Rajasthani people

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Rajasthanis
Total population
c. 68,548,437 (2011)
Rajasthani, Hindi
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Islam and Jainism
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples

Rajasthani people or Rajasthanis are a group of

Rajasthani, is a part of the western group of Indo-Aryan languages
.

History

Main article: History of Rajasthan
Maharana Pratap, a ruler and great warrior of his time.
Part of a series on
Rajasthani people
Culture
Religion
Language
Notable people
Rajasthan Portal

The first mention of the word Rajasthan comes from the works of George Thomas (Military Memories) and James Tod (Annals). Rajasthan literally means the Land of Kingdoms. However, western Rajasthan and eastern Gujarat were part of "Gurjaratra".[3] The local dialects of the time use the expression Rājwār, the place or land of kings, later Rajputana.[4][5]

Although the history of

Mediterranean and southeast Asia.[7]

Romani people

Main article: Romani people

Some claim that Romani people originated in parts of the Rajasthan. Indian origin was suggested based on linguistic grounds as early as 200 years ago.

ḍōmba ("man living by singing and music"), attested in Classical Sanskrit.[9] Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century.[citation needed] Contemporary populations sometimes suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Central Asia and the Banjara of India.[10]

Origin

better source needed
]

Religion

Rajasthani society is a blend of predominantly

Hindus with sizeable minorities of Muslims, Sikhs and Jains
.

Hinduism

Shaivism and Vaishnavism is followed by majority of the people; however, Shaktism is followed in the form of Bhavani and her avatars are equally worshiped throughout Rajasthan.[12]

The

Khatiks of Rajasthan worship Shiva, Kali (kalika ma), Bhavani, and Ram as well as Hanuman
.

Meenas of Rajasthan till date strongly follow Vedic culture which usually includes worship of Bhainroon (Shiva) and Krishna as well as the Durga.[13]

The Charans worship various forms and incarnations of Shakti such as Hinglaj[14] or Durga, Avad Mata,[15] Karni Mata,[16] and Khodiyar.[17]

The Jats worship the Shiva, Vishnu, Sun, Moon and Bhavani (Goddess Durga).[18]

The

Meerabai
was an important figure who was devoted Krishna.

Lakshami. They follow a set of 29 principles/commandments given by Sri Guru Jambheshwar (1451-1536) who founded the sect at Samrathal Dhora, Bikaner in 1485 and his teachings, comprising 120 shabads, are known as Shabadwani. As of 2019, there are an estimated 1500,000 Bishnoi residing in north and central India.[20]

The

Gujars worship the Devnarayan, Shiva, and Goddess Bhavani.[21][22][23] Historically, the Gujars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god.[23]

Islam

Rajasthani Muslims are predominantly

Sunnis. They are mainly Meo, Mirasi, Khanzada, Qaimkhani, Manganiar, Muslim Ranghar, Merat, Sindhi-Sipahi, Rath, and Pathans.[24] Converts to Islam still maintained many of their earlier traditions. They share lot of socio-ritual elements. Rajasthani Muslim communities, after their conversion, continued to follow pre-conversion practices (Rajasthani rituals and customs) which is not the case in other parts of the country. This exhibits the strong cultural identity of Rajasthani people as opposed to religious identity.[25] According to 2001 census, Muslim population of Rajasthan is 4,788,227, accounting for around 9% of the total population.[26]

Other religions

Some other religions are also prevalent such as

Parsi religion and others.[18] Over time, there has been an increase in the number of followers of Sikh religion.[18] Though Buddhism emerged as a major religion during 321-184 BC in Mauryan Empire, it had no influence in Rajasthan for the fact that Mauryan Empire had minimal impact on Rajasthan and its culture.[27] Although Jainism is not that prevalent in Rajasthan today, Rajasthan and Gujarat areas were historically strong centres of Jainism in India.[28]

Castes and communities

Noblemen from Jaipur 1875

Rajasthanis form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct in its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art. However, there are many different castes and communities, with diversified traditions of their own. Major sub ethnic groups are

Barnwals, Kumhars, Kumawats etc.[29][30][31][32]

There are few other

Bhils. Meena ruled on Dhundhar near 10th century. The Ghoomar dance is one well-known aspect of Bhil tribe. Meena and Bhils were employed as soldiers by the Rajputs. During colonial rule, the British government declared 250 groups[54] which included Meenas, Gujars, etc.[55][56] as "criminal tribes". Any group or community that took arms and opposed British rule were branded as criminal by the British government in 1871.[57] This Act was repealed in 1952 by Government of India.[54] Sahariyas, the jungle dwellers, who are believed to be of Bhil origin, inhabit the areas of Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur in the southeast of Rajasthan. Their main occupations include working as shifting cultivators, hunters and fishermen.[58][59] Garasias is a small Rajput tribe inhabiting Abu Road area of southern Rajasthan.[58][59]

