Ramon Magsaysay
7th President of the Philippines | |
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In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957 | |
Vice President | Carlos P. Garcia |
Preceded by | Elpidio Quirino |
Succeeded by | Carlos P. Garcia |
Secretary of National Defense | |
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954 | |
President | Himself |
Preceded by | Oscar Castelo |
Succeeded by | Sotero B. Cabahug |
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953 | |
President | Elpidio Quirino |
Preceded by | Ruperto Kangleon |
Succeeded by | Oscar Castelo |
Member of the House of Representatives from Zambales’ Lone district | |
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950 | |
Preceded by | Valentin Afable |
Succeeded by | Enrique Corpus |
Personal details | |
Born | Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a] |
Died | March 17, 1957 Balamban, Cebu, Philippines | (aged 49)
Cause of death | Airplane crash |
Resting place | Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines |
Political party | Nacionalista (1953–1957) |
Other political affiliations | Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2] |
Spouse |
Philippine Commonwealth Army |
Years of service | 1942–1945 |
Rank | Captain |
Unit | 31st Infantry Division |
Battles/wars | World War II |
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay
Biography
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Filipino
He spent his grade school life somewhere in Castillejos and his high school life at Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.[5] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the Philippines in 1927,[5] where he enrolled in a Mechanical Engineering course. He first worked as a chauffeur to support himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,[5] where he received a baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic for a bus company[6] and shop superintendent.
Career during World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army.
When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on at least four occasions. There he organised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain on April 5, 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit and saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply officer codenamed Chow and later as commander of a 10,000-strong force.[4]
Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of the Japanese prior to the landing of American forces together with the
Family
He was married to
Other Relatives
Several of Magsaysay's relatives became prominent public figures in their own right:
- Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; former Congressman and Senator
- Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
- Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator
- Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Governor of Zambales
- JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; actor, politician, and businessman
- Antonio M. Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman of Zambales
- Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter
House of Representatives
On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his fellow ex-guerrillas, was elected under the
Secretary of National Defense
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011) |
In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a plan to fight the Communist guerrillas, using his own experiences in guerrilla warfare during World War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was no alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence in September 1950.[7] He intensified the campaign against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. This success was due in part to the unconventional methods he took up from a former advertising expert and CIA agent, Colonel Edward Lansdale. In the counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods and other forms of aid to outlying, provincial communities. Prior to Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Secretary, rural citizens perceived the Philippine Army with apathy and distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced the Army's image, earning them respect and admiration.[8]
In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour to the United States and Mexico. He visited
By 1953, President Quirino thought the threat of the Huks was under control and Secretary Magsaysay was becoming too weak. Magsaysay met with interference and obstruction from the President and his advisers, in fears they might be unseated at the next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had at that time no intention to run, he was urged from many sides and finally was convinced that the only way to continue his fight against communism, and for a government for the people, was to be elected president, ousting the corrupt administration that, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communist guerrillas by bad administration. He resigned his post as defense secretary on February 28, 1953,
1951 Padilla incident
The trial against Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men presented enough evidence to convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.[11] In August 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty and Lacson, his 25 men and three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned to the electric chair.[13]
Manila Railroad leadership
Magsaysay was also the general manager of the Manila Railroad Company between October and December 1951. His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into presidency. He also set the first steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Valley Railroad Extension project.[14]
1953 presidential campaign
Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines. Incumbent President
The
Presidency (1953–1957)
Presidential styles of Ramon Magsaysay | |
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His Excellency | |
Spoken style | Your Excellency |
Alternative style | Mr. President |
In the
As President, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific.
