List of presidents of the Philippines
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Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4][5] The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for more than six years is barred from eligibility. Upon resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post.[6]
History
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[7][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).[4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[12] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[19]
In 1935, the
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[27] and Manuel Roxas[28]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57[29]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.
Presidents
No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan) |
Party | Term | Election | Vice president | Era | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |
None
|
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901[a] (2 years, 59 days) |
1899[b] | None[c] | First Republic | ||
None[d] | –[e] | None | U.S. Military Government | |||||
–[f] | U.S. Insular Government | |||||||
2 | Manuel L. Quezon (1878–1944) |
Nacionalista | November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944[g] (8 years, 260 days) |
1935 | Sergio Osmeña | Commonwealth | ||
1941 | ||||||||
3 | Jose P. Laurel (1891–1959) |
KALIBAPI | October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945[h] (1 year, 307 days) |
1943[i] | None[j] | Second Republic | ||
4 | Sergio Osmeña (1878–1961) |
Nacionalista | August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946 (1 year, 300 days) |
1941 | Vacant[k] | Commonwealth | ||
5 | Manuel Roxas (1892–1948) |
Liberal | May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948[g] (1 year, 323 days) |
1946 | Elpidio Quirino | |||
Third Republic | ||||||||
6 | Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) |
Liberal | April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953 (5 years, 257 days) |
Vacant[k] | ||||
1949 | Fernando Lopez[l] | |||||||
7 | Ramon Magsaysay (1907–1957) |
Nacionalista | December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957[g] (3 years, 77 days) |
1953 | Carlos P. Garcia | |||
8 | Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) |
Nacionalista | March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961 (4 years, 287 days) |
None[k] | ||||
1957 | Diosdado Macapagal[m] | |||||||
9 | Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) |
Liberal | December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965 (4 years) |
1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez[n] | |||
10 | Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989) |
Nacionalista (until 1978) |
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986[o] (20 years, 57 days) |
1965 | Fernando Lopez | |||
1969 | ||||||||
Martial Law | ||||||||
None[p] | ||||||||
1973[q] | ||||||||
1977[q] | ||||||||
KBL (from 1978) | ||||||||
1981 | Fourth Republic | |||||||
Vacant[r] | ||||||||
11 | Corazon Aquino (1933–2009) |
UNIDO (until 1988) |
February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992 (6 years, 126 days) |
1986[s] | Salvador Laurel[t] | Provisional Government | ||
Fifth Republic | ||||||||
Independent (from 1988) | ||||||||
12 | Fidel V. Ramos (1928–2022) |
Lakas–NUCD | June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998 (6 years) |
1992 | Joseph Estrada[u] | |||
13 | Joseph Estrada (born 1937) |
LAMMP | June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001[v] (2 years, 204 days) |
1998 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo[w] | |||
14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) |
Lakas–CMD | January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010 (9 years, 161 days) |
Vacant[x] | ||||
Teofisto Guingona Jr.[y] | ||||||||
2004 | Noli de Castro[z] | |||||||
15 | Benigno Aquino III (1960–2021) |
Liberal | June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016 (6 years) |
2010 | Jejomar Binay[aa] | |||
16 | Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945) |
PDP–Laban
|
June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022 (6 years) |
2016 | Leni Robredo[m] | |||
17 | Bongbong Marcos (born 1957) |
PFP | June 30, 2022 – present (1 year, 302 days) |
2022 | Sara Duterte[ab] |
Timeline
Unofficial presidents
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.[39]
List
Portrait | Name Lifespan |
Party | Term | Vice President | Government | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | ||||||
Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) [35][40][41][42] |
