Queen of Heaven

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Marian title. For the hymn, see Regina caeli. For pre-Christian usage, see Queen of Heaven (antiquity). For the I, Claudius episode, see List of I, Claudius episodes § ep6.
Queen of Heaven
crown of stars, flowers
PatronageHeaven, eternal salvation to humankind, redemption
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Queen of Heaven (

devotional literature and seen in Western art in the subject of the Coronation of the Virgin from the High Middle Ages
, long before it was given a formal definition status by the Church.

The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in the papal encyclical

Heaven because her son, Jesus Christ, is the king of Israel and the heavenly king of the universe;[7] indeed, the Davidic tradition of Israel recognized the mother of the king as the queen mother of Israel
.

Theological basis

Queen of Heaven (

Latin: Regina Caeli) is one of many Queen titles used of Mary, mother of Jesus. The title derived in part from the ancient Catholic teaching that Mary, at the end of her earthly life, was bodily and spiritually assumed into heaven, and that she is there honored as Queen.[8]

Pius XII explained the theological reasons for her title of Queen in a radio message to Fatima of May 13, 1946, Bendito seja:

He, the Son of God, reflects on His heavenly Mother the glory, the majesty and the dominion of His kingship, for, having been associated to the King of Martyrs in the ... work of human Redemption as Mother and cooperator, she remains forever associated to Him, with a practically unlimited power, in the distribution of the graces which flow from the Redemption. Jesus is King throughout all eternity by nature and by right of conquest: through Him, with Him, and subordinate to Him, Mary is Queen by grace, by divine relationship, by right of conquest, and by singular choice [of the Father].[9]

In his 1954 encyclical

Mother of God, because she is closely associated as the New Eve with Jesus' redemptive work, because of her preeminent perfection and because of her intercessory power.[10] Ad caeli reginam states that the main principle on which the royal dignity of Mary rests is her Divine Motherhood ... So with complete justice St. John Damascene could write: "When she became Mother of the Creator, she truly became Queen of every creature."[11]

Biblical basis

A statue of Mary crowned with 12 stars, a reference to Revelation 12. Statue by Attard, Malta.

In the Hebrew Bible some Davidic kings had in their court a gebirah ("Great Lady") who was often their mother, and held great power as his advisor and an advocate to him. In 1 Kings 2:20, Solomon said to his mother Bathsheba, seated on a throne at his right, "Make your request, Mother, for I will not refuse you." William G. Most sees here a sort of type of Mary.[12]

In the New Testament, the title has several biblical sources. At the Annunciation, the archangel Gabriel announces that [Jesus] "... will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his father David. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever and his reign will be without end."(Luke 1:32) The biblical precedent in ancient Israel is that the mother of the king becomes the queen mother.[13] Mary's queenship is a share in Jesus’ kingship.[10]

Historical practice

Fra Angelico, c. 1434-35

The Catholic Church from the earliest times venerated the Queen of Heaven, according to Pius XII:

From the earliest ages of the Catholic Church a Christian people, whether in time of triumph or more especially in time of crisis, has addressed prayers of petition and hymns of praise and veneration to the Queen of Heaven and never has that hope wavered which they placed in the Mother of the Divine King, Jesus Christ; nor has that faith ever failed by which we are taught that Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with a mother's solicitude over the entire world, just as she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the glory of a Queen.[14]

In the first three centuries of Christianity, Mary's queenship was popularized by the Transitus literature, that, according to Stephen Shoemaker, has its origins before the Council of Nicaea.[15] Origen of Alexandria called Mary "my Lady", in his Hom VII in Lucam (PG 13:1902D), which is a royal title.

In the fourth century,

Council of Ephesus, where Mary was defined to be the Mother of God. The members of the Council specifically approved this version against the opinion, that Mary is "only" the mother of Jesus. Nobody, they ruled, had participated in the life of her son more than Mary, who gave birth to the Son of God.[16]

The word "Queen" is common during and after the sixth century.

Franciscan crown, as well as numerous invocations in Mary’s litany, celebrate her queenship.[10] For centuries she has been invoked as the Queen of Heaven.[17]

During the English Reformation, the title "Queen of Heaven", while eliminated from state-approved liturgy, became a symbol of resistance.[18]

Litany of Loreto

Rubens, 1609

She is invoked in the

Litany of Loreto
as:

  • Queen of the Angels
  • Queen of Patriarchs
  • Queen of Prophets
  • Queen of Apostles
  • Queen of Martyrs
  • Queen of Confessors
  • Queen of Virgins
  • Queen of all Saints
  • Queen of Families[17]
  • Queen conceived without original sin
  • Queen assumed into Heaven
  • Queen of the Most Holy Rosary
  • Queen of Peace[19]

Other titles

The Second Vatican Council in 1964 referred to Mary as Queen of the Universe.[20]

Liturgy of the Hours

Crowned statue of Our Lady of Sorrows, Warfhuizen, the Netherlands

Three of the four ancient Marian

Regina Caeli), address Mary as queen. These are prayed at different times of the year, at the end of Compline
.

