Nathanael Greene
Nathanael Greene | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | "The Savior of the South" "The Fighting Quaker" |
Born | August 7 [O.S. July 27] 1742 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, British America |
Died | June 19, 1786 Mulberry Grove, Georgia, United States | (aged 43)
Buried | |
Allegiance | United States |
Service/ | Continental Army |
Years of service | 1775–1783 |
Rank | Major-General |
Unit | Kentish Guards |
Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War See battles |
Spouse(s) | |
Signature |
Major-General Nathanael Greene (August 7, [O.S. July 27] 1742 – June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict.
Born into a prosperous Quaker family in Warwick, Rhode Island, Greene became active in the colonial opposition to British revenue policies in the early 1770s and helped establish the Kentish Guards, a state militia unit. After the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, the legislature of Rhode Island established an army and appointed Greene to command it. Later in the year, Greene became a general in the newly established Continental Army. Greene served under George Washington in the Boston campaign, the New York and New Jersey campaign, and the Philadelphia campaign before being appointed quartermaster general of the Continental Army in 1778.
In October 1780, Washington appointed Greene as the commander of the Continental Army in the southern theater, where he was involved in several engagements, primarily in Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. After taking command, Greene engaged in a successful campaign of guerrilla warfare against a numerically superior British force led by Charles Cornwallis. He gained several strategic victories at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs, eroding British control over the American South.
Major fighting on land came to an end following the surrender of Cornwallis at the siege of Yorktown in October 1781, but Greene continued to serve in the Continental Army until late 1783. After the war, he settled down to a career as a plantation owner in Georgia, but his rice crops were mostly a failure. He died in 1786 at the Mulberry Grove Plantation in Chatham County, Georgia. Numerous locations in the United States are named for him.
Early life and education
Greene was born on
In 1770, Greene moved to Coventry, Rhode Island, to take charge of the family-owned foundry, and he built a house in Coventry called Spell Hall. Later in the year, Greene and his brothers inherited the family business after their father's death. Greene began to assemble a large library that included military histories by authors like Julius Caesar, Frederick the Great, and Maurice de Saxe.[6]
Family
In July 1774, Greene married the nineteen-year-old
American Revolutionary War
Prelude to war
After the
Commander under Washington
Boston campaign
The American Revolutionary War broke out with the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. In early May, the legislature of Rhode Island established the Rhode Island Army of Observation and appointed Greene to command it. Greene's army marched to Boston, where other colonial forces were laying siege to a British garrison.[16] He missed the June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill because he was visiting Rhode Island at the time, but he returned almost immediately after the battle and was impressed by the performance of colonial forces.[17] That same month, the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington to command all colonial forces. In addition to Washington, Congress appointed sixteen generals, and Greene was appointed as a brigadier general in the Continental Army. Washington took command of the Siege of Boston in July 1775, bringing with him generals such as Charles Lee, Horatio Gates, and Thomas Mifflin.[18] Washington organized the Continental Army into three divisions, each consisting of regiments from different colonies, and Greene was given command of a brigade consisting of seven regiments.[19] The Siege of Boston continued until March 1776, when British forces evacuated from the city. After the end of the siege, Greene briefly served as the commander of military forces in Boston, but he rejoined Washington's army in April 1776.[20]
New York and New Jersey Campaign
Washington established his headquarters in Manhattan, and Greene was tasked with preparing for the invasion of nearby Long Island.[21] While he focused on building up fortifications in Brooklyn, Greene befriended General Henry Knox and struck up a correspondence with John Adams. He was also, along with several other individuals, promoted to major general by an act of Congress.[22] Because of a severe fever, he did not take part in the Battle of Long Island, which ended with an American retreat from Long Island.[23] After the battle, Greene urged Washington to raze Manhattan so that it would not fall into the hands of the British, but Congress forbade Washington from doing so. Unable to raze Manhattan, Washington initially wanted to fortify the city, but Greene joined with several officers in convincing Washington that the city was indefensible. During the withdrawal from Manhattan, Greene saw combat for the first time in the Battle of Harlem Heights, a minor British defeat that nonetheless represented one of the first American victories in the war.[24]
After the Battle of Harlem Heights, Washington placed Greene in command of both
Philadelphia campaign
Along with the rest of Washington's army, Greene was stationed in New Jersey throughout the first half of 1777.
