heightened tension throughout 2017, and some parts of 2018, 2018 saw North Korea, South Korea, and the
The Korean border remains the most militarized private area in the world with the presence of the Korean People's Army in north; the Forces of the Republic of Korea and the United States Forces Korea (highlighted notably through the Combined Forces) in south and the presence of the forces of United Nations in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (JSA and Camp Bonifas).
Background
Korea was
Following the
Division of Korea (1945 - 1949)
On August 9, 1945, as agreed by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and advanced into Korea. The U.S. government requested that the Soviet advance stop at the 38th parallel. The U.S. forces were to occupy the area south of the 38th parallel, including the capital, Seoul. This division of Korea into two zones of occupation was incorporated into General Order No. 1, which was given to Japanese forces after the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. On August 24, 1945, the Red Army entered Pyongyang and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel. American forces landed in the south on September 8, 1945, and established the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea.[10]
The Allies had originally envisaged a joint trusteeship which would steer Korea towards independence, but most Korean nationalists wanted independence immediately.
In South Korea, a general election was held on May 10, 1948. The Republic of Korea (or ROK) was established with Syngman Rhee as president, and formally replaced the U.S. military occupation on 15 August. In North Korea, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) was declared on September 8, with Kim Il Sung, as prime minister. Soviet occupation forces left the DPRK on December 10, 1948. U.S. forces left the ROK the following year, though the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group remained to train the Republic of Korea Army.[17] The new regimes even adopted different names for Korea: the North choosing Choson, and the South Hanguk.[18]
Both opposing governments considered themselves to be the government of the whole of Korean Peninsula (as they do to this day), and both saw the division as temporary.
Throughout this period there were uprisings in the South, such as the
Korean War (1950–1953)
By 1950, North Korea had clear military superiority over the South. The Soviet occupiers had armed it with surplus weaponry and provided training. Many troops returning to North Korea were battle-hardened from their participation in the Chinese Civil War, which had just ended.[27][28] Kim Il Sung expected a quick victory, predicting that there would be pro-communist uprisings in the South and that the U.S. would not intervene.[29] Rather than perceiving the conflict as a civil war, however, the West saw it in Cold War terms as communist aggression, related to recent events in China and Eastern Europe.[30]
North Korea invaded the South on June 25, 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. In September 1950
Korea was devastated. Around three million civilians and soldiers had been killed. Seoul was in ruins, having changed hands four times. Several million North Korean refugees fled to the South.[31] Almost every substantial building in North Korea had been destroyed.[32][33] As a result, North Koreans developed a deep-seated antagonism towards the U.S.[31]
Armistice (July 27, 1953)
Negotiations for an armistice began on July 10, 1951, as the war continued. The main issues were the establishment of a new demarcation line and the exchange of prisoners. After Stalin died, the Soviet Union brokered concessions which led to an agreement on July 27, 1953.[34]
President Syngman Rhee opposed the armistice because it left Korea divided. As negotiations drew to a close, he attempted to sabotage the arrangements for the release of prisoners, and led mass rallies against the armistice.[35] He refused to sign the agreement but reluctantly agreed to abide by it.[36]
The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty for two Koreas.[37] It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it.[36] Despite its name, the border was, and continues to be, one of the most militarized in the world.[31]
North Korea announced that it would no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.[38][39]
Cold War period ( 1953 - 1991)
After the war, the Chinese forces left, but
The opposing regimes aligned themselves with opposing sides in the Cold War. Both sides received recognition as the legitimate government of Korea from the opposing blocs.[46][47] South Korea became a strongly anti-Communist military dictatorship.[48] North Korea presented itself as a champion of orthodox Communism, distinct from the Soviet Union and China. The regime developed the doctrine of Juche or self-reliance, which included extreme military mobilization.[49] In response to the threat of nuclear war, it constructed extensive facilities underground and in the mountains.[50][23] The Pyongyang Metro opened in the 1970s, with the capacity to double as bomb shelter.[51] Until the early 1970s, North Korea was an economic equal of the South.[52]
South Korea was heavily involved in the Vietnam War.[53] Hundreds of North Korean fighter pilots went to Vietnam, shooting down 26 U.S. aircraft. Teams of North Korean psychological warfare specialists targeted South Korean troops, and Vietnamese guerrillas were trained in the North.[54]
Tensions between North and South escalated in the late 1960s with a series of low-level armed clashes known as the
In 1967, Korean-born composer Isang Yun was kidnapped in West Germany by South Korean agents and imprisoned in South Korea on the charge of spying for the North. He was released after an international outcry.[59]
In 1969, North Korea
In 1974, a
In 1976, in now-declassified minutes, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense
The East German leader,
When North-South dialogue started in 1972, North Korea began to receive diplomatic recognition from countries outside the Communist bloc. Within four years, North Korea was recognized by 93 countries, on par with South Korea's recognition by 96 countries. North Korea gained entry into the World Health Organization and, as a result, sent its first permanent observer missions to the United Nations (UN).[82] In 1975, it joined the Non-Aligned Movement.[83]
During the 1970s, both North and South began building up their military capacity.
