List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War

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American Revolutionary War
Armed Forces
United States
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Great Britain
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Related topics
List of battles
Military leadership

Several military leaders played a role in the American Revolutionary War. This is a compilation of some of the most important leaders among the many participants in the war. Militia: a part of the organized armed forces of a country liable to call only in emergency or a body of citizens organized for military service.[1] In order to be listed here an individual must satisfy one of the following criteria:

  • Was a nation's top civilian responsible for directing military affairs
  • Held a commission of at least brigadier general or rear admiral in an organized military during the conflict
  • Was the highest-ranking member of a given nation's force that participated in the conflict (if that rank was not at least major general)
  • Was the highest-ranking member of a given state/colonial militia
  • Was a provincial or territorial governor who is documented to have directed a military action
  • Was a Native American tribal leader who had a documented leadership position in military action

Some individuals held concurrent positions in more than one organization, and a number of Continental Army generals also held high-ranking positions in their state militia organizations

United States

Comte de Rochambeau
to his immediate left.

When the war began, because the American colonists feared a very strong armed force (also known as a "standing army"), each colony had traditionally provided its own defense through the use of local militia. Each of which had their own command hierarchy. Some states, most notably Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, also had their own navies.

Seeking to coordinate military efforts, the Continental Congress established (on paper) a regular army—the Continental Army—in June 1775, and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief. The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress, and Washington reluctantly augmented the regular troops with militia throughout the war.

General and Commander-in-chief

Name Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service Commentary
George Washington June 15, 1775 to Dec. 23, 1783.[2] Member of the Second Continental Congress. Former Colonel of the Virginia Regiment in the French and Indian War.[3]
Resigned at the end of the war.[4]
lieutenant general in 1798 and was posthumously promoted to General of the Armies of the United States
in 1976.