There are a few other colourful folks, groups like those of

Nat, Kalbelia, and Saansi, who criss-cross the countryside with their animals. The Gadia Luhars are said to be once associated with Maharana Pratap.[60]

Rajasthani literature

Scholars agree on the fact that during 10th-12th century, a common language was spoken in Western

Gaurjar Apabhramsha in 1014 AD.[61] Formal grammar of Rajasthani was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Rajasthani was recognised by the State Assembly as an official Indian language in 2004. Recognition is still pending from the government of India.[63]

First mention of Rajasthani literature comes from the 778 CE novel

Kuvalayamala, composed in the town of Jalor in south-eastern Marwar by Jain acharya Udyotana Suri. Udyotan Suri referred it as Maru Bhasha or Maru Vani. Modern Rajasthani literature began with the works of Suryamal Misrana.[64] His most important works are the Vamsa Bhaskara and the Vira satsaī. The Vira satsaī is a collection of couplets dealing with historical heroes. Two other important poets in this traditional style are Bakhtavara Ji and Kaviraja Murari Dan. Apart from academic literature, there exists folk literature as well. Folk literature consists of ballads, songs, proverbs, folk tales, and panegyrics. The heroic and ethical poetry were the two major components of Rajasthani literature throughout its history. The development of Rajasthani literature, as well as virkavya (heroic poetry), from the Dingal language took form during the early formation of medieval social and political establishments in Rajasthan. Maharaja Chatur Singh (1879–1929) was a devotional poet from Mewar. His contributions were poetry style that was essentially a bardic tradition in nature. Another important poet was Hinglaj Dan Kaviya (1861–1948). His contributions are largely of the heroic poetry style.[65]

Developmental progression and growth of Rajasthani literature cand be divided into 3 stages[66]

Historical stages of Rajasthani literature
900 to 1400 AD The Early Period
1400 to 1857 AD Medieval Period
1857 to present day Modern Period

Culture and tradition

Bani Thani (Monalisa of Rajasthan)

Dress

dhotis, kurta, angarkha and paggar or safa (kind of turban
headgear). Traditional Chudidar payjama (puckered trousers) frequently replaces dhoti in different regions. Women wear ghagra (long skirt) and kanchli (top). However, dress style changes with lengths and breaths of vast Rajasthan. Dhoti is worn in different ways in Marwar (Jodhpur area) or Shekhawati (Jaipur area) or Hadoti (Bundi area). Similarly, there are a few differences pagri and safa despite both being Rajasthani headgear. Mewar has the tradition of paggar, whereas Marwar has the tradition of safa.

Traditional Rajasthani Jewelry

Rajasthan is also famous for its amazing ornaments. From ancient times, Rajasthani people have been wearing jewellery of various metals and materials. Traditionally, women wore Gems-studded gold and silver ornaments. Historically, silver or gold ornaments were used for interior decoration stitched on curtains, seat cushions, handy-crafts, etc. Wealthy Rajasthanis used Gems-studded gold and silver on swords, shields, knives, pistols, cannon, doors, thrones, etc., which reflects the importance of ornaments in lives of Rajasthanis.[67]

Cuisine

Rich

curry leaves, tamarind, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, cumin
, and rosewater.

The major crops of Rajasthan are

jowar, bajra, maize, ragi
, rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc. Millets, lentils, and beans are the most basic ingredients in food.

The majority of Hindu and Jain Rajasthanis are vegetarian. Rajasthani Jains do not eat after sundown and their food does not contain garlics and onions. Rajputs are usually meat eaters; however, eating beef is a taboo within the majority of the culture.[68][69]

Rajasthani cuisines have a whole lot of varieties, varying regionally between the arid desert districts and the greener eastern areas. Most famous dish is Dal-Baati-Churma. It is a little bread full of clarified butter roasted over hot coals and served with a dry, flaky sweet made of gram flour, and Ker-Songri made with a desert fruit and beans.

Art

Main article: Art of Rajasthan


Music

Main article: Music of Rajasthan
A Rajasthani folk singer with his Ravanahatha instrument at the Akhyan Festival at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), near India Gate, New Delhi.

Rajasthani Music has a diverse collection of musicians. Major schools of music includes

Udaipur, Jodhpur, and Jaipur. Jaipur is a major Gharanas which is well known for its reverence for rare ragas. Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana is associated with Alladiya Khan (1855–1943), who was among the great singers of the late 19th and early 20th century. Alladiya Khan was trained both in Dhrupad and Khyal styles, though his ancestors were Dhrupad singers.[70]
The most distinguishing feature of Jaipur Gharana is its complex and lilting melodic form.

Rajasthani paintings

The colourful tradition of Rajasthani people reflects in art of paintings as well. This painting style is called Maru-Gurjar painting. It throws light on the royal heritage of ancient Rajasthan. Under the Royal patronage, various styles of paintings developed, cultivated, and practised in Rajasthan, and painting styles reached their pinnacle of glory by 15th to 17th centuries. The major painting styles are phad paintings, miniature paintings, kajali paintings, gemstone paintings, etc. There is incredible diversity and imaginative creativity found in Rajasthani paintings. Major schools of art are Mewar, Marwar, Kishangarh, Bundi, Kota, Jaipur, and Alwar.