In March 1778, Greene reluctantly accepted the position of quartermaster general, making him responsible for procuring supplies for the Continental Army.[37] Along with his top two assistants, Charles Pettit and John Cox, Greene reorganized his 3,000-person department, establishing supply depots in strategic places across the United States.[38] As quartermaster general, Greene continued to attend Washington's councils-of-war, an unusual arrangement for a staff officer.[39] After France joined the war in early 1778, the British army in Philadelphia was ordered to New York.[39] Along with Anthony Wayne and the Marquis de Lafayette, Greene recommended an attack on the British force while it retreated across New Jersey to New York. Greene commanded a division in the subsequent Battle of Monmouth, which, after hours of fighting, ended indecisively.[40]
Stalemate in the Northern theater, 1778–1780
In July 1778, Washington granted Greene temporary leave as quartermaster general so that he could take part in an attack on British forces stationed in his home state of Rhode Island.
After mid-1778, the Northern theater of the war became a stalemate, as the main British force remained in New York City and Washington's force was stationed nearby on the Hudson River. The British turned their attention to the Southern theater of the war, launching an ultimately successful
Command in the South
Appointment
By October 1780, the Continental Army had suffered several devastating defeats in the South under the command of Benjamin Lincoln and Horatio Gates, leaving the United States at a major disadvantage in the Southern theater of the war.[50] On October 14, 1780, Washington, acting on the authorization of Congress, appointed Greene as the commander of the Southern Department of the Continental Army.[51] By the time he took command, the British were in control of key portions of Georgia and South Carolina, and the governments of the Southern states were unable to provide much support to the Continental Army. Greene would face a 6,000-man British army led by General Cornwallis and cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton, as well as numerous Loyalist militias that worked with the British. Outnumbered and under-supplied, Greene settled on a strategy of guerrilla warfare rather than pitched battles in order to prevent the advance of the British into North Carolina and Virginia.[52] His strategy would heavily depend on riverboats and cavalry to outmaneuver and harass British forces.[53] Among Greene's key subordinates in the Southern campaign were his second-in-command, Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, cavalry commander Henry Lee, the Marquis de Lafayette, Daniel Morgan, and Francis Marion.[54]
Strategic retreat
While en route to the Southern theater, Greene learned of the October 1780 American victory at the Battle of Kings Mountain, which postponed Cornwallis's planned advance into North Carolina.[55] Upon arriving in Charlotte, North Carolina, in December 1780, Greene went against conventional military strategy by dividing his forces; he would lead the main American force southeast, while Morgan would lead a smaller detachment to the southwest.[56] Cornwallis responded by dividing his own forces, marching the main detachment against Greene while Tarleton led a force against Morgan. In the January 1781 Battle of Cowpens, Morgan led Continental troops to a major victory that resulted in the near-total destruction of Tarleton's force.[57] After the battle, Cornwallis set off in pursuit of Morgan, burning some of his own supplies in order to speed up his army's movement. Greene linked up with Morgan and retreated into North Carolina, purposely forcing Cornwallis away from British supply lines.[58] On February 9, in consultation with Morgan[a] and other top officers, Greene decided to continue the retreat north, heading toward the Dan River at the North Carolina-Virginia border.[60]
With the British in close pursuit, Greene divided his forces, leading the main contingent north while sending a smaller group under Colonel Otho Williams to harass British forces. Greene's force outpaced the British and crossed the Dan River on February 14. Greene's contemporaries were impressed by the speed and efficiency of the retreat through difficult territory; Alexander Hamilton wrote that it was a "masterpiece of military skill and exertion." Unwilling to travel even farther from his supply lines, General Cornwallis led his army south to Hillsborough, North Carolina. On February 22, Greene's force crossed back over the Dan River to challenge Cornwallis in North Carolina.[61]
Battle of Guilford Court House
After crossing back into North Carolina, Greene harassed Cornwallis's army. In early March, he received reinforcements from North Carolina and Virginia, doubling the size of his force to approximately 4,000 men. On March 14, he led his army to Guilford Courthouse and began preparing for an attack by Cornwallis, using a strategy based on Morgan's plan at the Battle of Cowpens. Greene established three defensive lines, with the North Carolina militia making up the first line, the Virginia militia making up the second line, and the Continental Army regulars, positioned on a hill behind a small stream, making up the third line.[62] After skirmishes on the morning of the March 15, the main British force launched a full attack in the afternoon, beginning the Battle of Guilford Court House. The first American line fired volleys and then fled, either to the next line or away from the battlefield. The second line held up for longer, and continued to resist the British advance while Cornwallis ordered an unsuccessful assault against the third line. The British re-formed and launched an assault on the left flank of the third line, but were overwhelmed by Henry Lee's cavalry. In response, Cornwallis ordered his artillery to fire grapeshot into the fray, hitting British and American soldiers alike. With his army's left flank collapsing, Greene ordered a retreat, bringing the battle to an end. Although the Battle of Guilford Court House ended with an American defeat, the British suffered substantially greater losses.[63]