Salve Regina

Main article: Salve Regina

Mary as Queen of Heaven is praised in the

Catholic Reformation, the Salve Regina was prayed every Saturday by members of the Sodality of Our Lady
, a Jesuit Marian association. The Hail Holy Queen is also the final prayer of the Rosary.

Ave Regina caelorum

Main article: Ave Regina caelorum

The

Feast of the Presentation (February 2) through the Wednesday of Holy Week. It is now used in the Liturgy of the Hours on the feast of the Assumption of Mary. The Ave Regina caelorum dates back in a different musical intonation to the 12th century.[22][full citation needed] Today's version is slightly different from a 12th-century intonation. The Ave Regina caelorum has four parts: Ave, Salve, Gaude and Vale (in English: hail, rejoice, farewell). It was used for processions in honour of the Queen of Heaven. The Ave Regina caelorum received numerous musical versions, a famous one of which was composed in 1773 by Joseph Haydn.[23][full citation needed
]

Regina Caeli

Main article:
Regina Caeli
Dante's Divine Comedy. Illustration by Gustave Doré
.

The Regina Caeli ("Queen of Heaven") is an anthem of the

Franciscan use, after Compline, in the first half of the thirteenth century.[25]

Different musical settings of the words were composed throughout the centuries by known and unknown composers. Not all attributions are correct, as an often quoted Regina Caeli by Joseph Haydn was not by him.[23]

Veneration

The small and simple young girl of Nazareth became Queen of the world! This is one of the marvels that reveal God’s Heart. Of course, Mary’s queenship is totally relative to Christ’s kingship. He is the Lord whom after the humiliation of death on the Cross the Father exalted above any other creature in Heaven and on earth and under the earth (cf. Phil 2: 9-11). Through a design of grace, the Immaculate Mother was fully associated with the mystery of the Son: in his Incarnation; in his earthly life, at first hidden at Nazareth and then manifested in the messianic ministry; in his Passion and death; and finally, in the glory of his Resurrection and Ascension into Heaven ... Benedict XVI.[26]

The Queenship of Mary is commemorated in the last of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary—the Coronation of the Virgin as Queen of Heaven and Earth.[27]

Parishes and private groups often process and crown an image of Mary with flowers. This often is referred to as a "May Crowning". This rite may be done on solemnities and feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or other festive days, and offers the Church a chance to reflect on Mary’s role in the history of salvation.[28]

The Virgin has been called "Queen of France" since 1638 when, partly in thanksgiving for a victory over the Huguenots and also in hope of the birth of an heir after years of childless marriage, Louis XIII officially gave her that title. Siena, Tuscany, hails the Virgin as Queen of Siena, and annually observes the race and pageant called the "palio" in her honor.[29]

Mary was declared "Queen of Poland" by king

3 May.[30][31]

Feast of Queenship of Mary

The coronation of the Salus Populi Romani icon by Pope Pius XII in 1954

Queenship of Mary is a Marian feast day in the

Ad caeli reginam. The feast was celebrated on May 31, the last day of the Marian month. The initial ceremony for this feast involved the crowning of the Salus Populi Romani icon of Mary in Rome by Pius XII as part of a procession in Rome.[32]

In 1969, Pope Paul VI moved the feast day to August 22, the former Octave day of the Assumption[10] in order to emphasize the close bond between Mary's queenship and her glorification in body and soul next to her Son. The Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Church states that "Mary was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully conformed to her Son" (Lumen gentium, 59).[17]

The movement to officially recognise the Queenship of Mary was initially promoted by several Catholic Mariological congresses in

Einsiedeln, Switzerland. Gabriel Roschini founded in Rome, Italy, an international society to promote the Queenship of Mary, Pro Regalitate Mariae.[33] Several popes had described Mary as Queen and Queen of Heaven, which was documented by Roschini. Pope Pius XII repeated the title in numerous encyclicals and apostolic letters, especially during World War II.[34][35][36][37][38][39]

Marian processions

Annual Grand Marian Procession through Downtown Los Angeles

In

Blessed Virgin Mary are offered. Subsequent years have seen the involvement and participation of numerous chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, lay groups, political figures, as well as other religious and civic organizations.[41]

Art

Main articles:
Catholic Marian art
Giacomo di Mino
, 1340–1350
Earliest known (6th century) Roman depiction of Santa Maria Regina (Saint Mary the Queen). Santa Maria Antiqua church, Rome.

