Kuyavia
Kuyavia
Kujawy | |
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UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Primary airport | Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport |
Highways |
Kuyavia (
Etymology
The name Kuyavia first appeared in written sources in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno (Polish: Bulla Gnieźnieńska, Latin: Ex commisso nobis) issued by Pope Innocent II, and was then mentioned in many documents from medieval times. It is also mentioned in the chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek.[2]
Geography
In the north, Kuyavia borders with the historic regions of
General description
The Kuyavian lowlands have an average elevation of 100–130 meters above sea level. It is post-glacial landscape, slightly undulating, in some places there are moraine hills and sandy gravel embankments. In deep dykes and depressions there are approximately 600 lakes larger than 1 km2. Under the glacial formations there are layers of rock-salt and potassium, and under
Capital and region
The episcopal see of Kuyavia was probably Kruszwica, and later Włocławek (after the episcopal see in the early 12th century). The capital of this Duchy, and - from the late 14th century - the residences of the Voivode governors were Inowrocław, Brześć Kujawski, and Radziejów as the seat of the shared regional Sejmik council of the two voivodeships. Today, the biggest center of Kuyavia is Bydgoszcz.[5] Also the southern part of Toruń (Podgórz) lies in the historical region.[6]
Some ethnographers and historians, for example Oskar Kolberg and Zygmunt Gloger, count the lands of Dobrzyń and Chełmno north-east of the Vistula as parts of the Kuyavia region.
History
The Linear Pottery culture existed in the area.[7] The earliest solid evidence of cheese-making, dating to 5,500 BC, was found in Kuyavia.[8][9]
Middle Ages
The beginnings of the state in Kuyavia are connected with the tribal state of the West Slavic
According to Andrzej Bańkowski, the Polans had moved into the region of Greater Poland after they had to leave together with the Morawianie, their former Pannonian territories, conquered by the Avars. According to some sources, during the war with the Goplans, the Polans were supported by a Great Moravian army. As a result of occupation of the Goplans' territory, the lands of Kuyavia were under the strong influence of the Pannonian culture and they lost their primary Masovian spirit.
When the name Cuiavia arose for the first time in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno, it referred to the lands east of Greater Poland around Kruszwica and Włocławek, bordering with the Vistula river. The bull confirmed the position of the Bishopric of Kuyavia at Włocławek as a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Gniezno.
In the times of the Polish fragmentation upon the 1138
In 1306 Ziemomysł's son
Partitions of Poland
As a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772 the Kingdom of Prussia took a considerable part of Inowrocław Voivodeship and the western part of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, and included it within its newly formed Netze District. After the Second Partition of 1793 the whole of Kuyavia was taken by Prussia and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia. Upon the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit, it was part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and administered within the Bydgoszcz Department.
In 1815 under the provisions of the
Republic of Poland
Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the region. Within the Second Polish Republic, from 1918, the western part of Kuyavia belonged to Poznań Voivodeship, and the eastern part belonged to the Warsaw Voivodeship. In 1938 almost all Kuyavia became a part of Pomeranian Voivodeship. In 1934 the Muzeum Nadgoplańskie in Kruszwica was built. It was opened in 1939, and it had valuable collection of ethnographical objects, inter alia: furniture and clothing.
Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, it was occupied by Nazi Germany. During the occupation, almost all of Kuyavia was annexed into the newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland,[13] except the northwestern part with the city of Bydgoszcz that was annexed to the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Polish population was subjected to various crimes, such as mass arrests, imprisonment, slave labor, expulsions, kidnapping of children, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and extermination, incl. the Intelligenzaktion. Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region included Gniewkowo, Fordon, Otorowo, Buszkowo, Tryszczyn, Odolion and Borówno.[14] The Germans also operated subcamps of the Potulice and Stutthof concentration camps in Bydgoszcz, and the large Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, British, French, Australian and Soviet POWs in southern Toruń.[15] In 1945, the German occupation ended and the region was restored to Poland.
