Nutria
Nutria Temporal range:
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Rodentia |
Family: | Echimyidae |
Subfamily: | Echimyinae |
Tribe: | Myocastorini |
Genus: | Myocastor |
Species: | M. coypus
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Binomial name | |
Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782)
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The range of the Nutria Regions Extant (resident) Extant & Introduced (resident) Countries Extant & Introduced (resident) Extant (resident) Extant & Introduced
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The nutria or coypu (Myocastor coypus)[1][2] is a large, herbivorous,[3] semiaquatic rodent from South America. Classified for a long time as the only member of the family Myocastoridae,[4] Myocastor is now included within Echimyidae, the family of the spiny rats.[5][6][7] The nutria lives in burrows alongside stretches of water and feeds on river plant stems.[8] Originally native to subtropical and temperate South America, it has since been introduced to North America, Europe and Asia, primarily by fur farmers.[9] Although it is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some regions, its destructive burrowing and feeding habits often bring it into conflict with humans, and it is considered an invasive species in the United States.[10] Nutria also transmit various diseases to humans and animals, mainly through water contamination.[11]
Etymology
The genus name Myocastor derives from the two Ancient Greek words μῦς (mûs) 'rat, mouse', and κάστωρ (kástōr) 'beaver'.[12][13][14] Literally, therefore, the name Myocastor means 'mouse beaver'.
Two names are commonly used in
Taxonomy
The nutria was first described by Juan Ignacio Molina in 1782 as Mus coypus, a member of the mouse genus.[16] The genus Myocastor was assigned in 1792 by Robert Kerr.[17] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, independently of Kerr, named the species Myopotamus coypus,[18] and it is occasionally referred to by this name.
Four subspecies are generally recognized:[16]
- M. c. bonariensis: northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Brazil (RS, SC, PR, and SP)
- M. c. coypus: central Chile, Bolivia
- M. c. melanops: Chiloé Island
- M. c. santacruzae: Patagonia
M. c. bonariensis, the subspecies present in the northernmost (subtropical) part of the nutria's range, is believed to be the type of nutria most commonly introduced to other continents.[15]
Phylogeny
Comparison of DNA and protein sequences showed that the genus Myocastor is the sister group to the genus Callistomys (painted tree-rats).[19][7] In turn, these two taxa share evolutionary affinities with other Myocastorini genera: Proechimys and Hoplomys (armored rats) on the one hand, and Thrichomys on the other hand.
Genus-level cladogram of the Myocastorini. |
The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[5][6][20][19][21][22][7] |
Appearance
The nutria somewhat resembles a very large rat, or a beaver with a small, long and skinny hairless tail. Adults are typically 4–9 kg (9–20 lb) in weight, and 40–60 cm (16–24 in) in body length, with a 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) tail. It is possible for nutria to weigh up to 16 to 17 kg (35 to 37 lb), although adults usually average 4.5 to 7 kg (10 to 15 lb).[23][24][25] Nutria have three sets of fur. The guard hairs on the outer coat are three inches long.[26] They have coarse, darkish brown midlayer fur with soft dense grey under fur, also called the nutria. Three distinguishing features are a white patch on the muzzle, webbed hind feet, and large, bright orange-yellow incisors.[27] They have approximately 20 teeth with four large incisors that grow during the entirety of their lives.[28] The orange discoloration is due to pigment staining from the mineral iron in the tooth enamel. Nutria have prominent four inch long whiskers on each side of their muzzle or cheek area. The mammary glands and teats of female nutria are high on her flanks, to allow their young to feed while the female is in the water. There is no visible distinction between male and female nutria. Both are similar in coloring and weight.
