Prague Declaration
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism | |
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members of the European Parliament, and others | |
Purpose | Called for "Europe-wide condemnation of, and education about, the crimes of communism"[1] |
The Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism was a declaration which was initiated by the
To date, the most visible proposal set forth by the declaration was the adoption of the
Conference
The declaration concluded the conference European Conscience and Communism, an international conference that took place at the
The conference on European Conscience and Communism received letters of support from president Nicolas Sarkozy (France), Lady Margaret Thatcher (UK), Secretary of State Jason Kenney (Canada) and former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski (United States).[4]
Laure Neumayer notes that "the conference benefited from the support of a government about to take the presidency of the EU and from the moral authority of former dissidents."[3]
Declaration
The declaration was preceded by the European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. The declaration is part of a wider process at the European and international level, aimed at reaching similar objectives to those stated in the declaration.[1][5][6]
Central to the declaration is the call for an "all-European understanding that
The declaration called for:[2]
- "reaching an all-European understanding that both the Nazi and Communist totalitarian regimes each need to be judged by their own terrible merits to be destructive in their policies of systematically applying extreme forms of terror, suppressing all civic and human liberties, starting aggressive wars and, as an inseparable part of their ideologies, exterminating and deporting whole nations and groups of population; and that as such they should be considered to be the main disasters, which blighted the 20th century"
- "recognition that many crimes committed in the name of Communism should be assessed as crimes against humanity serving as a warning for future generations, in the same way Nazi crimes were assessed by the Nuremberg Tribunal"
- "formulation of a common approach regarding crimes of totalitarian regimes, inter alia Communist regimes, and raising a Europe-wide awareness of the Communist crimes to clearly define a common attitude towards the crimes of the Communist regimes"
- "introduction of legislation that would enable courts of law to judge and sentence perpetrators of Communist crimes and to compensate victims of Communism"
- "ensuring the principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination of victims of all the totalitarian regimes"
- "European and international pressure for effective condemnation of the past Communist crimes and for efficient fight against ongoing Communist crimes"
- "recognition of Communism as an integral and horrific part of Europe's common history"
- "acceptance of pan-European responsibility for crimes committed by Communism"
- "establishment of 23 August, the day of signing of the Hitler-Stalin Pact, known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, as a day of remembrance of the victims of both Nazi and Communist totalitarian regimes, in the same way Europe remembers the victims of the Holocaust on 27 January"
- "responsible attitudes of National Parliaments as regards acknowledgement of Communist crimes as crimes against humanity, leading to the appropriate legislation, and to the parliamentary monitoring of such legislation"
- "effective public debate about the commercial and political misuse of Communist symbols"
- "continuation of the European Commission hearings regarding victims of totalitarian regimes, with a view to the compilation of a Commission communication"
- "establishment in European states, which had been ruled by totalitarian Communist regimes, of committees composed of independent experts with the task of collecting and assessing information on violations of human rights under totalitarian Communist regime at national level with a view to collaborating closely with a Council of Europe committee of experts"
- "ensuring a clear international legal framework regarding a free and unrestricted access to the Archives containing the information on the crimes of Communism"
- "establishment of an Institute of European Memory and Conscience"
- "organising of an international conference on the crimes committed by totalitarian Communist regimes with the participation of representatives of governments, parliamentarians, academics, experts and NGOs, with the results to be largely publicised world-wide"
- "adjustment and overhaul of European history textbooks so that children could learn and be warned about Communism and its crimes in the same way as they have been taught to assess the Nazi crimes"
- "the all-European extensive and thorough debate of Communist history and legacy"
- "joint commemoration of next year's 20th anniversary of the fall of the massacre in Tiananmen Squareand the killings in Romania"
The Declaration cites Council of Europe resolution 1481 as well as "resolutions on Communist crimes adopted by a number of national parliaments."[2] The Declaration was preceded by the European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes.