In the years 1945-1975 Kuyavia was in the borders of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. The Włocławek Voivodeship was created in 1975, and the western part of Kuyavia remained in the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. In 1999 almost the whole of Kuyavia was joined to the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Furthermore, small parts of the region were included in the borders of the Masovian Voivodeship (regions between the border of the province and Skrwa Lewa River) and Greater Poland Voivodeship (Przedecz, Wierzbinek).
Main cities and towns
City | Population (2015)[16] | Voivodeship in 1750 | Voivodeship in 2016 | City rights | Additional information | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bydgoszcz | 359,428 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
1346 | Former Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area.
|
2. | Włocławek | 114,885 | Brześć Kujawski | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1255 | Historical capital of Kuyavia. |
3. | Inowrocław | 75,001 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1237/38 | Spa town, former voivodeship capital. |
4. | Solec Kujawski | 15,642 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1325 | Part of the Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area. |
5. | Aleksandrów Kujawski | 12,515 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1919 | Part of the Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area. |
6. | Koronowo | 11,384 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1370 | |
7. | Ciechocinek | 10,791 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1916 | Spa town. |
8. | Kruszwica | 9,128 | Brześć Kujawski | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1422 | |
9. | Janikowo | 9,079 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1962 | |
10. | Barcin | 7,752 | Inowrocław | Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 1541 |
Sports
The most successful and popular sports clubs in the region include motorcycle speedway team Polonia Bydgoszcz, basketball teams Anwil Włocławek, Astoria Bydgoszcz (men) and Basket 25 Bydgoszcz (women) and volleyball teams Chemik Bydgoszcz (men) and Pałac Bydgoszcz (women).
Gallery
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12th-century Holy Virgin Mary church in Inowrocław
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Holy Trinity Church in Strzelno
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Bydgoszcz riverfront with the Bydgoszcz Cathedral and White Granary
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Church of the Assumption in Koronowo
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Graduation towers in Ciechocinek
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Solanka Park in Inowrocław
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Czarna Droga Lock of the Bydgoszcz Canal
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Bydgoszcz 19th century "The Eagle Hotel"
See also
References
- ^ Jakubiak, Sylwia (2014). "Legendy Kujaw.: Kujawy". legendykujaw.blogspot.com.au.
- ^ "Interklasa".
- ^ "Strugi, rzeki, kanały". www.nasze.kujawsko-pomorskie.pl.
- ^ "Interklasa".
- ^ "Kujawy atrakcje turystyczne Kujaw. Ciekawe miejsca w Kujawach, mapa, zdjęcia, zabytki i wycieczki Polskie Szlaki". www.polskieszlaki.pl. 30 May 2016.
- ^ "DIALEKTOLOGIA POLSKA". www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl.
- ^ Pyzel, Joanna (March 23, 2013). "Afterlife of Early Neolithic houses in the Polish lowlands". Past Horizons. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
- ^ Briggs, Hannah (12 December 2012). "Evidence of world's 'oldest' cheese-making found". BBC News.
- Smithsonian Mag.
- ^ [email protected], Marek Weckwerth. "W gnieździe Łokietka - Brześć Kujawski". pomorska.pl.
- ^ Administrator. "Kujawy". www.nasze.kujawsko-pomorskie.pl. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
- ^ "zabór pruski - Informatorium - Page 2". informatorium.ksiaznica.torun.pl.
- ^ Roztoki, Wojtek Z. (2017). "Wojtek z Roztoki. : Kujawy". madrosciwojtka.blogspot.com.au.
- ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 158–161, 208–209.
- ISSN 0557-2177.
- ^ "Lista miast w Polsce (spis miast, mapa miast, liczba ludności, powierzchnia, wyszukiwarka)". polskawliczbach.pl.
External links
- Website of Kujawy-Pomeranian Voivodeship (in English)