In 1977, U.S. President
Unrest in South Korea came to a head with the Gwangju Uprising in 1980. The dictatorship equated dissent with North Korean subversion. On the other hand, some young protesters viewed the U.S. as complicit in political repression and identified with the North's nationalist propaganda.[89][90]
In 1983, North Korea carried out the
In 1986, former South Korean foreign minister Choe Deok-sin defected to North Korea, becoming a leader of the Chondoist Chongu Party.[95]
In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a 98-metre (322 ft)-tall flagpole in the village of
Isolation and confrontation (1991 - 2017)
As the Cold War ended, North Korea lost the support of the Soviet Union and plunged into an economic crisis. With the death of leader Kim Il Sung in 1994,[96] there were expectations that the North Korean government could collapse and the peninsula would be reunified.[97][98] US nuclear weapons were removed from South Korea.[63]
In 1994, suspecting that North Korea was developing nuclear weapons, U.S. President
In the start of the 21st century, it was estimated that the concentration of firepower in the area between Pyongyang and Seoul was greater than that in central Europe during the Cold War.[104] The North's Korean People's Army was numerically twice the size of South Korea's military and had the capacity to devastate Seoul with artillery and missile bombardment. South Korea's military, however, was assessed as being technically superior in many ways.[105][106] U.S. forces remained in South Korea and carried out annual military exercises with South Korean forces, including Key Resolve, Foal Eagle, and Ulchi-Freedom Guardian. These were routinely denounced by North Korea as acts of aggression.[107][108][109] Between 1997 and 2016, the North Korea government accused other governments of declaring war against it 200 times.[110] Analysts have described the U.S. garrison as a tripwire ensuring American military involvement, but some have queried whether sufficient reinforcements would be forthcoming.[111]
During this period, two North Korean submarines were captured after being stranded on the South Korean coast,
South Korea ceased sending "North Korea Demolition Agents" to raid the North in the early 2000s.[72][112]
Conflict intensified near the disputed maritime boundary known as the
In 2013, amidst tensions about its missile program, North Korea forced the temporary shutdown of the jointly operated
In 2016, in the face of protests, South Korea decided to deploy the U.S.
In March 2017, it was reported that the South Korean government had increased the rewards to
Tension and détente (2017 - 2021)
The year 2017 saw a period of heightened tension between the U.S. and North Korea. Early in the year, the incoming U.S. President
Following the sanctions, Trump warned that North Korean nuclear threats "will be met with fire, fury and frankly power, the likes of which the world has never seen before". In response, North Korea announced that it was considering a missile test in which the missiles would land near the U.S. territory of Guam.[130][131] North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on September 3.[132] The test was met with international condemnation and resulted in further economic sanctions being taken against North Korea.[133] On November 28, North Korea launched a further missile, which, according to analysts, would be capable of reaching anywhere in the United States.[134] The test resulted in the United Nations placing further sanctions on the country.[135]
In January 2018, the Vancouver Foreign Ministers' Meeting on Security and Stability on Korean Peninsula was co-hosted by Canada and the U.S., regarding ways to increase the effectiveness of the sanctions on North Korea.[136] The co-chairs (Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland and U.S. Secretary of State Tillerson) issued a summary that emphasized the urgency of persuading North Korea to denuclearize and emphasizing the need for sanctions to create conditions for a diplomatic solution.[137]
When Kim Jong Un proposed participating in the
In September 2018, at a
In February 2019 in Hanoi, a second summit between Kim and Trump broke down without an agreement.[146] On June 30, 2019, President Trump met with Kim Jong Un along with Moon Jae-in at the DMZ, making him the first sitting U.S. president to enter North Korea.[147] Talks in Stockholm began on 5 October 2019 between U.S. and North Korean negotiating teams, but broke down after one day.[148] On June 16, 2020, at approximately 2:49 p.m., the North Korean regime of Kim Jong-un blew up the North-South Joint Liaison Office in the Kaesong Industrial Complex.[149] In late 2021, President Moon, nearing the end of his five-year term, convened a forum, "Declaration of the End of the War: The Limitations and Prospects" continuing to seek a diplomatic breakthrough; but this was opposed by some speakers, including representatives of the People Power Party.[150]
The end of détente (2021 - today)