Signatories
The founding signatories included:
- President of Czechoslovakia and President of the Czech Republic, signatory of Charter 77
- Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records and serving President of Germany(2012–17), Germany
- Göran Lindblad, Vice-President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Member of Parliament, Sweden
- Vytautas Landsbergis, Member of the European Parliament, former dissident and head of state of Lithuania
- Ambassador of the European Unionin Iraq)
- Christopher Beazley, Member of the European Parliament, United Kingdom
- Tunne Kelam, Member of the European Parliament, former dissident, Estonia
- Jiří Liška (statesman), Senator, Vice-Chairman of the Senate, Parliament of the Czech Republic
- Martin Mejstřík, Czech Senator
- Jaromír Štětina, Czech Senator
- Emanuelis Zingeris, Member of Parliament, Lithuania, Chairman, International Commission for the Assessment of Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania, former honorary chairman of the Lithuanian Jewish Community
- Tseten Samdup Chhoekyapa, Representative of the Dalai Lama for Central and eastern Europe and head of the Geneva Tibet Bureau
- Government-in-exile of Belarus, Canada
- Zyanon Paznyak, Former Chairman of the Belarusian Popular Front, Chairman of the Christian Conservative Party of the Belarusian Popular Front, United States
- Růžena Krásná, former political prisoner, politician, Czech Republic
- PEN clubchairman, Czech Republic
- Václav Vaško, former political prisoner, diplomat, catholic activist, Czech Republic
- Alexandr Podrabinek, former dissident and political prisoner, journalist, Russian Federation
- Pavel Žáček, Director, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, Czech Republic
- Miroslav Lehký, Vice-director, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, signatory of Charter 77, Czech Republic
- Łukasz Kamiński, Vice-director, Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Poland (from 2011 President of the IPN)
- Michael Kißener, professor of history, Johann Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Eduard Stehlík, historian, Vice-director, Institute for Military History, Czech Republic
- Karel Straka, historian, Institute for Military History, Czech Republic
- Jan Urban, journalist, Czech Republic
- Jaroslav Hutka, former dissident, songwriter, signatory of Charter 77, Czech Republic
- Lukáš Pachta, political scientist and writer, Czech Republic
The Declaration was subsequently also signed by around 50
The Declaration was also signed by
Aftermath
Following its announcement, a number of political developments have taken place relating to the issues raised in the Prague Declaration.[1] These developments have been referred to as the "Prague Process" by the Reconciliation of European Histories Group, an all-party group in the European Parliament chaired by Sandra Kalniete,[6][9] and by historian Laure Neumayer.[3]
2008
The
On 18 September 2008,
On 18 September 2008, the
2009
On 18 March 2009, the Czech
Similar proposals to those of the Prague Declaration received support in the European Parliament, which adopted a 2009 resolution on European conscience and totalitarianism.
On 25 April 2009, the European Democrat Students adopted a resolution, stating that "we, the European Democrat Students, support the Prague Declaration to its full extent and take on the integration of the content to our general policy." The organisation stated that "communism as a totalitarian regime [...] can only distinct itself from Fascism and Nazism by a more recent expiry date and the consequent damage over time it was able to cause."[18]
On 28 April 2009, the governments of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were thanked by the President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, for their efforts to better inform western Europe on the totalitarianism of the Soviet Union. Pöttering brought up the classic study on totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt, which developed "the scientific basis criteria to describe totalitarianism," concluding that "both totalitarian systems (Stalinism and Nazism) are comparable and terrible," Pöttering said.[19]
On 16 June 2009, the EU General Affairs Council adopted conclusions stating that, "in order to strengthen European awareness of crimes committed by totalitarian regimes, the memory of Europe's troubled past must be preserved, as reconciliation would be difficult without remembrance."[20]
On 3 July 2009 the
2009 is a deeply symbolic year, since we celebrate both the 60th anniversary of the creation of NATO and the beginnings of the cold war, and the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, which ended it. This is why we have proposed to launch a Europe-wide day of remembrance which will help Europe reconcile its totalitarian legacy, both from the Nazis and the Communists.[22]
In 2009, the Seimas (Parliament) of Lithuania also endorsed the Prague Declaration, on the initiative of Emanuelis Zingeris.[23]
2010
In the European Parliament, an all-party group of MEPs named Reconciliation of European Histories Group was established. Its objective is to "reconcile the different historical narratives in Europe and to consolidate them into a united European memory of the past." It is chaired by former EU Commissioner Sandra Kalniete. Its members also include Hans-Gert Pöttering, László Tőkés, Heidi Hautala, and Gunnar Hökmark.[20][24]
On 25 February 2010, the
The European Union's Stockholm Programme states that:
The Union is an area of shared values, values which are incompatible with crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, including crimes committed by totalitarian regimes. Each Member State has its own approach to this issue but, in the interests of reconciliation, the memory of those crimes must be a collective memory, shared and promoted, where possible, by us all.[26]
As the
In December 2010, the foreign ministers of six EU member states
2011
In a report from the European Commission on 12 January 2011, the European Commission stated that: "The Commission is committed to contributing, in line with its responsibilities, to the promotion of the memory of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe."[36]
On 29 March 2011, a public hearing on "What do Young Europeans know about Totalitarianisms?" took place in the European Parliament, hosted by the
In May 2011, the