None
|
August 24, 1896[ac] | March 22, 1897[ad] or May 10, 1897[ae] |
None | Sovereign Tagalog Nation | ||
Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |
None
|
March 22, 1897[af] | November 1, 1897[ag] | Mariano Trias | Tejeros revolutionary government | ||
November 2, 1897[ah] | December 14, 1897[ai] | Republic of Biak-na-Bato | |||||
May 24, 1898 | June 23, 1898 [aj] | Dictatorial Government | |||||
June 23, 1898[ak][43] | January 23, 1899[al] | Revolutionary Government | |||||
Francisco Makabulos (1871–1922) |
None
|
April 17, 1898 | May 19, 1898[am] | None | Central Executive Committee | ||
Miguel Malvar (1865–1911) [44] |
None
|
April 1, 1901[an] | April 16, 1902[ao] | None[ap] | First Republic | ||
Macario Sakay (1870–1907) [45][46][47] |
Katipunan (holdout/revival) |
May 6, 1902[aq] | July 14, 1906[ar] | Francisco Carreón | Tagalog Republic | ||
José Abad Santos (1886–1942) [39] |
Independent | March 17, 1942 | May 2, 1942 | None | Commonwealth | ||
Jorge B. Vargas (1890–1980) |
KALIBAPI Association for Service to the New Philippines |
January 23, 1942 | October 14, 1943 | None | Philippine Executive Commission | ||
Arturo Tolentino (1910–2004) [48][49] |
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan New Society Movement |
July 6, 1986[as] | July 8, 1986 | None | Fourth Republic |
Timeline
List of presidents by age
No. | President | Born | Age at start of presidency | Age at end of presidency | Post-presidency timespan | Lifespan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Died | Age | ||||||
1 | Emilio Aguinaldo | March 22, 1869 | 29 years, 10 months, 1 day January 23, 1899 |
32 years, 22 days March 23, 1901 |
62 years, 10 months, 14 days | February 6, 1964 | 94 years |
2 | Manuel Quezon | August 19, 1878 | 57 years, 2 months, 27 days February 15, 1935 |
65 years, 11 months, 13 days August 1, 1944 |
Died in office | August 1, 1944 | 65 years |
3 | Jose P. Laurel | March 9, 1891 | 52 years, 7 months, 5 days October 14, 1943 |
54 years, 5 months, 8 days August 17, 1945 |
14 years, 2 months, 20 days | November 6, 1959 | 68 years |
4 | Sergio Osmeña | September 9, 1878 | 65 years, 10 months, 23 days August 1, 1944 |
67 years, 8 months, 19 days May 28, 1946 |
15 years, 4 months, 21 days | October 19, 1961 | 83 years |
5 | Manuel Roxas | January 1, 1892 | 54 years, 4 months, 27 days May 28, 1946 |
56 years, 3 months, 14 days April 15, 1948 |
Died in office | April 15, 1948 | 56 years |
6 | Elpidio Quirino | November 16, 1890 | 57 years, 5 months, 1 day April 17, 1948 |
63 years, 1 month, 14 days December 30, 1953 |
2 years, 1 month, 30 days | February 29, 1956 | 65 years |
7 | Ramon Magsaysay | August 31, 1907 | 46 years, 3 months, 29 days December 30, 1953 |
49 years old, 6 months, 14 days March 17, 1957 |
Died in office | March 17, 1957 | 49 years |
8 | Carlos P. Garcia | November 4, 1896 | 60 years, 5 months, 14 days March 18, 1957 |
65 years, 1 months, 26 days December 30, 1961 |
9 years, 5 months, 15 days | June 14, 1971 | 74 years |
9 | Diosdado Macapagal | September 28, 1910 | 51 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1961 |
55 years, 3 months, 2 days December 30, 1965 |
31 years, 3 months, 22 days | April 21, 1997 | 86 years |
10 | Ferdinand E. Marcos | September 11, 1917 | 48 years, 3 months, 19 days December 30, 1965 |
68 years, 5 months, 14 days February 25 1986 |
3 years, 7 months, 3 days | September 28, 1989 | 72 years |
11 | Corazon Aquino | January 25, 1933 | 53 years, 1 month February 25, 1986 |
59 years, 5 months, 5 days June 30, 1992 |
17 years, 1 months, 2 days | August 1, 2009 | 76 years |
12 | Fidel V. Ramos | March 18, 1928 | 64 years old, 3 months, 12 days June 30, 1992 |
70 years old, 3 months, 12 days June 30, 1998 |
24 years, 1 month, 1 day | July 31, 2022 | 94 years |
13 | Joseph Estrada | April 19, 1937 | 61 years, 2 months, 11 days June 30, 1998 |
63 years, 9 months, 1 day January 20, 2001 |
(Living) | (Living) | 86 years |
14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | April 5, 1947 | 53 years, 9 months, 15 days January 20, 2001 |
63 years, 2 months, 25 days June 30, 2010 |
(Living) | (Living) | 76 years |
15 | Benigno Aquino III | February 8, 1960 | 50 years, 4 months, 22 days June 30, 2010 |
56 years, 4 months, 22 days June 30, 2016 |
4 years, 21 months, 25 days | June 24, 2021 | 61 years |
16 | Rodrigo Duterte | March 28, 1945 | 71 years, 3 months, 2 days June 30, 2016 |
77 years, 3 months, 2 days June 30, 2022 |
(Living) | (Living) | 78 years |
17 | Bongbong Marcos | September 13, 1957 | 64 years, 9 months, 3 days June 30, 2022 |
(incumbent) | (incumbent) | (living) | 66 years |