On September 9, 2022, North Korea passed a law to declare itself a nuclear weapons state.[151] In November 2022, a U.S.-South Korean air force exercise called Vigilant Storm was countered by missile tests and an air force exercise by North Korea.[152] In December 2022, five North Korean drones entered South Korean airspace, eluding South Korean defences, one entering the no-fly zone around the Blue House.[153] In late 2022, the South Korean National Intelligence Service began a series of raids targeting alleged North Korean spy-cells.[154]
As of 2023, North Korean publications remained censored in South Korea.[155] Meanwhile, North Korea campaigned against foreign culture, while the US government sponsored the flow of outside information into North Korea.[156]
On January 5, 2024, North Korea fired 200 shells towards Yeonpyeong Island.[157]
In 10 January 2024, during a speech at the 9th plenum of the 8th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, Kim called for a "fundamental turnabout" in North Korea's stance towards South Korea, calling the South the "enemy".[158] He stated "the party’s comprehensive conclusion after reviewing decades-long inter-Korean relations is that reunification can never be achieved with those ROK riffraffs that defined the 'unification by absorption' and 'unification under liberal democracy' as their state policy", which he said is in "sharp contradiction with what our line of national reunification was: one nation, one state with two systems".[159]
Kim cited South Korean constitution's claims over the entire Korean Peninsula and South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol's policy towards the north as evidence that South Korea is an unsuitable partner for reunification.[158] He said the relations between the two Koreas currently were "states hostile to each other and the relations between two belligerent states" and no longer ones that are "consanguineous or homogeneous",[160] continuing by saying it is "unsuitable" to discuss the issue of reunification "with this strange clan [South Korea], who is no more than a colonial stooge of the U.S. despite the rhetorical word [we used to use] — 'the fellow countrymen'." Kim also instructed the WPK on reforming organizations related to inter-Korean relations, including the WPK's United Front Department.[159]
Kim further confirmed a shift in policy in January 2024, when he gave a speech to the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) calling for the constitution to be amended to remove references to cooperation and reunification, as well as specify DPRK's territorial borders and add an article specifying the ROK as the most hostile country.[161] He also rejected the maritime Northern Limit Line, saying that "If the Republic of Korea invades our ground territory, territorial air space, or territorial waters by even 0.001 mm, it will be considered a provocation of war". The SPA also voted on the abolition of three inter-Korean cooperation organizations; the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland, the Korean People’s Cooperation Administration, and the Kumgangsan International Tourism Administration.[161]
One of the symbols of this was the destruction of the Arch of Reunification in Pyongyang in January 23, 2024. North Korea appears to have demolished this large monument that symbolized the hope of unification with South Korea, according to analysis of satellite images.[162] Kim Jong-Un said at the 10th session of the 14th Supreme People’s Assembly of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: "We should also take steps such as the demolition of the "Monument to the Three Charters of National Reunification" which stands unceremoniously at the southern entrance to the capital, Pyongyang, in order to completely eliminate the very concepts of "reunification", "reconciliation" and "fratricidal" national history of the DPRK."[163] On February 19, 2024, North Korea has erased an image of the Korean Peninsula, viewed as a unification reference, from its major websites.[164]
On March 1, 2024, the government of President Yoon Suk Yeol plans to develop a new vision of unification with North Korea to include the principle of liberal democracy. South Korea plans to update its vision of unification for the first time in 30 years. This is the first revision of the Unification Formula of the national community, South Korea’s unification policy unveiled in August 1994 under the administration of late President Kim Young-sam.[165]
On Sunday, April 14, 2024, the Ambassador of the United States in the UN Linda Thomas-Greenfield arrived in South Korea to discuss the conflict.[166]
See also
- History of North Korea
- History of South Korea
- Korean reunification
- List of border incidents involving North and South Korea
- North Korea–South Korea relations
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Further reading
- Hoare, James; Pares, Susan (1999). Conflict in Korea: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0874369786.