Panare language

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Panare
E’ñapa Woromaipu
Native to
Estado Bolívar
Ethnicity4,300 Panare people (2001 census)[1]
Native speakers
3,500 (2001 census)[1]
2,480 monolinguals (mostly women)[1]
  • Venezuelan Carib
    • Pemóng–Panare
      • Panare
Language codes
ISO 639-3pbh
Glottologenap1235
ELPPanare

Panare is a

verb–agent–object
. It also displays the typologically uncommon property of an ergative–absolutive alignment in the non-perfective aspects and a nominative–accusative alignment in perfective aspect.

Classification

Panare is a member of the Cariban language family, though its sub-grouping within the family is a matter of contention. The first decades of attempted classifications were largely rejected by linguists, a uniform classification of all proposed members of the Cariban family was introduced by Terrence Kaufman (1994).[3] This grouping, still widely used by linguists, classifies Panare as a member of the Southern Amazonian branch, with no cousin languages. However, Spike Gildea has criticized this grouping as relying on faulty data used for earlier classifications by Durbin and Loukotka that have been since rejected. In 2012, Gildea put forth his own classification, which groups Panare as a member of the Venezuelan Carib branch, and in turn, part of the low-level Pemóng-Panare branch.[4] This classification has been considered an improvement by linguists such as Lyle Campbell and Doris & Thomas Payne, but it has yet to replace the Kaufman grouping, largely due to its relative youth.

Phonology

Panare contains approximately 14 contrasting consonant phonemes, with variation depending on dialect and origins of certain lexical items (see: Notes).

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Alveo-
palatal 		Velar Glottal[5]
Nasal m
n
 		ɲ (ŋ)
Plosive p
t
 		t͡ɕ k ʔ
Fricative s h
Glide
 w j
Flap
 ɾ

Panare contains 7 contrasting vowel phonemes.

Vowels
Front Central Back
High
 i ɨ u
Mid
 e ə o
Low
 a

Notes

/n/ = [ŋ]/_#, _C[-alveolar]/[n] elsewhere; /ɲ/ has phonemic status in loanwords from Spanish, and is an allophone in native words; Payne & Payne (2013) consider /ʔ/ and /h/ to be different allophones of an “underlying pharyngeal approximate,” that releases differently depending on environment. There are also records of these two phones occurring in free variation, which may be attributed to once-distinct dialects being merged into communities of speakers with idiolectical contrasts.[6]

Morphology

Panare is best classified as a heavy-

affixes is usually light. Words can grow long and complicated, but they can usually be rooted in one firm idea, rather than something akin to a process-based sentence.[7]

However, elements of polysynthesis appear in how roots are initially inflected. Essentially, most roots (that are not complements) are

bound morphemes
in some way, and require at least one inflectional morpheme until they can be used as units in a sentence. For example:

Syntax

Panare sentence structure does not follow a strict

subject-verb-object are known to appear frequently as well.[11] This kind of "object-initial tendency" is quite common in Amazonia, where sentence structure is often more consistently arranged through clause construction type than word order.[12] As a result, Panare and its neighboring languages often use case markings as a way of ordering how constituents of a sentence affect each other.[13][14]

Future, desiderative, and nonspecific aspect clauses in Panare instantiate the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive alignment. An example is given below.[15]: 162 

Yutësejpa

/j-u-tə-sehpa

s-V

3-SA-go-FUT

(këj)

(kəh)

s.AUX

3.ANIM.COP

kën.

kən/

S

3.ANIM.DIST

Yutësejpa (këj) kën.

/j-u-tə-sehpa (kəh) kən/

s-V s.AUX S

3-SA-go-FUT 3.ANIM.COP 3.ANIM.DIST

‘S/he will go.’

Yamasejpa

/j-ama-sehpa

p-V

3-SA-throw.away-FUT

(këj)

(kəh)

a.AUX

3.ANIM.COP

kën.

kən/

A

3.ANIM.DIST

Yamasejpa (këj) kën.

/j-ama-sehpa (kəh) kən/

p-V a.AUX A

3-SA-throw.away-FUT 3.ANIM.COP 3.ANIM.DIST

‘S/he will throw away it/him/her.’

In Panare nominative–absolutive clauses, the

complimentary distribution
with the absolutive person prefixes.

Distribution

The speakers of Panare (called E'ñepa (lit. "people") in their own language) live in

bilingualism with Spanish.[17]

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ a b c Panare at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
  3. ^ Campbell, 1997: 202-203
  4. ^ Gildea, 2012.
  5. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013: 41-42
  6. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013: 55
  7. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013: 67-72
  8. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013: 49
  9. ^ Campbell, 2012: 273
  10. ^ Gildea, 1989
  11. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013: 313-320
  12. ^ Derbyshire, 1987: 313-315
  13. ^ Payne & Payne, 2013
  14. ^ Derbyshire, 1987
  15. doi:10.1075/tsl.89.07gil
    . Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  16. ^ Ethnologue
  17. ^ Crevels, 2012: 217

External links

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