List of presidents by offices held before presidency
Executive branch
Vice presidents
Vice President | President served under | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sergio Osmeña | Manuel L. Quezon | 1935–1944 | Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death |
Elpidio Quirino | Manuel Roxas | 1946–1948 | Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1949. |
Carlos P. Garcia | Ramon Magsaysay | 1953–1957 | Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1957. |
Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | 1957–1961 | Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961. |
Joseph Estrada | Fidel V. Ramos | 1992–1998 | Estrada ran for a full term in 1998. |
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Joseph Estrada | 1998–2001 | Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; Ran and won a full term in 2004 |
3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all made failed runs for the presidency.
Cabinet secretaries
The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice Presidents served as cabinet secretary concurrently are not included.
Secretary | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Elpidio Quirino | Secretary of Finance | Manuel Quezon | 1934– 1936 |
Secretary of Interior | 1935–1938 | ||
Manuel Roxas | Secretary of Interior | 1941 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Secretary of National Defense | Elpidio Quirino | 1935–1944 |
Fidel V. Ramos | Corazon Aquino | 1988–1991 |
Other positions
Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry | Corazon Aquino | 1987–1992 |
Legislative
Senators
Senator | District | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel L. Quezon | 5th | 1916–1935 | First president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) |
Jose P. Laurel | 1925–1931 | Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957);
Only senator served as Majority Floor Leader (1925–1931) | |
Sergio Osmeña | 10th | 1922–1935 | First president to serve as President pro tempore (1922–1934) |
Manuel Roxas | At-large | 1945–1946 | Second president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) |
Elpidio Quirino | 1st | 1925–1935 | Second and last president to serve as President pro tempore (1945–1946) |
At-large | 1945–1946 | ||
Carlos P. Garcia | 1945–1953 | First President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1946–1953) | |
Ferdinand E. Marcos | 1959–1965 | Second President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1960–1962)
Third and last president to serve as Senate President (1963–1965) | |
Joseph Estrada | 1987–1992 | ||
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 1992–1998 | ||
Benigno Aquino III | 2007–2010 | Did not finished term, won presidency | |
Bongbong Marcos | 2010–2016 |
Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman
Legislator | District | Lower House Name | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manuel L. Quezon | Tayabas 1st | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1909 | First president to serve as Majority Floor Leader (1907–1909) |
Sergio Osmeña | Cebu 2nd | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1916 | First President to serve as speaker (1907–1916) |
House of Representatives | 1916–1922 | |||
Manuel Roxas | Capiz 1st | House of Representatives | 1922–1935 | Second president to serve as Majority Floor Leader;
Second president to serve as speaker (1922–1934) |
National Assembly | 1935–1938 | |||
Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur 1st | House of Representatives | 1919–1925 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Zambales at-large | 1946–1950 | ||
Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol 3rd | 1925–1931 | ||
Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga 1st | 1949–1957 | ||
Ferdinand E. Marcos | Ilocos Norte 2nd | 1949–1959 | ||
Benigno Aquino III | Tarlac 2nd | 1998–2007 | The only former Deputy Speaker (2004–2006) | |
Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City 1st | 1998–2001 | ||
Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte 2nd | 1992–1995; 2007– 2010 |
Local government
Governors
Governor | Province | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Tayabas | 1906–1907 | |
Sergio Osmeña | Cebu | 1904–1907 | |
Manuel Roxas | Capiz | 1919–1922 | |
Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | 1933–1941 | |
Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte | 1983–1986; 1998–2007 | Only president formerly served as Vice Governor (1980–1983) |
Mayors
