Passiflora edulis

Passiflora edulis
Flower
Fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Passifloraceae
Genus:	Passiflora
Species:	P. edulis
Binomial name
Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818

Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a

The fruit produced is entirely fleshy (making it botanically a berry), and is spherical to ovoid.^[3] The outside color of the berry ranges from dark-purple with fine white specks to light yellow.^[1] The fruit is 4–7.5 cm in diameter; purple fruits are smaller, weighing around 35 grams, while yellow fruits are closer to 80 grams.^[3] The smooth, leathery rind is 9–13 mm thick, including a thick layer of pith.^[1][3] Within the berry, there are typically 250 brown seeds, each 2.4 mm in length.^[6] Each seed is surrounded by a membranous sac filled with pulpy juice.^[1] The flavor of the juice is slightly acidic and musky.^[1] The passion fruit's flavor can be compared to the guava fruit.^[1]

Varieties

Several distinct varieties of passion fruit with clearly differing exterior appearances exist.^[1] The bright yellow flavicarpa variety, also known as yellow or golden passion fruit, can grow up to the size of a grapefruit, has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a rootstock for purple passion fruit in Australia.^[1] The dark purple edulis variety is smaller than a lemon, though it is less acidic than yellow passion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavour.

Uses

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Passion fruit has a variety of uses related to its appealing taste as whole fruit and juice.^[1]

• In
  pavlova (a regional meringue cake) and ice cream, a flavouring for cheesecake, and in the icing of vanilla slices. A passion-fruit–flavored soft drink called Passiona
  has also been manufactured in Australia since the 1920s. It can be used in some alcoholic cocktails.
• In Brazil, the term maracujá applies to passion fruit (maracujá azedo, or "sour") and granadillo (maracujá doce, or "sweet"). Passion fruit mousse is a common dessert, and passion fruit pulp is routinely used to decorate the tops of cakes. Passion fruit juice, ice pops and more recently soft drinks are also popular. When making a caipirinha, passion fruit may be used instead of lime.
• In Cambodia the red and yellow passion fruit grown in the Mondulkiri Province are used to produce wine and liquor.^[7]
• In Colombia and Costa Rica, it is one of the most important fruits, especially for juices and desserts. It is widely available all over the country and three kinds of "maracuyá" fruit may be found.
• In the Dominican Republic, where it is locally called chinola, it is used to make juice and fruit preserves. Passion fruit-flavored syrup is used on shaved ice, and the fruit is also eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar.
• In
  fruit juice and is commonly eaten as a whole fruit.^[8]
• In
  malasadas, cheesecakes, cookies, dessert bars, ice cream and mochi. Passion fruit is also used in jam or jelly, as well as a fruit curd
  known as "lilikoi butter".
• In
  Chintapalli (Vizag) forests to make fruit available within the region.^[9]
  The fruit is eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar and is also used to make juice.
• In Indonesia, where it is known as markisa, both edulis and flavicarpa varieties are cultivated and consumed differently. The former is normally eaten straight as is, while the latter is more commonly strained to obtain its juice, which is cooked with sugar to make passion fruit syrup used in drinks and desserts.^[10]
• In Mexico, passion fruit is used to make juice or is eaten raw with chili powder and lime.
• In Paraguay, passion fruit is used principally for its juice, to prepare desserts such as passion fruit mousse, cheesecake, ice cream, and to flavour yogurts and cocktails.
• In Peru, passion fruit has long been a staple in homemade ice pops called "marciano" or "chupetes". Passion fruit is also used in several desserts, especially mousses and cheesecakes. Passion fruit juice is also drunk on its own and is used in ceviche variations and in cocktails, including the Maracuyá sour, a variation of the Pisco sour. Granadilla, or "sweet" can be eaten raw.
• In the Philippines, passion fruit is commonly sold in public markets and in public schools. Some vendors sell the fruit with a straw to enable sucking out the seeds and juices inside.
• In Portugal, especially the Azores and Madeira, passion fruit is used as a base for a variety of liqueurs and mousses.
• In Puerto Rico, where the fruit is known as "parcha", it is used in juices, ice cream or pastries.
• In South Africa, passion fruit, known locally as Granadilla (the yellow variety as Guavadilla), is used to flavour yogurt. It is also used to flavour soft drinks such as Schweppes' "Sparkling Granadilla" and numerous cordial drinks (in cordial flavours it is referred to as passion fruit). It is often eaten raw or used as a topping for cakes and tarts. Granadilla juice is commonly available in restaurants. The yellow variety is used for juice processing, while the purple variety is sold in fresh-fruit markets.
• In
  faluda, is one of the most popular refreshments. Passion fruit cordial
  is manufactured both at home as well as industrially by mixing the pulp with sugar.
• In Suriname, where it is known as markoesa, there are three varieties. The red and orange variety are sold on the markets and eaten as a fruit, because of their natural sweet flavor. The sour yellow variety is widely grown in the coastal region. This variety is used to make jam and juices with added sugar, either uncooked for instant use or cooked into a thick syrup for long time storage in the fridge. The juice is also used to flavor cocktails.