Continental Army

Major generals

Name Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service Commentary
Artemas Ward June 17, 1775 to April 23, 1776.[2] General and Commander-in-Chief of the Massachusetts troops.[5]
Resigned officially due to "want of health", but really did not want to leave Boston after the British evacuation.[6] 		The first overall leader of the assembled militia forces outside Boston after the war began, and ranked second in seniority to Washington in the Continental Army. He commanded the Eastern Department, which was largely responsible for containing the British at Newport, until 1777, when he resigned due to poor health
Charles Lee June 17, 1775 to January 10, 1780.
103rd Foot.[7]
Dismissed by Congress.[8]
 		An experienced British military officer, Lee had hoped to be appointed commander-in-chief instead of Washington. He was a somewhat difficult subordinate of Washington's, delaying execution of orders or deliberately flouting them at times. During the retreat across New Jersey from New York, Lee was captured by the British in a surprise raid. Quickly exchanged, he participated in the Philadelphia campaign. After he was convicted by a court martial for disobeying orders during the Battle of Monmouth, he resigned from the army in 1780.
Philip Schuyler June 19, 1775 to April 19, 1779.[2] Member of the Second Continental Congress.[9]
Resigned due to a dispute with Horatio Gates.[10] 		As head of the Northern Department, Schuyler planned the
1775 invasion of Quebec, but was prevented from leading it by an illness. He was active in the defense of New York in 1777, but the withdrawal from Ticonderoga led Congress to replace him with Horatio Gates. He was also active in Indian relations, cultivating the neutrality or support of tribes in New York
.
Israel Putnam June 19, 1775 to June 3, 1783.[2] Promoted from colonel of the 3rd Connecticut Regiment.[11]
Resigned officially at the end of the war. However, his active service ended in December 1779 due to a stroke.[12] 		Active from the first days of the revolution, Putnam led the forces in the field at the Battle of Bunker Hill. After performing poorly in the Battle of Long Island, Washington assigned him to do primarily recruiting in the Highlands Department. He suffered a stroke in 1779, which ended his military career.
Richard Montgomery Dec. 9, 1775 to Dec. 31, 1775. (
17th Foot.[13]
Killed in action during the Battle of Quebec.[14]
 Leading the
Invasion of Canada in 1775 as a brigadier, Montgomery was killed in the Battle of Quebec, without knowing that he had been promoted to major general following the Siege of Fort St. Jean
.
John Thomas March 6, 1776 to June 2, 1776. (
Massachusetts Militia.[15]
Died from smallpox during the retreat from Canada.[16]
 Active from the beginning of the war in Boston, Thomas commanded the besieging forces at Roxbury. Sent to take over the forces besieging Quebec City, he died of smallpox during the army's retreat in June 1776.
William Heath Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Massachusetts Militia.[17]
 Having a prominent role training troops in the early days of the war at the Siege of Boston, Heath spent most of the war leading the Highland Department, since Washington was apparently not confident of his ability in the field.[citation needed]
Horatio Gates May 16, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Royal American Regiment.[18]
 Served at first as Washington's adjutant, and then in the Northern Department. He was in command during the pivotal
battle of Saratoga in 1777, following which he lobbied Congress as a potential replacement for Washington. He was afterward given command of the Southern Department, where his army was disastrously defeated at Camden
in 1780, ending his field leadership.
Joseph Spencer Aug. 9, 1776 to Jan. 13, 1778. (
Brigadier General June 22, 1775 from Colonel of 2nd Connecticut Regiment).[2][19]
Resigned because Congress had ordered an investigation of his military conduct.[20]
John Sullivan Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 30, 1779. (
Brigadier General June 22, 1775 when member of the Second Continental Congress).[2][21]
Resigned due to ill health.[21]
 Active from the first days of the war, he led a relief column and ended up in command of the invasion of Quebec during its final weeks in 1776. He then served under Washington in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. He led American forces in the failed Battle of Rhode Island, and then led the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, which destroyed Indian villages in New York.
Nathanael Greene Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General June 22, 1775).[2] Brigadier General of Rhode Island troops.[22]
 One of the best strategists in the Continental Army. He served under Washington in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and served for a time as the army's
Quartermaster General. He led the ultimately successful campaign in 1780 and 1781 against the British "Southern Strategy" as commander of the Southern Department, effectively becoming the Continental Army
's number two general.
Benedict Arnold Feb. 17, 1777 to Sept 25, 1780. (
Brigadier General Jan. 10, 1776 from Colonel of 20th Continental Regiment).[2][23]
Deserted to the enemy.[24]
 A leading force in the early days of the war, participating in the 1775
West Point
to the British. The plot was uncovered and he fled to join the British, for whom he served until the end of 1781 as a brigadier general.
William Alexander Feb. 19, 1777 to Jan. 15, 1783. (
Brigadier General March 1, 1776 from Colonel of 1st New Jersey Regiment).[2][25]
Died in active service.[26]
 Spending most of the war with the Main Army under Washington, he was captured during the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and not long after that, exchanged for Montfort Browne. He also served with distinction in numerous battles in New Jersey. He died in 1783 shortly before the end of the war.