Mayor | City/Municipality | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Joseph Estrada | San Juan | 1969–1986 | Only former president served as mayor (2013–2019) |
Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City | 1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016 | Only president served as Vice Mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013) |
Municipal/City Councilors
Name | Municipality/City | Province | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Lucena | Tayabas | 1906 |
Manuel Roxas | Capiz | Capiz | 1917–1919 |
Judiciary
Name | Position | Year(s) served | President | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jose P. Laurel | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court | 1936–1942 | Manuel Quezon | Only president served in the Supreme Court |
Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
---|---|---|---|
Manuel Quezon | Resident Commissioner of the Philippines | None(Under American rule) | 1909–1916 |
Presidents who had not previously held elective office
Without previous experience in government, but served in the military
Name | Year(s) served |
---|---|
Emilio Aguinaldo | 1899–1901 |
Without previous experience in government or in the military
Name | Year(s) served |
---|---|
Corazon Aquino | 1986–1992 |
List of presidents by military service
Name | Rank | Branch | Year(s) served | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emilio Aguinaldo | Generalissimo | Philippine Revolutionary Army | 1896–1901 | |
Manuel Quezon | Major | Philippine Revolutionary Army | 1899–1900 | |
Manuel Roxas | Brigadier General | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1941–1945 | |
Ramon Magsaysay | Captain | Philippine Commonwealth Army | 1942–1945 | |
Ferdinand E. Marcos | 1st Lieutenant | USAFFE | 1942–1945 | |
Major | USAFIP-NL | |||
Fidel V. Ramos | General | Philippine Constabulary | 1950–1988 | Only former President served as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986). |
Notes
- ^ a b In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[8] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[9] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[10] and José P. Laurel's[11] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1][subnote 2] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[4][18]
- ^ Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[21][22]
Subnotes
- ^ The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia,[12][13] remained unrecognized by any country[14][15] until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor,[16] which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.[12][10][17] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.[7][10]
- ^ The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945.[11] Its laws were considered null and void;[4][11] despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.[11]
Other notes
- ^ Captured by American forces in Palanan, Isabela.
- ^ Elected by the Malolos Congress.
- ^ The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
- ^ Executive authority was held by American military governors from August 14, 1898 until July 1, 1902 and by American governors-general from July 4, 1901 until November 15, 1935.
- ^ American military governors were appointed by the president of the United States exercising his powers as commander-in-chief.
- ^ American governors-general were appointed by the president of the United States, with advice and consent of the United States Senate.
- ^ a b c Died in office.
- ^ Japanese-sponsored Second Republic dissolved following the surrender of Japan in World War II.
- ^ Elected by the National Assembly.
- ^ The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
- ^ a b c Under the 1935 Constitution, a vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
- ^ Left the Liberal Party to become a member of the Democratic Party in 1953.
- ^ a b Affiliated with the Liberal Party.
- ^ Left the Liberal Party to become a member of the Nacionalista Party in 1964.
- ^ Removed from office and went into exile following the People Power Revolution.
- ^ The 1973 Constitution abolished the vice presidency.
- ^ a b Ferdinand Marcos' term as president extended through a referendum.
- ^ The 1973 Constitution was amended in 1984 to restore the vice presidency, but an election was not called until 1986.
- Batasang Pambansa and the Commission on Elections, while Corazon Aquino was declared the winner by the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. The fraudulent conduct and disputed result of the election led to the People Power Revolution.
- ^ Affiliated with both UNIDO and the Nacionalista Party at election; left UNIDO in 1988.