Campaign in South Carolina and Georgia
After the Battle of Guilford Court House, Cornwallis's force headed south to Wilmington, North Carolina. Greene initially gave chase, but declined to press for an attack after much of the militia returned home. To Greene's surprise, in late April Cornwallis's force began a march north to Yorktown, Virginia.[64] Rather than follow Cornwallis, Greene headed South, where he challenged British commander Francis Rawdon for control of South Carolina and Georgia.[65] On April 20, he began a siege of Camden, South Carolina, and established a camp at a nearby ridge known as Hobkirk's Hill. On the 25th, Rawdon launched a surprise attack on Greene's position, beginning the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. Despite having been taken by surprise, Greene's force nearly achieved victory, but the left flank collapsed and the cavalry failed to arrive. Facing total defeat, Greene ordered a retreat, bringing an end to the battle. Although the American and British forces suffered a similar number of losses in the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, Greene was deeply disappointed by the result of the battle.[66]
On May 10, Rawdon's force left Camden for Charleston, South Carolina, effectively conceding control of much of interior South Carolina to the Continental Army. In a series of small actions known as the "war of the posts," Greene and his subordinates further eroded British control of interior South Carolina by capturing several British forts.[67] On June 18, after undertaking the month-long siege of Ninety Six, Greene launched an unsuccessful attack on the British fort at Ninety Six, South Carolina. Although the assault failed, Rawdon ordered the fort abandoned shortly thereafter. Meanwhile, Greene's subordinates further expanded Continental control, capturing Augusta, Georgia, on June 5. By the end of June, the British controlled little more than a thin strip of coastal land from Charleston to Savannah.[68] After resting through much of July and August, the Continental Army resumed operations and engaged a British force on September 8 at the Battle of Eutaw Springs.[69] The battle ended with a Continental retreat, but the British suffered more substantial losses. After the battle, the British force returned to Charleston, leaving interior South Carolina in full control of Continental forces. Congress issued Greene a gold medal and passed a resolution congratulating him for his victory at Eutaw Springs.[70]
While Greene campaigned in South Carolina and Georgia, Lafayette led Continental resistance to Cornwallis's army in Virginia. Although Greene's command gave him leadership of Continental operations in Virginia, he was unable to closely control events in Virginia from South Carolina. Lafayette heeded Greene's advice to avoid combat, but his force only narrowly escaped destruction at the July 1781 Battle of Green Spring. In August, Washington and French general Rochambeau left New York for Yorktown, intent on inflicting a decisive defeat against Cornwallis.[71] Washington laid siege to Cornwallis at Yorktown, and Cornwallis surrendered on October 19.[72]
After Yorktown
Yorktown was widely regarded as a disastrous defeat for the British, and many considered the war to have effectively ended in late 1781.[73] The governments of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia each voted Greene liberal grants of lands and money, including an estate called "Boone's Barony" in Bamberg County, South Carolina, and Mulberry Grove Plantation near Savannah.[74] Nonetheless, the British still controlled New York, Savannah, and Charleston, and Greene still contended with Loyalist militias who sought to destabilize Continental control. With American finances in a disastrous state, Greene also struggled to clothe and feed his troops. In late 1781, he declined appointment to the newly created position of secretary of war, which was charged with overseeing the Continental Army.[75] He also corresponded with Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance of the United States, who shared Greene's view on the need for a stronger national government than the one that had been established in the Articles of Confederation.[76] No major military action occurred in 1782, and the British evacuated Savannah and Charleston before the end of that year.[77] Congress officially declared the end of the war in April 1783, and Greene resigned his commission in late 1783.[78]
Later life and death
After resigning his commission, Greene returned to Newport. Facing a large amount of debt, he relocated to the South to focus on the slave plantations he had been awarded during the war, and he made his home at the Mulberry Grove Plantation outside of Savannah.[79] In 1784, Greene declined appointment to a commission tasked with negotiating treaties with Native Americans, but he agreed to attend the first meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati.[80] He then became an original member with the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.[81]
Greene fell ill on June 12, 1786, and he died at Mulberry Grove on June 19, 1786, at the age of 43.