• 
  Passion fruit jam
• 
  Home-made passion fruit juice
• 
  Passion fruit nectar
• 
  Passion fruit wine
• 
  Passion fruit oil
• 
  Passion fruit ice cream

Nutrition

Raw passion fruit is 73% water, 22%

Passion fruit is widely grown in

Passion fruit woodiness virus is one of the most well-known viruses to the passion fruit. It belongs to the Potyvirus group and can attack a plant at any age from nursery to mature plants. Some features include yellow leaves that display distortion in the leaf length and shape. As well as affecting the leaf, this virus influences fruit shape and size. Affected fruits become stone-like and much smaller than normal, with many fruits becoming scabbed and cracked. The virus is spread by sap-sucking insects such as aphids and mites. Woodiness can also spread through vegetation propagation such as infected scions or contaminated tools. There is no chemical control for this virus once the plant is infected, but the use of clean planting material can reduce its dissemination.^[21]

One of the most serious viruses pertaining to vegetation is the cucumber mosaic virus. In the passion fruit, this virus appears with yellow mottling on leaves starting at random points on the vine and diminishing in intensity towards the tip. Expanding leaves typically become twisted, curl downward, and develop a "shoestring" appearance as a result of a restriction of the leaf surface. It is mobile and can spread easily through interactions with other plants such as brushing between leaves. This virus is naturally transmitted through aphids and can also be transmitted mechanically through seedlings. Varietal resistance is the primary management tool, and eliminating weeds and infected perennial ornamentals that may harbor the virus is critical. Once the plant has been infected, there is no possible management of control for the virus.^[21]

Phytoplasma

Overshooting is the term used when

]

Bacteria

vein clearing, forms bright yellow colonies causing infection and leaf wilt and, eventually, deterioration of fruit pulp, especially of young fruits. Under favorable conditions for the bacteria, infection occurs through natural openings or wounds from other pathogens that affect leaf inter-cellular spaces. Fertilizers or a copper chloride and mancozeb mixture can control the intensity of the disease, but are not a cure.^[23]

The bacterial grease-spot of the passion fruit is caused by

stomata, the grease-spot thrives in high temperatures and high relative humidity. To avoid infection, measures that may be adopted include planting seeds from healthy plants and using existing healthy areas. Fungicide controls can aid in preventing further infection.^[24]

Fungal diseases

necrotic lesions at the collar region, browning of the stem at soil level, and dark discoloration of the stem. The rotting stem interferes with food and water transport within the plant, leading to withering of the plant until death. Infection occurs mostly through contaminated soil and infected plants which cause the plants to survive for only a few weeks. There are no chemical controls. Management includes planting seedlings in unaffected areas and using clean tools.^[23]