A nutria is often mistaken for a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), another widely dispersed, semiaquatic rodent that occupies the same wetland habitats. The muskrat, however, is smaller and more tolerant of cold climates, and has a laterally flattened tail it uses to assist in swimming, whereas the tail of a nutria is round. It can also be mistaken for a small beaver, as beavers and nutria have very similar anatomies and habitats. However, beavers' tails are flat and paddle-like, as opposed to the round tails of nutria.[29]
Life history
Nutria can live up to six years in captivity, but individuals uncommonly live past three years old. According to one study, 80% of nutrias die within the first year, and less than 15% of a wild population is over 3 years old.[30] A nutria is considered to have reached old age at 4 years old. Male nutria reach sexual maturity as early as four months, and females as early as three months; however, both can have a prolonged adolescence, up to the age of nine months. Once a female is pregnant, gestation lasts 130 days, and she may give birth to as few as one or as many as 13 offspring. The average nutria reproduction is four offspring. Female nutria will mate within two days after offspring are born. The years of reproduction cycle by litter size. Year one might be large, year two litter size will be smaller and year three the litter size will be another larger size. Females can only produce six litters in her life, rarely seven litters.[26] A female on average will have two litters a year.
Nutria generally line nursery nests with grasses and soft reeds. Baby nutria are
Distribution
Native to subtropical and temperate South America, its range includes Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and the southern parts of Brazil and Bolivia. It has been introduced to North America, Europe and Asia, primarily by fur ranchers. The distribution of nutrias outside South America tends to contract or expand with successive cold or mild winters. During cold winters, nutria often suffer
According to the
Habitat and feeding
Besides breeding quickly, each nutria consumes large amounts of aquatic vegetation.
Nutria are found most commonly in freshwater marshes and wetlands, but also inhabit brackish marshes and rarely salt marshes.[45][46] They either construct their own burrows, or occupy burrows abandoned by beaver, muskrats, or other animals.[10] They are also capable of constructing floating rafts out of vegetation.[10] Nutria live in partially underwater dens. The main chamber is not submerged underground. Nutria are considered to be a species that lives in colonies. One male will share a den with three or four females and their offspring. Nutria use "feeding platforms" which are constructed in the water from cut pieces of vegetation supported by a structure like a log or branches. Muskrat dens and beaver lodges are also often used as feeding platforms.[26]
Commercial use and issues
Farming and the fur trade
Local extinction in their native range due to
Nutria were introduced to the Louisiana ecosystem in the 1930s, when they escaped from fur farms that had imported them from South America. Nutria were released into the wild by at least one Louisiana nutria farmer in 1933 and these releases were followed by E. A. McIlhenny who released his entire stock in 1945 on Avery Island.[49] In 1940, some of the nutria escaped during a hurricane and quickly populated coastal marshes, inland swamps, and other wetland areas.[50] From Louisiana, nutria have spread across the Southern United States, wreaking havoc on marshlands.
Following a decline in demand for nutria fur, nutria have since become pests in many areas, destroying aquatic vegetation, marshes, and irrigation systems, and chewing through man-made items such as tires and wooden house panelling in Louisiana, eroding river banks, and displacing native animals. Damage in Louisiana has been sufficiently severe since the 1950s to warrant legislative attention; in 1958, the first bounty was placed on nutria, though this effort was not funded.[51]: 3 By the early 2000s, the Coastwide Nutria Control Program was established, which began paying bounties for nutria killed in 2002.[51]: 19–20 In the Chesapeake Bay region in Maryland, where they were introduced in the 1940s, nutria are believed to have destroyed 2,800 to 3,200 hectares (7,000 to 8,000 acres) of marshland in the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. In response, by 2003, a multimillion-dollar eradication program was underway.[52]
In the United Kingdom, nutria were introduced to East Anglia, for fur, in 1929; many escaped and damaged the drainage works, and a concerted programme by MAFF eradicated them by 1989.[53] However, in 2012, a "giant rat" was killed in County Durham, with authorities suspecting the animal was, in fact, a nutria.[54]
Food products
A small number of game meat websites on the internet sell nutria meat for consumption. There are no restaurants that advertise nutria meat dishes currently. In 1997 and 1998, Louisiana attempted to encourage the public to consume nutria meat. Nutria meat is leaner with a lower fat content and lower in cholesterol compared to ground beef.[55] In an effort to encourage Louisianians to eat nutria, several recipes were distributed to locals and published on the internet.[56] People in poor and rural Louisiana have trapped and consumed nutria meat for decades.