During his term, he made
-
The taking of theoath of officeof President Ramon Magsaysay
Administration and cabinet
Domestic policies
Population | |
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1954 | 21.40 million |
Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices) | |
1954 | Php 157,054 million |
1956 | Php 179,739 million |
Growth rate, 1954–56 | 7.2% |
Per capita income (1985 constant prices) | |
1954 | Php 7,339 |
1956 | Php 8,073 |
Total exports | |
1954 | Php 36,462 million |
1956 | Php 34,727 million |
Exchange rates | |
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50 | |
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, Inc. |
Presidential Inauguration Day
Ushering a new era in
This was symbolically seen when, on inauguration day, President Magsaysay ordered the gates of
True to his electoral promise, he created the Presidential Complaints and Action Committee.[2] This body immediately proceeded to hear grievances and recommend remedial action. Headed by soft-spoken, but active and tireless, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, of which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct action and a little more than 25,000 would be referred to government agencies for appropriate follow-up. This new entity, composed of youthful personnel, all loyal to the President, proved to be a highly successful morale booster restoring the people's confidence in their own government. He appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in 1953 as PCAC Chief for Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to the president because of his charisma to the common people of Mindanao.[citation needed]
Zotico was a local journalist and an esteemed writer from a prominent family on
Agrarian reform
To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked
As further aid to the rural people,[2] the president established the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to make available rural credits. Records show that it did grant, in this wise, almost ten million dollars. This administration body next devoted its attention to cooperative marketing.[2]
Along this line of help to the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian wells campaign. A group-movement known as the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record time managed to raise a considerable sum for the construction of as many artesian wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude.[2]
Finally, vast irrigation projects, as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar ones, went a long way towards bringing to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.[2]
President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program:
- Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
- Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
- Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
- Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.[18]
Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon
In early 1954,
With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 by 1954 and without the protection and support of local supporters, active Huk resistance no longer presented a serious threat to Philippine security. From February to mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted in Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of the remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to less than 1,000 by year's end.[19][20]
Foreign policies
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the expansion of communism in Asia. He made the Philippines a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (
The active coordination of the Magsaysay administration with the Japanese government led to the Reparation Agreement. This was an agreement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to pay $550 million as reparation for war damages to the Philippines.[22]
Defense Council
Taking the advantage of the presence of U.S. Secretary
Laurel-Langley Agreement
The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a trade agreement between the Philippines and the United States which was signed in 1955 and expired in 1974. Although it proved deficient, the final agreement satisfied nearly all of the diverse Filipino economic interests. While some have seen the Laurel-Langley agreement as a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Laurel and other Philippine leaders recognized that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom to industrialize while continuing to receive privileged access to US markets.[23]
The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Act, which tied the economy of the Philippines to that of United States.
Bandung Conference
The culmination of a series of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union in the Cold War, or any other imperialistic nations, the
In the course of the conference, Indian Prime Minister
Reparation agreement
Following the reservations made by Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Japanese Peace Treaty in
When the Committee reported that Japan was in a position to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went to Tokyo. On May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million dollars as reparations. Payment was to be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would be paid in cash in Philippine currency; thirty million dollars, in services; five million dollars, in capital goods; and two hundred and fifty million dollars, in long-term industrial loans.[2]
On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed the Japanese government, through Prime Minister
Death
Magsaysay's term, which was to end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by a plane crash. On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left
An estimated two million people attended Magsaysay's state funeral on March 22, 1957.[26][27][28] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy". After his death, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency on March 18, 1957, to complete the last eight months of Magsaysay's term. In the presidential elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as president, but his running mate was defeated.[29]
Legacy
Magsaysay's administration was considered as one of the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippine history; his rule is often cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years". Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was at its prime, and the country gained international recognition in sports, culture, and foreign affairs. The Philippines placed second on a ranking of Asia's clean and well-governed countries.[30][31]
His presidency is seen as people-centered as government trust was high among the Filipino people, earning him the nickname "Champion of the masses" and his sympathetic approach to the Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who thought that rebellion was the only answer to their sufferings. He also gained nationwide support for his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on government corruption that his administration inherited from prior administrations.[32][33]
Honors
National Honors
- : Quezon Service Cross - posthumous (July 4, 1957)[34]
Military Medals (Foreign)
- United States:: Commander, Legion of Merit (13 June 1952)
Foreign Honors
- Thailand: Knight Grand Cordon(Special Class) of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (April 1955)[37]
- Cambodia: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (January 1956)[38]
Ancestry
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See also
- President of the Philippines
- Ramon Magsaysay Award
- Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.