Thomas Mifflin Feb. 19, 1777 to Feb. 25, 1779. (
Quartermaster General.[28]
 Serving in a variety of roles during and after the American Revolution, several of which qualify him to be counted among the Founding Fathers. He was the first Governor of Pennsylvania, serving from 1790 to 1799; he was also the last President of Pennsylvania, succeeding Benjamin Franklin and serving from 1788 until 1790.
Arthur St. Clair Feb. 19, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General Aug. 9, 1776 from Colonel of 2nd Pennsylvania Battalion).[2][29]
 Leading troops during the Quebec, New York, and New Jersey campaigns, and then put in command of Fort Ticonderoga, where he made the critical decision to retreat before Burgoyne's advancing army. Publicly criticized for this step, which saved his army, he held no more field commands, but served as an aide to Washington for the rest of the war.
Adam Stephen Feb. 19, 1777 to Feb. 25, 1777. (
drunkenness and firing on friendly troops at the battle of Germantown.[31]
 Leading forces under Washington in the New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia campaigns. Following a misstep in the Battle of Germantown in which, against orders, he advanced his troops to a point where they accidentally exchanged friendly fire with forces of Anthony Wayne, Stephen was court martialed and cashiered out of the army.
Benjamin Lincoln Feb. 19, 1777 to Oct. 29, 1783.
Massachusetts Militia.[32]
 		Present at three major surrenders during the war. Active in the New York campaign, Washington sent him to assist
Battle of Bemis Heights. Next he was put in command of the Southern Department, he was forced to surrender his army to Sir Henry Clinton when they were surrounded in Charleston in 1780. Exchanged later that year, he was present at the Siege of Yorktown where, as second-in-command to Washington, he accepted Cornwallis' sword, which Cornwallis had sent his second-in-command to deliver. From 1781 to 1783 he served as Secretary at War
.
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette July 31, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783.[2] Captain in the French Régiment de Noailles dragons.[33] Serving with Washington in the Philadelphia campaign, he fought in the Battle of Rhode Island, and successfully resisted significant engagements with British forces in Virginia before the armies of Washington and Rochambeau arrived. He was a favorite of Washington's, who treated him like a son.
Philip De Coudray
 Aug. 11, 1777 to Sept. 15, 1777.[2] Chef de brigade in the French Corps-Royal d'artillerie.[34]
Died in a riding accident.[34]
Johann de Kalb Sept. 15, 1777 to Aug. 19, 1780.
Died of wounds received in the battle of Camden.[36]
 		Serving under Washington at Valley Forge, he was sent to the Southern Department with Horatio Gates when he took over that department.
Robert Howe Oct. 20, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General March 1, 1776 from Colonel of 2nd North Carolina Regiment).[2][37]
 Commanding the Southern Department, he led a campaign against East Florida that failed due to disagreements with state militia commanders, and was forced to surrender Savannah. He then served under Anthony Wayne in the Highlands Department, seeing action at Stony Point, and under Washington in the Main Army, where he put down a mutiny in 1781.
Alexander McDougall Oct. 20, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General Aug. 9, 1776.)[2] Former Colonel of 1st New York Regiment).[38]
 Active in the New York and Philadelphia campaigns, he spent most of the war in the Highlands Department under William Heath.
Thomas Conway Dec. 13, 1777 to April 28, 1778. (
Brigadier General May 13, 1777).[2] Colonel in the French Régiment d'Anjou.[39]
Resigned when he lost his command after the Conway Cabal had been revealed.[40]
French Revolutionary War
.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben May 15, 1778 to April 15, 1784.
Inspector General March 28, 1778.)[41] Former Captain in the Prussian Infantry Regiment von Salmuth.[42]
 		His military drills and instruction, which included swearing and shouting commands to officers, were especially helpful at
West Point.[43]
William Smallwood Sept. 15, 1780 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General Oct. 23, 1776 from Colonel of 1st Maryland Regiment).[2][44]
 Served with distinction in the New York campaign and was twice wounded at White Plains. He then served in the Philadelphia campaign, and was in the debacle at Camden in 1780. He also commanded the militia of North Carolina for a few months.
Samuel Holden Parsons Oct. 23, 1780 to July 22, 1782. (
Brigadier General Aug. 9, 1776 from Colonel of 10th Continental Regiment.)[2][45]
Dissatisfied and in poor health, he repeatedly asked leave to resign but it was not granted by Congress until the end of hostilities.[46]
Henry Knox Nov. 15, 1781 to June 20, 1784. (
Brigadier General Dec. 27, 1776 from Colonel of Artillery).[2][47]
 Chief artillery officer of the Continental Army. Active with Washington throughout most of the war, he brought Ticonderoga's cannons to Boston in early 1776, and saw the most action from New York to Yorktown. He oversaw the creation of an artillery training centre that was a precursor to the United States Military Academy, and later served as the first United States Secretary of War. Knox initiated the concept of The Society of the Cincinnati, formally organizing the society and authoring its founding document as the war ended in 1783.[48][49][50]
Louis Lebègue Duportail Nov. 15, 1781 to June 20, 1784. (
Brigadier General Nov. 17, 1777 from Colonel of Engineers).[2][51] Lieutenant-Colonel in the French Corps royal du genie.[52]
 He oversaw the improvement of defenses throughout the states and directed the engineering efforts at Yorktown.
William Moultrie Oct. 15, 1782 to Nov. 3, 1783. (
Brigadier General Sept. 16, 1776 from Colonel of 2nd South Carolina Regiment).[2][53]