Marsh Dog, a US company based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, received a grant from the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program to establish a company that uses nutria meat for dog food products.[57] In 2012, the Louisiana Wildlife Federation recognized Marsh Dog with "Business Conservationist of the Year" award for finding a use for this eco-sustainable protein.[58] A claimed environmentally sound solution is the use of nutria meat to make dog food treats.[59]
In Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, nutria (Russian and local languages Нутрия) are farmed on private plots and sold in local markets as a poor man's meat.
Ecological impacts
Herbivory and habitat degradation
Nutria herbivory "severely reduces overall wetland biomass and can lead to the conversion of wetland to open water.[40] " Unlike other common disturbances in marshlands, such as fire and tropical storms, which are a once- or few-times-a-year occurrence, nutria feed year round, so their effects on the marsh are constant. Also, nutria are typically more destructive in the winter than in the growing season, due largely to the scarcity of above-ground vegetation; as nutria search for food, they dig up root networks and rhizomes for food.[43]
While nutria are the most common herbivores in Louisiana marshes, they are not the only ones. Feral hogs, also known as wild boars (Sus scrofa), swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus), and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are less common, but feral hogs are increasing in number in Louisiana wetlands. On plots open to nutria herbivory, 40% less vegetation was found than in plots guarded against nutria by fences. This number may seem insignificant, and indeed herbivory alone is not a serious cause of land loss, but when herbivory was combined with an additional disturbance, such as fire, single vegetation removal, or double vegetation removal to simulate a tropical storm, the effect of the disturbances on the vegetation were greatly amplified.[40] "
As different factors were added together, they resulted in less overall vegetation. Adding fertilizer to open plots did not promote plant growth; instead, nutria fed more in the fertilized areas. Increasing fertilizer inputs in marshes only increases nutria biomass instead of the intended vegetation, therefore increasing nutrient input is not recommended.[40]
In 1998, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) conducted the first Louisiana coast-wide survey, which was funded by the
Pathogenic and viral reservoirs of zoonotic diseases
In addition to direct environmental damage, nutria are the host for a roundworm
Control efforts
As a global alien species, nutria are monitored and managed throughout the world. Many countries have attempted eradication efforts with varying degrees of success.
Nutria are predicted to expand their range northward over the next century as global temperatures increase.[76]
European Union
This species is included since 2016 in the EU list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[77] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[78]
Ireland
A nutria was first sighted in the wild in Ireland in 2010. Some nutria escaped from a pet farm in
Great Britain
In the UK, nutria escaped from fur farms and were reported in the wild as early as 1932. There were three unsuccessful attempts to control nutria in east Great Britain between 1943 and 1944. Nutria population and range increased, causing damage to agriculture in the 1950s. During the 1960s, a grant was awarded to rabbit clearance societies that included nutria.[83] This control allowed for the removal of 97,000 nutria in 1961 and 1962. From 1962 to 1965, 12 trappers were hired to eradicate as many nutria as possible near the Norfolk Broads. The campaign used live traps allowing non-target species to be released while any nutria caught were shot. Combined with cold winters in 1962 to 1963, almost 40,500 nutria were removed from the population. Although nutria populations were greatly reduced after the 1962–1965 campaign ended, the population increased until another eradication campaign began in 1981. This campaign succeeded in fully eradicating nutria in Great Britain. The trapping areas were broken into 8 sectors leaving no area uncontrolled. The 24 trappers were offered an incentive for early completion of the 10-year campaign. In 1989 nutria were assumed eradicated, as only three males were found between 1987 and 1989.[84]
Japan
Nutria were introduced to Japan in 1939. They were imported from France during World War II to support food shortages as well as the fur trade. After the war in 1950, many nutria were released en masse or escaped, and became one of Japan's worst invasive species, damaging river banks, rice fields and other valuable crops.[85] In 1963 an eradication program was started to remove nutria but has shown little to no success. Nutria are still present in Japan and there is currently a restriction on importing, transporting and obtaining nutria per the Invasive Alien Species Act established in 2004.[86]
New Zealand
Nutria are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.[87]
United States
Atlantic Coast
An eradication program on the
California
The first records of nutria invading California dates from the 1940s and 1950s, when the species was found in the agriculture-rich
Louisiana
The Louisiana Coastwide Nutria Control Program provides incentives for harvesting nutria. Starting in 2002, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) performed aerial surveys just as they had done for the Nutria Harvest and Wetland Demonstration Program, only it is now under a different program title. Under the Coastwide Nutria Control Program, which also receives funds from
Another program executed by LDWF involves creating a market of nutria meat for human consumption, though it is still trying to gain public notice. Nutria is a very lean, protein-rich meat, low in fat and cholesterol with the taste, texture, and appearance of rabbit or dark turkey meat.