As noted above, Greene was in debt. In 1782 and 1783, Greene had difficulty supplying his troops in Charleston with clothing and provisions. He contracted with Banks & Co to furnish supplies, but was compelled to put his name to the bond for the supplies. An order was given by Greene to Robert Morris for payment of the amount; this was paid by the Government of the United States to the contractor, who did not use it to pay the debt and left the bond unpaid. Greene paid the debt himself, and in 1791 his executrix petitioned Congress for relief. Greene had obtained some security from a partner of Banks & Co named Ferrie on a mortgage or lien on a tract of land, but the land was liable to a prior mortgage of £1,000 sterling to an Englishman named Murray. In 1788, the mortgagor in England filed a bill to foreclose on the mortgage, while Greene's family instituted proceedings against Ferrie, who was entitled to a reversionary interest in the land. The court ordered the land be sold and the sale proceeds to be first used to extinguish the mortgage, with the balance to go to representatives of General Greene. The land was sold, and after the £1,000 mortgage had been paid off, the residue of £2,400 was to go Greene's representatives. However, the purchaser never took title and never paid the money, on the grounds that the title was in dispute. In 1792 a Relief Act was passed by Congress for General Greene which was based upon the decree of the land sale; the sum of which he was entitled to (£2,400) was exempted out of the indemnity allowed him at that time, not one cent of which his heirs received except $2,000 (~$60,380 in 2023). In 1830, the administrators of Murray filed a bill of Chancery against the land; however, his agent who had bought the land had not taken title to it, on the grounds that there was a dispute about the land. The claim to the title was not resolved and the money never paid. Meanwhile, from 1789 to 1840, the plantation had gone to ruin; under the original decree, the land, instead of bringing the sum it had first bought, was sold for only $13,000. This left Greene's representatives only about $2,000 instead of £2,400. In 1840, they applied to Congress for the difference between the two sums. In 1854, the case was put to Congress for the relief of Phineas Nightingale, who was the administrator of the deceased General Greene.[86]
Legacy
Historical reputation
Defense analyst Robert Killebrew writes that Greene was "regarded by peers and historians as the second-best American general" in the Revolutionary War, after Washington.[87] The historian Russell Weigley believed that "Greene's outstanding characteristic as a strategist was his ability to weave the maraudings of partisan raiders into a coherent pattern, coordinating them with the maneuvers of a field army otherwise too weak to accomplish much, and making the combination a deadly one.... [He] remains alone as an American master developing a strategy of unconventional war."[87] Historian Curtis F. Morgan Jr. describes Greene as Washington's "most trusted military subordinate."[88] According to Golway, "on at least two occasions, fellow officers and politicians described Greene... as the man Washington had designated to succeed him if he were killed or captured."[89] He was also respected by his opponents; Cornwallis wrote that Greene was "as dangerous as Washington. He is vigilant, enterprising, and full of resources–there is but little hope of gaining an advantage over him."[90] Alexander Hamilton wrote that Greene's death deprived the country of a "universal and pervading genius which qualified him not less for the Senate than for the field."[91] Killebrew argues that Greene was the "most underrated general" in American history.[87]
Memorials
Numerous
The
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 12–15
- ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 14–16, 19
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 21–23
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 19–20
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 28–30
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 42–43
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 30, 84
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 74, 312–313
- ^ "George Washington starts the French & Indian War – On This Day – May 28, 1754". Revolutionary War and Beyond. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 23–24
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 32–38
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 38–39
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 40–44
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 44–45
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 45–47
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 55–56
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 56–57
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 60–61
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 75–78
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 79–80
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 82–85
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 90–91
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 92–95
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 95–98
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 97–98, 117
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 100–103
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 104–106
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 108–111, 116–117
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 132–133
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 128–130
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 136–139
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 142–144
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 145–147
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 153–100
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 154–157
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 164–166
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 170–171
- ^ a b Golway (2005), pp. 173–174
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 175–177
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 183–184
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 186–189
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 191–192
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 194, 208–209
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 199–202
- ^ Golway (2005), p. 215
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 222–225
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 225–227
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 7, 229–230
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 5–9
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 9, 230
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 231–233
- ^ Golway (2005), p. 238
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 233–239, 266
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 235–236
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 238–242
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 245–247
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 248–249
- ^ Golway (2005), p. 250
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 250–251
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 250–253
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 253–256
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 257–260
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 261–264
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 264–265
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 266–269
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 270–272
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 274–276
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 279–280
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 283–286
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 278–279
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 287–288
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 289, 294
- ISBN 9781574889123.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 289–292
- ISBN 9781416572862.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 301–303
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 303–306
- ^ "Nathanael Greene - Slave Owner".