Brigadier generals

Militia

Continental Navy

  • John Adams Famous Bostonian and Son of Liberty member, wrote the Navy's Code of Discipline. Additionally, through the Continental Congress commissioned the first war ships for defending the Colonies and seizing British resources from reaching enemy troops.[67]
  • John Barry was a captain in the Continental Navy. During his time as a commander he oversaw the commands of four American warships. He is known, along with John Adams and John Paul Jones, as the "Father of the American Navy".
  • John Hazelwood was a commodore in the Pennsylvania and Continental Navies, active in the Philadelphia campaign and siege of Fort Mifflin.
  • John Paul Jones was a captain in the Continental Navy and famously took captive HMS Serapis during the Battle of Flamborough Head after his ship, Bonhomme Richard, sank. He, along with John Barry, is known as "The Father of the American Navy".
  • Esek Hopkins was an established Sea Captain and Brigadier General of Militia from Rhode Island who was named commodore and commander in chief of the Continental Navy in 1776. He disregarded his instructions from Congress to take the fleet to cruise the Southern colonies, instead attacking British colonial holdings in the Caribbean in the Battle of Nassau. This act was Initially hailed as heroic, he was subsequently censured by Congress in August 1776, and was relieved of his command in January 1778.
  • James Nicholson of Virginia was the designated Senior Captain in the Navy for political reasons in October 1776. He was the senior officer in the navy after Commodore Hopkins's relief in 1778, but never exercised command over the whole navy because it had ceased to operate as an organized fleet.
  • Gaspee
    .

Great Britain

At the head of the British forces was the King, George III. From 1772 to 1778 the office of

Jeffery Amherst held the post, with the title of general on the Staff. He was succeeded in February 1782 by Henry Seymour Conway
.

Next in importance to the Commander-in-Chief was the

Lord North
's government.

Crown and Government officials

Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

Secretaries at War

Commander-in-Chief, North America

Sir Henry Clinton

Until the war was widened into a global conflict by France's entry in 1778, the war's military activities were primarily directed by the Commander-in-Chief, North America.

Lieutenant and Major Generals

Brigadier generals

Other notable officers

Major John André, Head of British Secret Service in America

Royal governors

Frontier leaders

Native Americans

Chief Cornplanter portrait by F. Bertoli, 1796

The following Native American leaders from various nations took part in the American Revolution:

Chickamauga Cherokee

Lenape

Miami

Mohawk people

Ojibwe

Odawa

Seneca people

Cayuga people

Shawnee people

Sioux

Wyandot people

German principalities

Great Britain hired the services of military troops from a number of German dominions of the Holy Roman Empire. The largest number arrived in 1776 pursuant to agreements signed in late 1775 or early 1776, but additional forces were recruited in 1778, with only limited success. The single largest contingent came from Hesse-Kassel, hence the term "Hessians".