Development of Maru-Gurjar painting[71]

  • Western Indian painting style - 700 AD
  • Mewar Jain painting style - 1250 AD
  • Blend of Sultanate Maru-Gurjar painting style - 1550 AD
  • Mewar, Marwar, Dhundar, and Harothi styles - 1585 AD

Phad paintings ("Mewar-style of painting") is the most ancient Rajasthani art form. Phad paintings, essentially a scroll painting done on cloth, are beautiful specimen of the Indian cloth paintings. These have their own styles and patterns and are very popular due to their vibrant colours and historic themes. The Phad of God Devnarayan is largest among the popular Pars in Rajasthan. The painted area of God Devnarayan Ki Phad is 170 square feet (i.e. 34' x 5').[72] Some other Pars are also prevalent in Rajasthan, but being of recent origin, they are not classical in composition.[72] Another famous Par painting is Pabuji Ki Phad. Pabuji Ki Phad is painted on a 15 x 5 ft. canvas.[72] Other famous heroes of Phad paintings are Gogaji, Prithviraj Chauhan, Amar Singh Rathore, etc.[73]


Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Rajasthan
  • Interior shows stone work Adisvara temple
    Interior shows stone work Adisvara temple
  • Jain temple at Ranakpur
    Jain temple at Ranakpur
  • Nagda Temple
    Nagda Temple
  • Dev Somnath Temple
    Dev Somnath Temple

The rich tradition of Rajasthanis also reflect in the

Hoysala temple architecture. In both of these styles, architecture is treated sculpturally.[74]

Occupation

artisans
, such as Lohar and Sikligar. Lohar are blacksmiths while Sikligar do specific work of making and polishing of arms used in war. Now, they create tools used for agriculture.

Main article:
Marwaris

Trade and business

Historically, Rajasthani business community (famously called Marwaris,

Rajasthani: मारवाड़ी) conducted business successfully throughout India and outside of India. Their business was organised around the "joint-family system", in which the grandfather, father, sons, their sons, and other family members or close relatives worked together and shared responsibilities of business work.[78] The success of Rajasthanis in business, that too outside of Rajasthan, is the outcome of feeling of oneness within the community.[citation needed] Rajasthanis tend to help community members, and this strengthens the kinship bondage, oneness, and trust within community. Another fact is that they have the ability to adapt to the region they migrate. They assimilate with others so well and respect the regional culture, customs, and people.[79] It is a rare and most revered quality for any successful businessman. Today, they are among the major business classes in India. The term Marwari has come to mean a canny businessman from the State of Rajasthan. The Bachhawats, Birlas, Goenkas, Bajajs, Ruias, Piramels and Singhanias are among the top business groups of India. They are the famous marwaris from Rajasthan.[80]

Diaspora

The

Marwari group of Rajasthanis have a substantial diaspora throughout India, where they have been established as traders.[81] Marwari migration to the rest of India is essentially a movement in search of opportunities for trade and commerce. In most cases, Rajasthanis migrate to other places as traders.[82]

Maharashtra

In

Desh), Rajasthanis are mainly merchants and own large to medium size business houses. Maheshwaris are mainly Hindus (some are also Jains), who migrated from Rājputāna in the olden days. They usually worship all Gods and Goddesses along with their village deities.[83]

Seervi

The Seervi are a

Jats and Rajputs about 800 years ago and was living in the Marwar and Gaudwar region of Rajasthan.[84]

Images

  • Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Temple that was built by Maharana Jagat Singh Ist in 1651 A.D.
    Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Temple that was built by Maharana Jagat Singh Ist in 1651 A.D.
  • The region surrounding Aravalli hills near Ranthambore, Rajasthan, India.
    The region surrounding Aravalli hills near Ranthambore, Rajasthan, India.
  • Detailed stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan.
    Detailed stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan.
  • Marble stone work, Jaisalmer Jain Temple, Rajasthan.
    Marble stone work, Jaisalmer Jain Temple, Rajasthan.
  • Seated Ganesha, sandstone sculpture from Rajasthan, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.
    Seated Ganesha, sandstone sculpture from Rajasthan, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.
  • Yellow sandstone sculpture of a standing deity, 11th century CE, Rajasthan.
    Yellow sandstone sculpture of a standing deity, 11th century CE, Rajasthan.
  • Armor coat, 18th century, Rajasthan.
    Armor coat, 18th century, Rajasthan.
  • Marble sculpture of a female, ca 1450, Rajasthan.
    Marble sculpture of a female, ca 1450, Rajasthan.
  • Bani Thani painting, Rajasthan.
    Bani Thani painting, Rajasthan.
  • Camel ride in sand dunes, Thar desert, Jaisalmer.
    Camel ride in sand dunes, Thar desert, Jaisalmer.

See also

References

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