Early Christian art shows Mary in an elevated position. She carries her divine son in her hands, or holds him. The earliest known Roman depiction of Santa Maria Regina depicting Mary as a queen dates to the 6th century and is found in the modest church of

Roman Catholic Marian churches, this church was used by Pope John VII in the early 8th century as the see of the bishop of Rome. Also in the 8th century, the Second Council of Nicaea decreed that such pictures of Mary should be venerated.[16]

In the early 16th century, Protestant reformers began to discourage

Pius XII. The veneration of Mary as queen continues into the 21st century, but artistic expressions do not have the leading role as in previous times.[46]

Artworks, including paintings, mosaics and carvings of the coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven, became increasingly popular from the 13th century onward. Works follow a set pattern, showing Mary kneeling in the heavenly court, and being crowned either by Jesus alone, or else by Jesus and God the Father together, with the Holy Spirit, usually in the form of a dove, completing the Trinity. The Coronation of Mary is almost entirely a theme of Western art. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, although Mary is often shown wearing a crown, the coronation itself never became an accepted artistic subject.[8]

Gallery of art

Paintings

Statues

Frescoes

Altars

See also

References

  1. ^ "On The Virgin Mary". The Anglican Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  2. ISBN 9781848252783
    . Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  3. ^ Alchin, A.M., "Mary, Virgin and Mother: An Anglican Approach", Marian Library Studies, vol.1, article 7, 1969
  4. ^ "The Virgin Mary, Our Lady, Queen of Heaven…". The Episcopal Church. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  5. ^ "Lyngsjö kyrka". 5 July 2023.
  6. ^ Karkan, Betsy. "Luther’s Love for St. Mary, Queen of Heaven", LutheranReformation.org
  7. ^ Pope Pius XII, Ad Caeli Reginam, 11 October 1954, Dicastero per la Comunicazione
  8. ^ a b Otto, John, ed. (1985). Dictionary of Mary. New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co. pp. 283–284.
  9. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 38. 266
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
  11. ^ Ad Caeli Reginam, §34.
  12. ^ a b Most, William G. "Mary's Queenship", Our Lady in Doctrine and Devotion, 1994
  13. ISBN 978-0-578-03834-6
    page 41
  14. ^ Ad Caeli Reginam, §1.
  15. ^ Shoemaker, Stephen (2016). Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion. Yale University Press. p. 24.
  16. ^ a b Fastenrath & Tschochner 1991, p. 590.
  17. ^ a b c "On the Queenship of Mary". ZENIT - English. 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  18. ISBN 9780268104092
  19. ^ Pope Paul VI, "Christi Matris", §8, September 15, 1966
  20. ^ Lumen gentium, Chapter 8, Section 59.
  21. ^ Marienlexikon, 648
  22. ^ C Bernt Marienlexikon 321
  23. ^ a b Haydn, in Marienlexikon, 88
  24. ^ Normae universales de anno liturgico et de calendario, 22
  25. ^ Henry, Hugh. "Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven)." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 August 2023 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  26. ^ "Celebrating Mary’s Queenship of Heaven and Earth", The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, August 22, 2020
  27. ^ "Glorious Mysteries", Vatican
  28. ^ Lewis, Suzaanne M. "Crowning an Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary", Pastoral Liturgy
  29. ^ "The Queenship of Mary", Queen of Angels foundation
  30. ^ Brockhaus, Hannah. "Polish parliament recognizes coronation of Mary as nation's queen", Catholic News Agency, January 18, 2017
  31. ^ "Spokesman of the Polish Episcopate: Mary wanted to be called the Queen of Poland", Polish Bishops' Conference, March 5, 2019
  32. ^ "Religion: The Queenship of Mary". Time, November 8, 1954.
  33. ^ Fastenrath & Tschochner 1991, p. 591.
  34. ^ AAS 1942, 126,
  35. ^ AAS 1942 315,
  36. ^ AAS 1943, 248,
  37. ^ AAS 1943 38,
  38. ^ AAS 1946,266,
  39. ^ AAS 1950, 763,
  40. ^ Dellinger, Robert. "2011 ‘Grand Procession’ revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion", The TidingsOnline, September 6, 2011
  41. ^ Hoffarth, Tom. "This year's Grand Marian Procession marks a time of celebration". Angelus News, August 31, 2018.
  42. ISBN 88-8265-217-3
    page 34
  43. ISBN 0-271-02551-4
    page 21
  44. ISBN 0-85115-881-1
    page 175
  45. ^ Fastenrath & Tschochner 1991, p. 595.
  46. ^ a b c Fastenrath & Tschochner 1991, p. 596.

Sources

External links

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