France

Government leaders

Admirals

Generals

Spain

Dutch Republic

The Dutch Republic played a significant economic role in the war, but its military participation was limited, in part due to internal political divisions.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Webster, Merriam (15 April 2024). "Definition of MILITIA". www.merriam-webster.com.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Heitman 1914, pp. 9-10.
  3. ^ Fitzpatrick 1936, pp. 511, 514.
  4. ^ Chernow 2011, p. 455.
  5. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 568.
  6. ^ Tarbox 1876, p. 109.
  7. ^ Adams 1933, p. 98.
  8. ^ Chernow 2011, p. 436.
  9. ^ Krout 1934, p. 478.
  10. ^ Tucker 2018, vol. 4, p. 626.
  11. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 455.
  12. ^ Hubbard 2017, p. 173.
  13. ^ Adams 1934, p. 98.
  14. ^ Shelton 1994, p. 149.
  15. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 548.
  16. ^ Kohn 2008, p. 317.
  17. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 284.
  18. ^ Adams 1931, p. 185
  19. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 511.
  20. ^ United States Congress 1961, p. 1638.
  21. ^ a b United States Congress 1961, p. 1674.
  22. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 260.
  23. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 75.
  24. ^ Chernow 2011, p. 382.
  25. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 66.
  26. ^ Alden 1928, p. 175.
  27. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 3912.
  28. ^ Peeling 1933, p. 607.
  29. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 516.
  30. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 517.
  31. ^ Hannings 2008, p. 223.
  32. ^ Robinson 1933, p. 260.
  33. ^ Monaghan 1933, p. 536.
  34. ^ a b Tucker 2018.
  35. ^ Kapp 1862, p. 34.
  36. ^ Monaghan 1933a, p. 253.
  37. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 304.
  38. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 368.
  39. ^ Rossie 1975, p. 189.
  40. ^ Adams 1930, p. 366.
  41. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 518.
  42. ^ Lockhart 2008, p. 20.
  43. ^ Lockhart 2008, p. 301.
  44. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 500.
  45. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 428.
  46. ^ Clark 1934, p. 271.
  47. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 336.
  48. ^ The Origins of The Society of the Cincinnati, retrieved January 27, 2021
  49. ^ Thomas, p. 90.
  50. ^ Metcalf, p. 188.
  51. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 208.
  52. ^ Ferreiro 2016, p. 139.
  53. ^ Heitman 1914, p. 54.
  54. ^
    ISBN 0-8063-0176-7
    . Page 10
  55. ^ Major 3rd Bn of Associators "The Silk Stocking Co 1775
  56. ISBN 9781472818669
    .
  57. ISBN 9780299095109
    .
  58. ^ "A Horse's Tail: How a Legendary Piece of a King George III Statue Landed at the New York Historical Society".
  59. ^ "A Biographical Sketch of Captain Oliver Brown, Hayden, H.E." 1882.
  60. ^ "June 17, 1775 Letter from Joseph Palmer to John Adams".
  61. JSTOR 43565993
    .
  62. ISBN 978-1297743115
    .
  63. ^ "DICKINSON, Philemon (1739-1809)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  64. ^ Lewis, J.D. "The American Revolution in North Carolina, General Officers". carolana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  65. ^ "From Thomas Jefferson to Sampson Mathews, 12 January 1781 Founders Online, National Archives," last modified July 11, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0417. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 4, 1 October 1780 – 24 February 1781, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 343]
  66. ^ Bryan, Charles (October 25, 2014). "Richmond's Benedict Arnold". Richmond Times Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  67. ^ A Look at the Birth of the Continental Navy http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=49113
  68. ^ Dragging Canoe; By Ezzell, Patricia Bernard. (Tennessee Valley Authority); Tennessee Encyclopedia; accessed September 2015
  69. ISBN 978-0-313-30880-2
    .
  70. New York State Historical Association
    , ed. (1940). New York City Guide. p. 56.
  71. ^ Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. Vol. 5. 1872. p. 507.

