Kherson
Kherson
Херсон | |
---|---|
![]() Clockwise from top: St Catherine's cathedral, Memorial in Park Slavy, view of the Dnieper in Kherson, the clock tower of the Kherson Regional Art Museum, a monument to Potemkin in Potomkinskyi Garden Square. | |
Coordinates: 46°38′33″N 32°37′30″E / 46.64250°N 32.62500°E | |
Country | ![]() |
Oblast | Kherson Oblast |
Raion | Kherson Raion |
Hromada | Kherson urban hromada |
Founded | 18 June 1778 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Ihor Kolykhaiev[1][a] |
• Head of the Kherson City Military Administration[3] | Halyna Luhova[3][b] |
Area | |
• Total | 135.7 km2 (52.4 sq mi) |
Elevation | 46.6 m (152.9 ft) |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | ![]() |
Postal code | 73000 |
Area code | +380 552 |
Primary airport | Kherson International Airport |
Website | miskrada |
![]() |
Kherson (
From March to November 2022, the city was
Etymology
As the first new settlement in the "Greek project" of Empress Catherine and her favourite Grigory Potemkin, it was named after the Heraclea Pontic colony of Chersonesus, (Greek: Χερσόνησος, translit. Khersónēsos [kʰer.só.nɛː.sos][c]) which was located on the Crimean Peninsula, meaning 'peninsular shore'.[6][7]
History
Russian Empire 1778–1917
Beginning of 1917–1921 Revolution
Russian Provisional Government/Russian Republic Mar–Nov 1917
UPR Nov 1917–Jan 1918
UPRS Jan–Apr 1918
Ukrainian People's Republic/Ukrainian State Apr 1918–Jan 1919
Southern Russia InterventionJan–Mar 1919
UkSSR Mar–May 1919
Borotbists May–Jul 1919
UkSSR Jul 1919
ARSR Jul 1919–Apr 1920
UkSSR Apr 1920–Dec 1922
End of 1917–1921 Revolution
USSR1922–1941
Third Reich1941–1944
USSR1944–1991
Ukraine 1991–2022
Russia Mar–Nov 2022
Ukraine 2022–present
Early days and Russian Empire era (until 1917)
Before 1774, the area where Kherson is situated today belonged to the
The Russian Empire annexed the territory in 1774, and a decree of Catherine the Great on 18 June 1778 founded Kherson on the high bank of the Dnieper as a central fortress of the Black Sea Fleet.
1783 saw the city granted the rights of a district town and the opening of a local shipyard where the hulls of the Russian Black Sea fleet were laid. Within a year the Kherson Shipping Company began operations. By the end of the 18th century, the port had established trade with France, Italy, Spain and other European countries. Between 1783 and 1793 Poland's maritime trade via the Black Sea was conducted through Kherson by the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg)
Industry, beginning with breweries, tanneries and other food and agricultural processing, developed from the 1850s.[
Soviet era (1917–1991)
Early Bolshevik period
In the Russian Constituent Assembly election held in November 1917—the first and last free election in Kherson for 70 years—Bolsheviks who had seized power in Petrograd and Moscow received just 13.2 percent of the vote in the Governorate. The largest electoral bloc in the district, with 43 percent of the vote, was an alliance of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), Russian Socialist Revolutionaries and the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party.[10]
The Bolsheviks dissolved SR-dominated Assembly after its first sitting,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kherson_aerial_view_1918_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Kherson_aerial_view_1918_%2801%29.jpg)
In March 1919, the Green Army of local warlord Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv ousted the French and Greek garrison and precipitated the Allied evacuation from Odesa. In July, the Bolsheviks defeated Hryhoriv who had called upon the Ukrainian people to rise against the "Communist impostors" and their "Jewish commissars",[13] and had perpetrated pogroms,[13] including in the Kherson region.[14] Kherson itself was occupied by the counter-revolutionary Whites before finally falling to the Bolshevik Red Army in February 1920.[4] In 1922 the city and region was formally incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR a constituent republic of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
The population was radically reduced from 75,000 to 41,000 by the famine of 1921–23, but then rose steadily, reaching 97,200 in 1939.[15] In 1940, the city was one of the sites of executions of Polish officers and intelligentsia committed by the Soviets as part of the Katyn massacre.[16]
World War II and post-War period
Further devastation and population loss resulted from the
In the post-war decades, which saw substantial industrial growth, the population more than doubled, reaching 261,000 by 1970.[20] The new factories, including the Comintern Shipbuilding and Repairs Complex, the Kuibyshev Ship Repair Complex, and the Kherson Cotton Textile Manufacturing Complex (one of the largest textile plants in the Soviet Union), and Kherson's growing grain-exporting port, drew in labour from the Ukrainian countryside. This changed the city's ethnic composition, increasing the Ukrainian share from 36% in 1926 to 63% in 1959, while reducing the Russian share from 36 to 29%. The Jewish population never recovered from the Holocaust visited by the Germans: accounting for 26% of residents in 1926, their number had fallen to just 6% in 1959.[20]
In independent Ukraine
With a turnout of 83.4% of eligible voters, 90.1% of the votes cast in Kherson Oblast affirmed Ukrainian independence in the national referendum of 1 December 1991.[21] With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kherson and its industries experienced severe dislocation. Over the following three decades, the population of both the city and the region declined, reflecting both a significant excess of deaths over live births and persistent net-emigration from the area.[22][23]
