Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
History of Portugal |
---|
Timeline |
Portugal portal |
The Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 (
The Cardinal-King
After the disastrous
Claimants to the throne
By this time the Portuguese throne was disputed by several claimants. Among them were:[5]
-
Ranuccio Farnese
Hereditary Duke of Parma -
King of Spain
-
António of Portugal
Prior of Crato -
Duke of Savoy
The descendants of the Duchess of Braganza obtained the throne in 1640 (in the person of her grandson
The heir by primogeniture, 11-year-old Ranuccio Farnese, Hereditary Duke of Parma and Piacenza, was the grandson of
Instead, Ranuccio's maternal aunt Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, asserted her claim as the daughter of Infante Duarte. Catherine was married to
According to primogeniture, the line of succession of the Portuguese throne would have been:
- Ranuccio Farnese, Hereditary Duke of Parma and his siblings Odoardo and Margherita
- Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganzaand her children
- Philip II of Spain and his children
- Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Philip's sister, and her children
- Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and his children (son of Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy, daughter of Manuel I)
Genealogical summary
Claimants following King Henry I's death (1580)
Isabella of Viseu | Ferdinand II 3rd D.Braganza | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
James 4th D.Braganza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isabella of Braganza | Teodósio I 5th D.Braganza 3rd D.Guimarães | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John I 6th D.Braganza Candidate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Teodósio II 7th D.Braganza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emp.=Emperor, K.=King, D.=Duke, m.=married, dwi=died without issue | John II/IV 8th D.Braganza 6th D.Guimarães 22nd K. Portugal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Claimants
Catherine de' Medici, Queen mother of France, used a claimed descendance from King Afonso III of Portugal from his first marriage with Matilda, Countess of Boulogne to advance with a claim to the Portuguese Throne.[13] Her claim was likely only presented to entice Philip to offer compensation for its withdrawal.[14] She later aided António, providing him with a French fleet.[15]
The Pope, at the time Gregory XIII, also had a claim to the Portuguese Throne, since King Henry was a Cardinal and the inheritance of all cardinals reverts to the Church.[16] The pope claimed it was his right to have the Kingdom of Portugal, as well as a property that had belonged to the King.
Neither claim was seriously considered.[16]
António of Portugal and Philip of Spain
Philip II of Spain managed to bring the aristocracy of the kingdom as support to his side.
In June 1580,
After his defeat in the Azores, António went into exile in France—traditional enemy of the Habsburgs—and courted the support of England.[27] An invasion was attempted in 1589 under Sir Francis Drake—leading the so-called English Armada—but ended in failure.[28] António continued to fight until the end of his life for his rights to the throne.[29]
Consequences
The matter of whether Portugal was actually invaded by Spain is contested. Philip II had a legitimate claim to the throne, but as with many other dynastic struggles of the age, it was shrouded in controversy. In any case, the Habsburg kings maintained Portugal's status and gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish
Sixty years after these events, John II, Duke of Braganza (1603–1656) accepted the throne offered by the Portuguese nobility, who had become frustrated under Habsburg rule, becoming John IV of Portugal.[33] He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown, and son of Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza (who died insane in 1630). John was raised to the throne of Portugal (of which he was then held to be the legitimate heir) during the Portuguese Restoration War against King Philip IV of Spain.[34]
There were many
Notes
References
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 158; Stephens 1891, p. 257
- ^ Livermore 1969, pp. 152–153
- ^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 229–230; Disney 2009, p. 176
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 160-161; Disney 2009, pp. 193–195
- ^ Lardner 1833, pp. 208–209; McMurdo 1889, p. 227
- ^ Disney 2009, pp. 218–221
- ^ a b Disney 2009, p. 193
- ^ a b Livermore 1969, p. 158
- ^ Disney 2009, p. 192
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 312
- ^ Disney 2009, p. 192; Marques 1976, p. 312
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 226; Marques 1976, p. 313
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 208; Stephens 1891, p. 278
- ^ Dyer 1877, p. 411.
- ^ Stephens 1891, pp. 284–285; Livermore 1947, p. 269
- ^ a b Stephens 1891, p. 278
- ^ Disney 2009, p. 196
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 313
- ^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 226–227; Livermore 1969, p. 159
- ^ a b Marques 1976, p. 314
- ^ Stephens 1891, p. 281.
- ^ Disney 2009, p. 195; Dyer 1877, p. 408; Lardner 1833, p. 213; McMurdo 1889, p. 207
- ^ Disney 2009, pp. 195–196; Lardner 1833, pp. 214–215; McMurdo 1889, p. 281
- ^ Marques 1976, pp. 314–315
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 163
- ^ Stephens 1891, pp. 283–284
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 315
- ^ Lardner 1833, pp. 219–220; Livermore 1969, p. 165
- ^ Livermore 1947, p. 270
- ^ Marques 1976, pp. 315–317
- ^ Marques 1976, pp. 323–324
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 320
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 325
- ^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 378–388; Livermore 1947, p. 324
- ^ Marques 1976, pp. 318–319; Livermore 1969, pp. 166–167
- JSTOR 3513287.
Sources
- Disney, A. R. (2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. From Beginnings to 1807. Vol. I: Portugal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60397-3.
- Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877). Modern Europe. Vol. II. From 1521-1598 (Second ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
- Lardner, Dionysius, ed. (1833). The History of Spain and Portugal. The Cabinet Cyclopædia. Vol. V. London: Longman, Rees, et al. pp. 207–215.
- Livermore, H.V. (1947). A History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press.
- Livermore, H.V. (1969). A New History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521095716.
- Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal.
- McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- Stephens, H. Morse (1891). The Story of Portugal. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 25 October 2023.