Cited literature

  • Adams, James Truslow. (1934). "Montgomery, Richard." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 13, pp. 98–99.
  • Adams, Randolph G. (1930). "Conway, Thomas." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 3, pp. 365–366.
  • Adams, Randolph G. (1931). "Gates, Horatio." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp. 184–188.
  • Adams, Randolph G. (1933). "Lee, Charles." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp. 98–101.
  • Alden, Edmund Kimball (1928). "Alexander, William." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 1, pp. 175–176.
  • Alden, Edmund Kimball (1928). "Armstrong, John." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 1, pp. 353–354. [cited as Kimball 1928a]
  • Anonymous (1847). Washington And The Generals Of The American Revolution.
  • Barnes, Viola F. (1931). "Glover, John." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp. 331–332.
  • Broadwater, Robert P. (2012). American Generals of the Revolutionary War. McFarland & Company.
  • Chernow, Ron (2011). Washington. Penguin Books.
  • Clark, Jane (1934). "Parsons, Samuel Holden." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 14, pp. 270–271.
  • Coburn, Frederick W. (1936). "Varnum, James Mitchell." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 19, pp. 227–228.
  • Curtis, Edward E. (1933). "Larned, Ebenezer." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp. 77–78.
  • Curtis, Edward E. (1934). "Nixon, John." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 13, p. 530.
  • Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2016). Brothers at Arms. New York.
  • Fitzpatrick, John C. (1936). "Washington, George." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 19, pp. 509–527.
  • Fredriksen, John C. (2006). Revolutionary War Almanac. Facts on File.
  • Heitman, Francis B. (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army. Washington, D.C.
  • Hannings, Bud (2008). Chronology of the American Revolution. McFarland & Company.
  • Hubbard, Robert E. (2017). Major General Israel Putnam. McFarland & Company.
  • Kapp, Friedrich (1862). Leben des amerikanischen Generals Johann Kalb. Stuttgart.
  • Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence. New York.
  • Krout John A. (1935). "Schuyler, Philip John." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 16, pp. 477–480.
  • Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2020). Colonel Hamilton and Colonel Burr. Stackpole Books.
  • Lockhart, Paul (2008). The Drillmaster of Valley Forge. New York.
  • Meriwether Robert L. (1931). "Gadsen, Christopher." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp. 82–83.
  • Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies. Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.
  • Monaghan, Frank (1933). "Kalb, Johann." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 10, pp. 253–254. [Cited as Monaghan 1933a]
  • Monaghan, Frank (1933). "Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 10, pp. 535–539.
  • Monaghan, Frank (1935). "Pulaski, Casimir." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 15, pp. 259–260.
  • Moody, Robert E. (1931). "Frye, Joseph." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp. 50–51.
  • Pierpaoli, Paul G. (2018). "Maxweell, William (ca. 1733-1796)" In: American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO, vol. 3, p. 948-949.
  • Peeling, James H. (1933). "Mifflin, Thomas." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 12, pp. 606–608.
  • Nelson, Paul David (2018). "Lewis, Andrew (1720-1781)." In: American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO, vol. 3, p. 866.
  • Robinson, William A. (1933). "Lincoln, Benjamin." In: Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp. 259–262.
  • Rossie, Jonathan Gregory (1975). The Politics of Command in the American Revolution. Syracuse University Press.
  • Shelton, Hal (1994). General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution. New York University Press.
  • Straubel, Rolf (2012). "Er möchte nur wißen, daß die Armée mir gehöret." Friedrich II. und seine Offiziere. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
  • Taafe, Stephen R. (2019). Washington's Revolutionary War Generals. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Tarbox, Increase N. (1876). Life of Israel Putnam. Boston.
  • Thomas, William Sturgis (1929). Members of the Society of the Cincinnati, Original, Hereditary and Honorary; With a Brief Account of the Society's History and Aims. New York: T.A. Wright
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (2018). "Coudray, Philippe-Charles-Jean-Baptiste Tronson du." In: American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO, vol. 1, p. 272.
  • United States Congress (1961). Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1961. Washington, D.C.

Literature

Further reading

External links
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