The 2014 pro-Russian unrest in eastern and southern Ukraine was marked in Kherson by a small demonstration of some 400 persons.[24] Following Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014, Kherson housed the office of the Ukrainian President's representative in Crimea.[25]
In July 2020, as part of the general administrative reform of Ukraine, the Kherson Municipality was merged as Kherson urban hromada into newly established Kherson Raion, one of five raions in the Kherson Oblast of which the city remained the administrative centre.[26][27]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%2C_2021_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_25.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%2C_2021_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_25.jpg)
A "City Profile", part of the SCORE (Social Cohesion and Reconciliation)
2020 local election
In the last free elections before the 2022 Russian invasion, the Ukrainian local elections held on 25 October 2020, the results of Kherson City Council elections were as follows:[30]
Party | Percentage of vote | Seats |
---|---|---|
We have to live here!
|
23.1% | 17 seats |
Opposition Platform – For Life | 14.5% | 11 seats |
Servant of the People | 13.0% | 10 seats |
Volodymyr Saldo Bloc | 11.8% | 9 seats |
European Solidarity | 8.6% |
The parties widely perceived as pro-Russian, and Euro-skeptic,[31] Opposition Platform, Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, and Party of Shariy (3.9%) had a combined vote of just over 30% of the total, and secured 20 out of the 54 seats on the city council. In the wake of the invasion, the Opposition Platform and the Party of Shariy were banned by the National Security Council for alleged ties to the Kremlin.[32][33][34]
The Volodymyr Saldo Bloc dissolved; its deputies in
Russian invasion from February 2022
Kherson witnessed heavy fighting in the first days of the
Under the Russian occupation, locals continued to stage street protests against the invading army's presence and in support of the unity of Ukraine.
By 26 April 2022, Russian troops had taken over the city's administration headquarters and had appointed both a new mayor, On 30 September 2022, the
Russian forces were ordered to withdraw from the city by defence minister Sergei Shoigu and regroup on the eastern side of the Dnieper on 9 November 2022. Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian troops were destroying bridges connecting the city to the other bank of the river.[50][51] On 11 November, Ukraine announced that its forces had entered the city following the Russian withdrawal.[52][53]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kherson_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2023-01-15_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Kherson_after_Russian_shelling%2C_2023-01-15_%2801%29.jpg)
Before retreating, the Russian army destroyed infrastructure facilities of the city (communications, water, heat, electricity, TV tower),[54][55] looted two main museums (Local History Museum and the Art Museum), transporting their items to Crimean museums,[56][57] and took away several monuments to historical figures.[58][59]
On 23 October 2023, online voting concluded on the renamings of numerous streets and localities in Kherson for purposes of
With Russian forces entrenched just across the Dnipro River, the city remains subject to frequent shelling.[61] By the beginning of 2024, just 71,000 of the city’s pre-war population of 300,000 remain.[62]
Demographics
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: [15] |
Ethnicity
According to the
Languages
Languages | 1897[63] |
2001[64]
|
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 19.6% | 73.2% |
Russian | 47.2% | 24.9% |
Yiddish | 29.1% | |
Polish | 1.7% | |
German | 0.7% |
Administrative divisions
There are three urban districts:
- Tsentralnyi District, meaning the Central District,[65] is the central and oldest district of the city. Includes departments: Tavriiskyi , Pіvnichnyi and Mlyny .[citation needed] It was known as Suvorovskyi District until October 2023, when it was renamed in compliance with nationwide laws on derussification of toponymy. The old name was derived from that of the Tsarist Russian military leader Alexander Suvorov.[65]
- Dniprovskyi District, named for the Dnieper river. Includes departments: Antonivka, Molodizhne, Zelenivka, Petrivka, Bohdanivka, Soniachne, Naddniprianske, Inzhenerne.[citation needed]
- Korabelnyi District, which includes the following departments: Shumenskyi, Korabel, Zabalka, Sukharne, Zhytloselyshche, Selyshche-4, Selyshche-5.[citation needed]
Geography
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Kherson has a humid continental climate (Dfa).[66]
Climate data for Kherson (1991–2020, extremes 1955–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
37.7 (99.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
40.7 (105.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
40.7 (105.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.3 (−15.3) |
−24.4 (−11.9) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−26.3 (−15.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
59 (2.3) |
44 (1.7) |
29 (1.1) |
38 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
34 (1.3) |
38 (1.5) |
444 (17.5) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 2 (0.8) |
3 (1.2) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
3 (1.2) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 114 |
Average snowy days | 11 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 4 | 8 | 39 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.5 | 82.1 | 77.1 | 68.5 | 64.8 | 65.3 | 62.1 | 60.7 | 68.4 | 76.4 | 84.9 | 86.8 | 73.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 66 | 89 | 142 | 215 | 275 | 301 | 333 | 307 | 233 | 152 | 76 | 49 | 2,238 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[67] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991-2020)[68] [69] |
Transport
Ports
Kherson has both a seaport, Port of Kherson and a river port, Kherson River Port.
