People's republic

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This article is about an official title used by several countries. For the ideological concept and form of government, see People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism). For the album by the Revolutionary Ensemble, see The People's Republic (album). For the novel by Robert Muchamore, see People's Republic (novel). For the current largest people's republic, see China.
Map of states using the name people's republic:
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People's republic is an official title that is mostly used by current and former

left-wing governments.[1] It is mainly associated with soviet republics, socialist states following the doctrine of people's democracy, sovereign states with a democratic-republican constitution that usually mentions socialism
, as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories.

A number of the short-lived socialist states that formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire, which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution. Decades later, following the Allied victory in World War II, the name "people's republic" was adopted by some of the newly established Marxist–Leninist states, mainly within the Soviet Union's Eastern Bloc.

As a term, people's republic is associated with

wars of independence. Nonetheless, such countries still usually mention socialism in their constitutions.[citation needed
]

Non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics

The collapse of the European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short-lived non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics during the revolutions of 1917–1923. In many cases, these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist–Leninist rivals.

The Russian Empire produced several non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics after the

German Imperial Army, but the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia replaced it once the German army had left. All of these territories finally became constituent parts of the Soviet Union.[5]

In the former

Austro-Hungarian Empire, the West Ukrainian People's Republic was formed in eastern Galicia under the political guidance of Greek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideologies. The territory was subsequently absorbed into the Second Polish Republic.[6] Meanwhile, the Hungarian People's Republic was established, briefly replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic and eventually succeeded by the Kingdom of Hungary.[7]

In Germany, the

Free State of Bavaria, a state within the Weimar Republic, was then established on 15 September 1919.[8]

During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people's republic. Examples include

Al Fateh Revolution against King Idris.[12]

In the 2010s, Ukraine's pro-Russian separatist movements during the

UN member to formally recognise both the DPR and LPR.[14][15][16]

List of non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics

Current non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics include:

  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
    (since 1962)
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh
    (since 1971)

Historical people's republics include:

Marxist–Leninist people's republics

Main article:
People's democratic state
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The first people's republics that came into existence were those formed following the

Marxist–Leninist theory led to the appearance of people's democracy, a concept which potentially allowed for a route to socialism and dictatorship of the proletariat via multi-class, multi-party democracy. Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people's republics.[22] The European states that became people's republics at this time were Albania,[23] Bulgaria,[24] Czechoslovakia,[25] Hungary,[26] Poland,[27] Romania[28] and Yugoslavia.[29] In Asia, China became a people's republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution,[30] and North Korea also became a people's republic.[31]

Many of these countries also called themselves

communist parties in these countries often governed in coalition with other progressive parties.[39]

During the

republics, adopting liberal democracy as their system of government.[52] At around the same time, most of the former European colonies that had taken the people's republic name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism–Leninism and towards democratic socialism or social democracy.[53][54]

List of Marxist–Leninist people's republics

The current officially Marxist–Leninist states that use the term people's republic in their full names include:

  • People's Republic of China
    (since 1949)
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic
    (since 1975)
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea
    (since 1946)

Historical examples include:

Other titles commonly used by Marxist–Leninist and socialist states are

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
).

21st century

Five countries use the title People's Republic in their official names: Algeria, Bangladesh, China, Laos and North Korea. Bangladesh and China officially style themselves as the "People's Republic of Bangladesh" and the "People's Republic of China" respectively. The other three countries use the title in combination with the adjective "democratic"; Algeria and Laos are officially named "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria" and "Lao People's Democratic Republic" respectively, while North Korea's official name is "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Of these:

  • Only one is in Africa, constituting 20%.
  • Four are in Asia, constituting 80%.

Algeria is the only people's republic in Africa. Bangladesh, China, Laos and North Korea are people's republics in Asia. Currently, there are no people's republics in the Americas, Europe or Oceania. All of the people's republics are developing countries. Of these:

  • Two are
    least developed countries
    , named Bangladesh and Laos, constituting 40%.
  • Two are not in the "least developed" category group, named Algeria and China, constituting 40%.
  • Only one is unclassified, named North Korea, constituting 20%.

In previous years or periods, there were people's republics in Europe. People's republics never existed in the Americas or Oceania.[citation needed]

Other uses

As a term, people's republic is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated by left-wing politics, such as the People's Republic of South Yorkshire.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]

See also

Notes

  1. Free state (Germany)
    .
  2. ^ The Arabic word translated as republic is Jamahiriya, a neologism widely interpreted to mean "state of the masses".
  3. de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche from at least 1974 onwards.[57]

References

  1. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original
    on December 30, 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020. [People's Republic –] Used in the official title of several present or former communist or left-wing states.
  2. ISBN 9781442610217
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  3. ISBN 9781442252813
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  5. ^ Smele 2015, p. 183.
  6. ^ Smele 2015, pp. 1309–1310.
  7. ISBN 9783030467586
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  8. ^ Merz, Johannes (1997). "'Freistaat Bayern': Metamorphosen eines Staatsnamen" (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 45: 121–142. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
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  13. ^ Luhn, Alec (6 November 2014). "Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  14. ^ Jack, Victor; Busvine, Douglas (22 February 2022). "Putin recognizes separatist claims to Ukraine's entire Donbass region". Politico. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions". BBC News. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  16. ^ Lawler, Dave (21 February 2022). "Putin orders Russian "peacekeeping operations" in eastern Ukraine". Axios. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
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  33. ISBN 978-1-56159-269-2
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  34. ISBN 978-0202362281
    . Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
  35. ISBN 978-0875484495
    . Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.
  36. ISBN 978-0262182348
    . Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
  37. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8
    . The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
  38. ISBN 978-0801480072
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  40. ^ "Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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  50. ^ "Polska. Historia". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN [PWN Internet Encyklopedia] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
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  52. S2CID 158078514
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  53. ISBN 9780495569398
    . Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties.
  54. ISBN 9781442258266
    . In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles [...].
  55. ^ Dae-Kyu, Yoon (January 2003). "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications". Fordham International Law Journal. 27 (4): 1289–1305. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  56. ^ Petrov, Leonid (11 October 2009). "DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution". Leonid Petrov's Korea Vision. Blogger. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  57. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0
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  58. ^ "People's Republic, the". The Hub. 10 November 2003. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  59. ^ Caruba, Alan (28 June 2004). "Welcome to the People's Republic of New Jersey". Enter Stage Right. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  60. ^ Reinink, Amy (16 September 2011). "Takoma Park". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  61. ^ Hedgecock, Roger (14 October 2011). "Dispatch From the People's Republic of California". Human Events. Townhall Media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  62. ^ "Polarisation in the People's Republic of Madison". The Economist. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  63. ^ Levi, Michael (4 December 2012). "The People's Republic of California". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  64. ^ Treacy, Ciara (27 February 2016). "Dublin South Central: 'It's the right thing to do' Fianna Fail candidate calls for full recount". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  65. ^ Yeomans, Emma (16 May 2015). "More than 12,000 Brighton and Hove residents 'declare independence' from blue Britain". The Argus. Brighton, England. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  66. ^ "Go Local in Boulder". Colorado Tourism. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

External links

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