Notes
- ^ The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of the United States known as the Philippine Islands at the time of Magsaysay's birth.
References
- ^ a b "Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
- ^ – via Persée.
- ^ a b Manahan, Manuel P. (1987). Reader's Digest November 1987 issue: Biographical Tribute to Ramon Magsaysay. pp. 17–23.
- ^ a b c House of Representatives (1950). Official Directory. Bureau of Printing. p. 167. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ Greenberg, Lawrence M. (1987). The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Study of a Successful Anti-insurgency Operation in the Philippines, 1946-1955. Analysis Branch, U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 79. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-317-87529-1. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ Ladwig III, Walter C. (2014). When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and the Huk Rebellion (PDF). in C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly, (eds.) Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- ^ Barrens, Clarence G. (1970). I Promise: Magsaysay's Unique PSYOP "defeats" HUKS. US Army Command and General Staff College. p. 58. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ISBN 978-971-542-496-7.
- ^ a b "The Philippines: Justice for the Governor". Time Magazine. September 6, 1954. Archived from the original on November 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
- Nene Pimenteldelivered at the Senate, August 2001.
- ^ "The Philippines: Justice for the Governor". Time. September 6, 1954. Archived from the original on November 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010. Second page of Time's coverage of Rafael Lacson's case.
- ^ Satre, Gary (December 1999). "The Cagayan Valley Railway Extension Project". East Japan Railway Culture Foundation. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-2280-3.
- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (October 13, 2016). "The long history of the U.S. interfering with elections elsewhere". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 546121, 2019.
- ^ Halili, M.C. (2010). Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.
- ^ "Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart". Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
- ^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography
- ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5
- ^ "Ramon Magsaysay – president of Philippines". August 27, 2023.
- ^ a b Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006
- ^ Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States–Philippines. By Nick Cullather
- ^ Moneva, Dominico (March 18, 2006). "Speak out: Magsaysay's death". Sun Star Cebu. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
- ^ "Official Month in Review: March 16 – March 31, 1957". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. March 31, 1957. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
- ^ Townsend, William Cameron (1952). Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas. See the SIL International Website at: Establishing the Work in Mexico.
- ^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray: The Magsaysay Story (The John Day Company, 1956, updated – with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death – re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957)
- ^ Halili, M.C. (2010). Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.
- ^ Guzman, Sara Soliven De. "Has the government become our enemy?". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ "Reforming the AFP Magsaysay's". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 5, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ FilipiKnow (November 27, 2016). "6 Reasons Why Ramon Magsaysay Was The Best President Ever". FilipiKnow. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ "Philippine History: President Ramon F. Magsaysay: Champion of the masses". ph.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ "History of the Quezon Service Cross". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ "President's Month in Review: March 16 – March 31, 1958". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
- ^ "Roster of Recipients of Presidential Awards". Retrieved July 11, 2022.
- ^ "Official Month in Review: April 1955". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. April 1, 1955. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
In the afternoon the President received the decoration of the Knight Grand Cordon of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, the highest decoration conferred by the government of Thailand.
- ^ "Official Month in Review: February 1956". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. February 1, 1956. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
The Prince presented the President with the Grand Croix de l'Ordre Royal du Cambodge, Cambodia's highest decoration for a foreign chief of state.
External links
- Ramon Magsaysay on the Presidential Museum and Library Archived May 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Ramon Magsaysay on the Official Gazette
- Stanley J. Rainka Papers Finding Aid, 1945–1946, AIS.2009.04, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh. (Correspondence with Ramon Magsaysay)
- "Did the CIA use pop music to help elect president of the Philippines?" by Robert Tollast, The National News, Jan 21, 2022