Rail
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kherson_RWS.jpg/220px-Kherson_RWS.jpg)
Kherson is connected to the national railroad network of Ukraine. There are daily long-distance services to Kyiv, Lviv and other cities.
Air
Kherson is served by Kherson International Airport.[70] It operates a 2,500 x 42-meter concrete runway, accommodating Boeing 737, Airbus 319/320 aircraft, and helicopters of all series.[71]
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Monument_to_Ushakov_in_Kherson_01.jpg/220px-Monument_to_Ushakov_in_Kherson_01.jpg)
There are 77 high schools as well as 5 colleges. There are 15 institutions of higher education, including:
- Kherson State Maritime Academy
- Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University]
- Kherson State University
- Kherson National Technical University
- International University of Business and Law
The documentary
Main sights
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_DSC_6637_8_9_tonemapped.jpg/220px-%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_DSC_6637_8_9_tonemapped.jpg)
- The Church of St. Catherine – was built in the 1780s, supposedly to Ivan Starov's designs, and contains the tomb of Prince Grigory Potemkin.
- Jewish cemetery – Kherson has a large Jewish community which was established in the mid-nineteenth century.[73]
- Kherson TV Tower
- Adziogol Lighthouse, a hyperboloid structure designed by Vladimir Shukhov in 1911
- The Kherson Art Museum[74] has a collection of icons, and Ukrainian and Russian paintings and sculptures. Particularly noteworthy are Portrait of a Woman (1883) by Konstantin Makovsky; The Tempest is Coming by Ivan Aivazovsky; Sunset by Alexei Savrasov; Cattle Yard in Abramtsevo by Vasily Polenov; At the Stone by Ivan Kramskoi; The Charioteer, by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg (sculptor); Prince Svyatoslav by Eugene Lanceray (sculptor); Mephistopheles by Mark Antokolsky (sculptor); Near the Monastery by German painter August von Bayer (1859); Oaks (1956); Moloditsya (1938) and Still Life with the Blue Broom (1930), by Oleksii Shovkunenko (born in Kherson).
Notable people
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/140px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87._2020._UKRAINE.jpg/140px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87._2020._UKRAINE.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Princepotemkin.jpg/140px-Princepotemkin.jpg)
- Grigory Adamov (1886–1945), Soviet science fiction writer
- Georgy Arbatov (1923–2010), Soviet and Russian political scientist.[75]
- Vladimir Baranov-Rossine (1888–1944), Ukrainian/Russian/French painter, avant-gardeartist and inventor.
- Max Barskih (born 1990), Ukrainian singer and songwriter.
- Stefania Berlinerblau (1852–1921), American anatomist and physician, investigated blood circulation
- Maximilian Bern (1849–1923), German writer and editor.
- Sergei Bondarchuk (1920–1994), Soviet and Russian actor, film director, and screenwriter
- Lev Davidovitch Bronstein (1879–1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist, was born in the village of Bereslavka, Kherson Governorate.[76]
- Artem Datsyshyn (1979–2022), Ukrainian ballet dancer and soloist
- Ivan Gannibal (1735–1801), eminent Russian military leader and a founder of the city
- Sergei Garmash (born 1958), Soviet and Russian film and stage actor.
- .