- ^ Affiliated with the Nationalist People's Coalition at election; founded Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino in 1997.
- ^ Resigned from office following the Second EDSA Revolution, with the Supreme Court confirming the constitutionality of his resignation on March 2, 2001.[30]
- ^ Affiliated with Lakas–NUCD.
- ^ From January 20 until February 7, 2001.
- ^ Appointed as vice president on February 7, 2001. Resigned from Lakas-NUCD on October 3, 2003.
- ^ Not affiliated to a political party.
- ^ Affiliated with PDP–Laban at election; founded the United Nationalist Alliance in 2012.
- ^ Affiliated with both Lakas–CMD and Hugpong ng Pagbabago at election; resigned from Lakas–CMD on May 19, 2023.
- ^ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
- ^ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
- ^ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
- ^ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
- ^ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
- ^ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
- ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
- ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary government.
- ^ Term began with the [http://www.pangulo.ph/prexy_efa.php declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.
- ^ Term ended with the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.
- ^ Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a dictatorship.
- ^ Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
- ^ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
- ^ The constitution at this time did not create an office of the vice president.
- ^ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
- ^ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
- ^ The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting president in a coup attempt.
See also
References
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- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ^ Sisante, Jam (August 6, 2010). "Malacañang sa Sugbo still the president's official residence in Cebu". GMA News and Public Affairs. GMA Network. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ^ Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ a b PCDSPO 2015, pp. 62–64
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office3208.
- ^ a b Tucker 2009, p. 8
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ Staff writer(s) (October 19, 1961). "Sergio Osmena, Second President of the Philippines". Toledo Blade. Manila: Block Communications. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c Pascual, Federico D. Jr. (September 26, 2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the originalon March 15, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c Staff writer(s) (September 7, 2012). "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
- ^ Tucker 2009, p. 496
- ^ Abueva, José V. (February 12, 2013). "Our only republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the originalon April 16, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the originalon May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
- ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the originalon November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
- ^ PCDSPO 2015, p. 203
- Presidential Museum and Library.
- ^ Staff writer(s) (September 3, 1945). "The Philippines: End of a Puppet". Time. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ Tejero, Constantino C. (November 8, 2015). "The real Manuel Luis Quezon, beyond the posture and bravura". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^ Staff writer(s) (April 16, 1948). "Heart Attack Fatal to Philippine Pres. Roxas". Schenectady Gazette. Manila. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. March 17, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^ Panganiban, Artemio V. (January 17, 2016). "Constitutionality of Edsa 1 and Edsa 2". Inquirer. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. M1 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero, Encarnación & Villegas 1996); ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government"; ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. M1 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
- ^ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007), Bonifacio for (first) president, GMA News.
- ISBN 962-258-228-1.
- ^ a b Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996), "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, 1 (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from the original on November 15, 2010.
- ^ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995), Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?, Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles, archived from the original on June 9, 2007, retrieved April 8, 2007
- ^ a b Orejas, Tonette. "Abad Santos, acting Commonwealth president, gets proper honors in place where he died". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
- ISBN 962-258-228-1.
- ISBN 971-550-278-4.
- Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). "Bonifacio for (first) president". gmanews.tv. GMA Network. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy". pangulo.ph. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004.
- Manila Times. Archived from the originalon December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ISBN 971-10-2415-2.
- ^ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
- ^ Tan, Michael (September 21, 2007). "September's heroes". www.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ Yabes, Criselda (July 7, 1986). "Marcos' Man Tolentino Declares Himself President". Associated Press. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
- ^ "GMA, former Senate colleagues pay tribute to Arturo Tolentino, 94". The Philippine Star. August 4, 2004. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
Works cited
- Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970). History of the Filipino People (3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
- Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
- Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (2005) [1898]. The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Compiled, edited, and translated into English by Sulpicio Guevara. Manila: ISBN 971-538-055-7– via University of Michigan Library.
- Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore, ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF) (Revised and expanded ed.). Manila: ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2– via Internet Archive.
- Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
External links
- Presidential Website
- Office of the President of the Philippines
- Presidential Museum and Library
- Philippines at worldstatesmen.org+