On 10 June 2011, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council, that is, the justice and home affairs ministers of all EU Member States, adopted conclusions stating, inter alia, that it reaffirmed "the importance of raising awareness of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes, of promoting a shared memory of these crimes across the Union and underlining the significant role that this can play in preventing the rehabilitation or rebirth of totalitarian ideologies," and highlighted "the Europe-wide Day of Remembrance of the victims of the totalitarian regimes (23 August)," inviting member states to "consider how to commemorate it."[40]
On 23 August 2011, the Polish Presidency of the European Union organised a conference on the occasion of the European Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Totalitarian Regimes. The EU presidency cited the Justice and Home Affairs Council conclusions of 10 June and the EU's Stockholm Programme, which emphasises that "remembrance of shared history is necessary to understand contemporary Europe." European officials adopted the Warsaw Declaration for the European Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Totalitarian Regimes.[41][42] The Warsaw Declaration vows that the suffering of victims of totalitarian regimes "will not sink into oblivion."[43] The declaration states that "crimes of totalitarian regimes in Europe should be acknowledged and condemned, regardless of their type and ideology." Justice Minister Krzysztof Kwiatkowski said that the "Warsaw Declaration is a unanimous agreement of all EU member states that we have to do everything we can to prevent any totalitarian regime from reviving in all the countries making up one big European family."[44] Senate Speaker Bogdan Borusewicz said that "the 20th century was the time of two totalitarianisms, ideologically different but functioning in a similar way." The EU called for launching and supporting educational and information initiatives on totalitarian regimes.[45]
On 14 October 2011, the
On 19 October 2011, the
2012
In February 2012, the sixth Mene Tekel international culture festival against totalitarianism, evil and violence took place in Prague, supported by the Platform of European Memory and Conscience. A 2012 declaration asking the former communist states to pass legislation enabling the just punishment of communist criminals and scrapping all advantages they may still enjoy was passed, and signed by 17 Czech NGOs as well as NGOs from Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.[51]
On 5 June 2012, the Platform of European Memory and Conscience, the European Network Remembrance and Solidarity, and the Reconciliation of European Histories Group hosted the conference Legal Settlement of Communist Crimes in the European Parliament, under the auspices of Hans-Gert Pöttering and Jerzy Buzek, devoted to the issue of forming a special court tribunal for the crimes of communism,[51] and "raising the issue of justice for the most serious crimes committed by the Communist dictatorships in Central and Eastern Europe from the national to a European level." The conference was a response "to growing calls for strengthened international justice formulated e.g., in the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism."[52][53] Following the conference, the Platform of European Memory and Conscience founded an international legal expert group to "work on a road map for establishing a supranational institution of justice" devoted to the "crimes committed by the Communist dictatorships."[54]
On 23 August 2012, during a ceremony in the House of Terror museum and in the Hungarian Parliament commemorating the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Totalitarianism in Budapest, opened by the Hungarian President János Áder, and attended by the Ministers or State Secretaries of Justice from several European countries, an agreement on the creation of a European museum of totalitarianism was signed.[55]
2013
On 14–15 May 2013, the EU
2019
Referencing the Prague Declaration and other declarations, the European Parliament adopted the resolution "
Discussion
Since it was signed in 2008, the Prague Declaration has been opposed by various groups. The Economist states: "It has attracted support in bodies such as the European Parliament. But it has infuriated some, if not all, Jewish activists; left-wing politicians (mostly from western Europe); and inevitably, Russia."[59]
Notably, Russia protested against the
Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center has criticised the Prague Declaration repeatedly, describing it as "the main manifesto of the false equivalency movement."[62]
On 20 January 2012, a declaration initiated by
The
In June 2008, Shimon Samuels of the
Barry Rubin argues that "it is in the interest of Jews and Israelis to support the Prague Declaration which seeks to discuss, expose and recognize Communist crimes of war in the same way Nazi crimes were." Rubin criticises "a tiny group of people" of waging "a relentless campaign" against the declaration, and "[making] Jews the defenders of the Communist totalitarian system that murdered and tortured millions of people, including hundreds of thousands of Jews."[74] Efraim Zuroff responded: "The opposition to the Prague Declaration has never been based on a desire to hide communist crimes, nor do we oppose any initiative to honor and commemorate their victims or punish those guilty of committing those crimes."[75]
Šarūnas Liekis, a Yiddish studies professor from Vilnius, criticised the actions of both sides of the debate, stating that "we are squeezed between two Talibans" and suggesting that "the same obstinacy that plagues Lithuania's relations with Poland lies behind politicians' refusal to reverse their mistakes on Jewish issues."[59]
See also
- Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It
- Declaration on Crimes of Communism
- Communist crimes (legal concept)
- Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
- Council of Europe resolution 1481
- Denial of the Holodomor
- European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
- European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism
- European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes
- Holodomor
- House of Terror
- Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism
- Mass killings under Communist regimes
- Platform of European Memory and Conscience
- Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
- Vilnius Declaration
- Culture of Remembrance
Notes
- ^ Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania
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