- Nikolai Grinko (1920–1989), Soviet and Ukrainian actor
- Kateryna Handziuk (1985–2018), Ukrainian civil rights and anti-corruption activist
- John Howard (1726–1790), English prison reformer; he died of typhus whilst in Kherson.[77]
- Mircea Ionescu-Quintus (1917–2017), Romanian politician, writer and jurist
- Yurii Kerpatenko (1976–2022), Ukrainian conductor
- Ihor Kolykhaiev (born 1971), Ukrainian politician and entrepreneur, Mayor of Kherson since 2020
- Samuel Maykapar (1867–1938), Russian romantic composer, pianist and professor of music
- Yuriy Odarchenko (born 1960),a politician, Governor of Kherson Oblast since 2014
- Nicholas Perry (born 1992), social media personality, known online as Nikocado Avocado
- Sergei Polunin (born 1989), Russian ballet dancer, actor and model.[78]
- Prince Grigory Potemkin (1739–1791), military leader, statesman and nobleman; a founder of the city.[79]
- Salomon Rosenblum (1873–1925), later known as Secret Intelligence Service; may have inspired spy character, James Bond.
- Nissan Rilov (1922–2007), former soldier, Israeli artist and supporter of Palestinians
- Moshe Sharett (1894–1965), 2nd Prime Minister of Israel from 1953 to 1955
- Viktor Petrovich Skarzhinsky (1787–1861), wealthy landowner; squadron commander in the Russian Patriotic War of 1812[80]
- FEMEN
- Sergei Stanishev (born 1966), Bulgarian politician, 49th Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Prince Alexander Suvorov (1730–1800), Russian general; a founder of the city.[81]
- Svitlana Tarabarova (born 1990), Ukrainian singer, songwriter, music producer and actress.
- Mikhail Yemtsev (1930–2003), Soviet and Russian science fiction writer
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Larisa_Latynina_2010.jpg/140px-Larisa_Latynina_2010.jpg)
Sport
- Anastasiia Chetverikova (born 1998), sprint canoeist, team silver medallist at the 2020 Summer Olympics
- Woman Grandmaster.
- Oleksandr Holovko (born 1972), former footballer with 414 club caps and 58 for Ukraine
- Pavlo Ishchenko (born 1992), Ukrainian-Israeli boxer
- Oleksandr Karavayev (born 1992), footballer with over 250 club caps and 45 for Ukraine
- Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
- Larisa Latynina (born 1934), Soviet gymnast, has won nine Olympic gold medals
- Tatiana Lysenko (born 1975), Soviet and Ukrainian gymnast, two gold and a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics
- Yuriy Maksymov (born 1968), football coach and former midfielder with 384 club caps and 27 for Ukraine.
- Yuri Nikitin (born 1978), gymnast and gold medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
- Sergei Postrekhin (born 1957), sprint canoer, gold and silver medallist at the 1980 Summer Olympics
- Serhiy Tretyak (born 1963), retired Ukrainian footballer with over 500 club caps
- David Tyshler (1927–2014), Ukrainian/Soviet fencer, two gold and a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics
- Roman Vintov (born 1978), former Russian/Ukrainian footballer with over 460 club caps
Twin cities
Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
Shumen, Bulgaria
- Izmit, Turkey
Bizerte, Tunisia
Bonn, Germany
Kiel, Germany[82]
Notes
- ^ Kolykhaiev's whereabouts are unknown as of 19 August 2022,[update] on 28 June 2022 he was abducted by Russian forces during the occupation of Kherson[2]
- Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on 21 September 2022 and performs the functions of Mayor[3]
- ^ From two Greek words: khersos (χέρσος, "dry") and nesos (νῆσος, "land")
References
- ^ (in Ukrainian) The mayor of Kherson became the people's deputy majoritarian Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainska Pravda (16 November 2020)
- Washington Post. 19 August 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ a b c Alona Zakharov (21 September 2022). "Was Kolyhaev's secretary: Zelensky appointed a head of the Herson military administration". 24 Kanal (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Херсон", Большая Советская Энциклопедия, том 46 (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. 46), Б. А. Введенский 2-е изд.(B. A. Vvedensky ed.. 2nd Edition). . М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия» (State Scientific Publishing House), 1957, pp. 121–122
- from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Yanko, M.T. [Янко М.Т.] (1998). Toponimichnyi slovnyk Ukrainy: slobnyk-doidnyk Топонімічний словник України: словник-довідник [Toponymic dictionary of Ukraine: Reference Dictionary].
- ^ Luchyk, V.V. [Лучик В.В.] (2014). Etymolohichnyi slovnyk toponimiv Ukrainy Етимологічний словник топонімів України [Etymological dictionary of Toponyms of Ukraine].
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ Херсон // Советская историческая энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. Е. М. Жуков. том 15. М., государственное научное издательство «Советская энциклопедия», 1974. ("Kherson", Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 15, E. M. Zhukov. ed., State Scientific Publishing House), 1974. pp. 504–506, 571–573
- ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, London: Pimlico (1997), p. 516.
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 776. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 776. .
- Pictures of Kherson Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- The murder of the Jews of Kherson during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.