The fungus called fusarium wilt commonly occurs in adult plants and is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen has ability to survive for long periods, penetrating roots, invading the xylem and preventing the transport of water and nutrients to other organs of the plant. Once infected, this disease causes leaves to yellow and browning of the vascular system until it wilts and dies. It occurs in any type of soil infecting all plants. Management of crops include planting clean seedlings, uprooting and burning infected plants, and using sterilized tools.^[25]

The

anthracnose, a canker caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, is a pathogen of the passion fruit creating dark and sunken lesions of the trunk.^[26] By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Many leaves die due to the foliar lesions and the skin of fruits becomes papery. Under warm and humid conditions, this disease can worsen, causing red and orange spores eventually killing the plant. Infection is carried out through the residues of the passion flower, infected seeds, seedlings, and cuttings. Managing this disease involves a combination of using pathogen-free seedlings, eliminating infected areas, and improving ventilation and light conditions. Copper-based fungicides on injured areas can prevent the spread of disease.^[26]

In culture

Passion fruit flower is the

national flower of Paraguay.^[27] In 2006, singer-songwriter Paula Fuga released the popular song "Lilikoi", the Hawaiian language word for passion fruit; the song is featured on an album also named after the fruit.^[28] Hip-hop artist Drake released the hit song "Passionfruit

" in 2017.

See also

• Banana passionfruit
• Passiflora incarnata
• Passiflora quadrangularis

Explanatory notes

1. ^ Specific mention of P. edulis f. flavicarpa juice and peel

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Morton JF (1987). "Passionfruit, p. 320–328; In: Fruits of warm climates". NewCrop, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
2. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6
   .
3. ^
   ISBN 978-0-85709-261-8
   . Retrieved Jun 1, 2018.
4. ^ "Passiflora edulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
5. ^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 168–171.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "Passifora edulis (passionfruit)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 21 January 2016.
7. ^ "Mondulkiri Passion Fruit Wine". Cambodia Explorer. May 28, 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
8. ^ Ngotho A (October 30, 2012). "Passion fruit farming the next frontier in agribusiness". The Star, Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
9. ^ Sridhar, P. (8 November 2011). "HRS cultivating 'passion fruit'". The Hindu. The Hindu, India. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
10. ISBN 978-979-489-843-7
    .
11. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
12. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
13. PMID 12568552
    .
14. PMID 23027609
    .
15. doi:10.1021/jf960381t
    .
16. ^ "Passion fruit: Passiflora edulis / P. edulis flavicarpa, Passifloraceae". California Rare Fruit Growers. 1996. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
17. ISBN 978-0-85709-090-4
    .
18. ^ "Passion Fruit". California Rare Fruit Growers. 1996. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
19. S2CID 15439381
    .
20. ^ Grissell, Eric (6 May 2013). "Carpenter Bees: The (Harmless!) Garden Pollinators". Mother Earth News.
21. ^ ^{a b} Fischer, Ivan H.; Rezende, Jorge A. M. (2008). Pest Technology: Diseases of Passion Flower (Passiflora spp.) (PDF). Global Science Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b} Amata RL, et al. (June 2011). "Manual for identification of passion fruit diseases and their management" (PDF). www.kari.org. Horticulture and Industrial Crops, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
23. ^ ^{a b} Joy PP, Sherin CG (2012). "Diseases of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)" (PDF). Kerala University, Kerala, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
24. ^
    doi:10.1080/00288233.1963.10419317
    .
25. ^ "Fusarium wilt of passion fruit". PaDIL, an initiative of the Australian Government's Department of Agriculture. 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
26. ^
    PMID 30754330
    .
27. ^ "Paraguay: national flower". Paraguay.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
28. ^ "Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act, Paula Fuga". 3 January 2008.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Passiflora edulis.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passiflora edulis.

• California Rare Fruit Growers: Passion Fruit Facts at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-07-05)