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 310–311
- ^ Metcalf, Bryce (1938). Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies. Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc. p. 145.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 313–314
- ^ Galileo
- ^ Nathanael Greene: a biography of the American Revolution
- ^ SavannahBest.com's Squares of Savannah, accessed June 16, 2007
- ^ The Congressional Globe, Volume 23, Part 3 p.1581
- ^ a b c Ricks, Thomas E. (September 22, 2010). "The most underrated general in American history: Nathaniel Greene?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
- ^ Morgan, Curtis F. Jr. "Nathanael Greene". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
- ^ Golway (2005), pp. 3–4
- ^ Golway (2005), p. 244
- ^ Golway (2005), p. 314
- ^ Graves of our Founders
- ^ Statue of Nathanael Greene in Downtown Greensboro. Greensboro Daily Photo (February 19, 2009). Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
- ^ "Desk and bookcase, RIF1447". The Rhode Island Furniture Archive at the Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
Bibliography
Secondary sources
- Babits, Lawrence E.; Howard, Joshua B. (2009). Long, Obstinate, and Bloody: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807887677.
- Buchanan, John (1999). The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN 9781620456026.
- Carbone, Gerald M. (2008). Nathanael Greene: A Biography of the American Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230602717.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 538–539.
- New International Encyclopedia(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- Greene, Francis Vinton, "Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the Army of the Revolution". (New York, 1893), in the Great Commanders Series
- ISBN 0-8369-6910-3.
- Golway, Terry (2005). Washington's General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution. Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ISBN 0-8050-7066-4.
- Haw, James (2008). "Every Thing Here Depends upon Opinion: Nathanael Greene and Public Support in the Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 109 (3): 212–231. JSTOR 40646853.
- Johnson, William, "Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene", (1822)
- Massey, Gregory D.; Piecuch, Jim, eds. (2012). General Nathanael Greene and the American Revolution in the South. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1611170696.
- McCullough, David (2005). 1776. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743226714.
- ISBN 978-0195162479.
- Oller, John (2016). The Swamp Fox: How Francis Marion Saved the American Revolution. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82457-9.
- Philbrick, Nathaniel (2018). In the Hurricane's Eye: The Genius of George Washington and the Victory at Yorktown. Viking. ISBN 978-0525426769.
- Siry, Steven E. (2006). Greene: Revolutionary General. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9781574889123.
- Stegeman, John F. (1985) [1977]. Caty: A Biography of Catharine Littlefield Greene. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820307923.
- Thane, Elswyth (1972). The Fighting Quaker: Nathanael Greene. Hawthorn Books. ISBN 978-0884119715.
- Ward, Christopher. War of the Revolution 2 Volumes. New York 1952
Primary sources
- The Papers of General Nathanael Greene. University of North Carolina Press:
- Vol. I: December 1766 to December 1776. ISBN 0-8078-1285-4.
- Vol. II: January 1777 to October 16, 1778. ISBN 0-8078-1384-2
- Vol. III: October 18, 1778, to May 10, 1779. ISBN 0-8078-1557-8.
- Vol. IV: May 11 to October 31, 1779. ISBN 0-8078-1668-X.
- Vol. V: November 1, 1779, to May 31, 1780. ISBN 0-8078-1817-8.
- Vol. VI: June 1 to December 25, 1780. ISBN 0-8078-1993-X.
- Vol. VII: December 26, 1780, to March 29, 1781. ISBN 0-8078-2094-6.
- Vol. VIII: March 30 to July 10, 1781. ISBN 0-8078-2212-4.
- Vol. IX: July 11 to December 2, 1781. ISBN 0-8078-2310-4.
- Vol. X: December 3, 1781, to April 6, 1782. ISBN 0-8078-2419-4.
- Vol. XI: April 7 to September 30, 1782. ISBN 0-8078-2551-4.
- Vol. XII: 1 October 1782 to May 21, 1783. ISBN 0-8078-2713-4.
- Vol. XIII: May 22, 1783, to June 13, 1786. ISBN 0-8078-2943-9.
- Vol. I: December 1766 to December 1776.
External links
- American Revolution Institute
- Biography of Greene
- A letter from Nathanael Greene with his acceptance of command over the Southern Army from the Journals of the Continental Congress
- Historic Valley Forge biography
- American Revolution homepage
- Army Quartermaster Foundation, Inc.
- "Eulogium on Major-General Greene" (1789) by Alexander Hamilton
- Gen Nathl Greene descendants, as listed in a family tree on RootsWeb
- Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene, 1822, by William Johnson
- Nathanael Greene Monument historical marker
- Nathanael Greene, Maj. Gen. Continental Army historical marker
- Society of the Cincinnati