Several desirable control methods are currently ineffective for various reasons. Zinc phosphide is the only rodenticide currently registered to control nutria, but it is expensive, remains toxic for months, detoxifies in high humidity and rain, and requires construction of expensive floating rafts for placement of the chemical. It is not yet sure how many nontarget species are susceptible to zinc phosphide, but birds and rabbits have been known to die from ingestion.[97] Therefore, this chemical is rarely used, especially not in large-scale projects. Other potential chemical pesticides would be required by the US Environmental Protection Agency to undergo vigorous testing before they could be acceptable to use on nutria. The LDWF has estimated costs for new chemicals to be $300,000 for laboratory, chemistry, and field studies, and $500,000 for a mandatory Environmental Impact Statement.[97] Contraception is not a common form of control, but is preferred by some wildlife managers. It also is expensive to operate - an estimated $6 million annually to drop bait laced with birth-control chemicals. Testing of other potential contraceptives would take about five to eight years and $10 million, with no guarantee of FDA approval.[97] Also, an intensive environmental assessment would have to be completed to determine whether any non-target organisms were affected by the contraceptive chemicals. Neither of these control methods is likely to be used in the near future.[citation needed]
In Louisiana, a claimed environmentally sound solution is the killing of nutria to make dog food treats.[59]
Gallery
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Nutria heart
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Skull from various perspectives
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By the river Ljubljanica
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Feral nutria in Oise river in France
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10-day-old baby nutria
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- ^ "Louisiana Coastwide Nutria Control Program". Lafayette, LA: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ American Fur Breeder (37 ed.). 1964. p. 96.
Rabbit and nutria meat are also fed on ranches. Both are lean and good sources of quality protein. Nutria, in particular, has been increasingly available in recent years. It is low in fat and leaner than either horse or rabbit meat
- ^ a b c "Nutria in Louisiana" (PDF). New Iberia, LA: Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries. 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
Further reading
- Sandro Bertolino, Aurelio Perrone, and Laura Gola "Effectiveness of coypu control in small Italian wetland areas" Wildlife Society Bulletin Volume 33, Issue 2 (June 2005) pp. 714–72.
- Carter, Jacoby and Billy P. Leonard: "A Review of the Literature on the Worldwide Distribution, Spread of, and Efforts to Eradicate the Coypu (Myocastor coypus)" Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), pp. 162–175.
- Carter, J., A.L. Foote, and L.A. Johnson-Randall. 1999. Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss. Wetlands 19(1):209-219
- Lauren E. Nolfo-Clements: Seasonal variations in habitat availability, habitat selection, and movement patterns of Myocastor coypus on a subtropical freshwater floating marsh. (Dissertation) ISBN 0-542-60916-9
- Sheffels, Trevor and Mark Systma. "Report on Nutria Management and Research in the Pacific Northwest" Center for Lakes and Reservoir Environmental Sciences and Resources, Portland State University. December 2007. Available on-line: [1]
External links
- The documentary Rodents of Unusual Size tells the story of the introduction of nutria to Louisiana and the creative efforts being used in the attempts to eradicate them.
- Saving the Bay: The History of the Chesapeake Bay Nutria Eradication Project Archived 2022-09-20 at the Wayback Machine - USDA/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- Portland State University - Report on nutrias in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
- Species Profile - Nutria (Myocastor coypus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for nutria.