Saint Maurice

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This article is about a Roman Legion leader. For other uses, see Saint-Maurice (disambiguation).
Saint

Maurice
Alpes Graiae et Vallis Poeninae
Venerated in
Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum (until 961), Magdeburg Cathedral (961–present)
Feast
  • 22 September (Catholic)
  • 27 December Orthodox)
  • 25 Thout (Coptic Orthodox)
Pontifical Swiss Guards; Saint-Maurice, Switzerland; St. Moritz;[1]Sardinia; soldiers; Stadtsulza, Germany; swordsmiths; weavers; Holy Roman Emperors

Maurice (also Moritz, Morris, or Mauritius; Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲙⲱⲣⲓⲥ) was an Egyptian military leader who headed the legendary Theban Legion of Rome in the 3rd century, and is one of the favourite and most widely venerated saints of that martyred group. He is the patron saint of several professions, locales, and kingdoms.

Biography

Early life

According to the hagiographical material, Maurice was an Egyptian, born in AD 250 in Thebes, an ancient city in Upper Egypt that was the capital of the New Kingdom of Egypt (1575–1069 BC). He was brought up in the region of Thebes (Luxor).

Career

Maurice became a soldier in the Roman army. He rose through the ranks until he became the commander of the Theban legion, thus leading approximately a thousand men. He was an acknowledged Christian at a time when early Christianity was considered to be a threat to the Roman Empire.

The legion, entirely composed of Christians, had been called from Thebes in Egypt to Gaul to assist Emperor Maximian in defeating a revolt by the bagaudae.[2] The Theban Legion was dispatched with orders to clear the Great St Bernard Pass across the Alps. Before going into battle, they were instructed to offer sacrifices to the pagan gods and pay homage to the emperor. Maurice pledged his men's military allegiance to Rome. He stated that service to God superseded all else. He said that to engage in wanton slaughter was inconceivable to Christian soldiers. He and his men refused to worship Roman deities.[3]

Martyrdom

When Maximian ordered them to murder local Christians, they refused. Ordering the unit to be punished, Maximian had every tenth soldier killed, a military punishment known as

Abbey of St. Maurice
.

So reads the earliest account of their martyrdom, contained in the public letter which Bishop Eucherius of Lyon (c. 434–450), addressed to his fellow bishop, Salvius. Alternative versions[citation needed] have the legion refusing Maximian's orders only after discovering innocent Christians had inhabited a town they had just destroyed, or that the emperor had them executed when they refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods.

Legacy

Veneration

Maurice became a

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, was building and enriching Magdeburg Cathedral
, which he intended for his own tomb. To that end,

in the year 961 of the Incarnation and in the 25th year of his reign, in the presence of all of the nobility, on the vigil of Christmas, the body of St. Maurice was conveyed to him at Regensburg along with the bodies of some of the saint's companions and portions of other saints. Having been sent to Magdeburg, these relics were received with great honour by a gathering of the entire populace of the city and of their fellow countrymen. They are still venerated there, to the salvation of the homeland.[4]

Maurice is traditionally depicted in full armour, in Italy emblazoned with a red cross. In folk culture he has become connected with the legend of the Holy Lance, which he is supposed to have carried into battle; his name is engraved on the Holy Lance of Vienna, one of several relics claimed as the spear that pierced Jesus' side on the cross. Maurice gives his name to the town St. Moritz as well as to numerous places called Saint-Maurice in French-speaking countries. The Indian Ocean island state of Mauritius was named after Maurice, Prince of Orange, and not directly after Maurice himself.

Over 650 religious foundations dedicated to Saint Maurice can be found in France and other European countries. In Switzerland alone, seven churches or altars in

Order of Saint Maurice, and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.[1] Additionally, fifty-two towns and villages in France have been named in his honour.[5]

Maurice was also the patron saint of a Catholic parish and church in the 9th Ward of New Orleans and including part of the town of Arabi in St. Bernard Parish. The church was constructed in 1856, but was devastated by the winds and flood waters of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005; the copper-plated steeple was blown off the building. The church was subsequently deconsecrated in 2008, and the local diocese put it up for sale in 2011.[6][7] By 2014, a local attorney had purchased the property for a local arts organization, after which the building served as both an arts venue and the worship space for a Baptist church that had been displaced following the hurricane.[6][8]

On 19 July 1941, Pope Pius XII declared Maurice to be the patron saint of the Italian Army's Alpini (mountain infantry corps).[9] The Alpini have celebrated Maurice's feast every year since then.

The

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria does not mention Maurice, although there are several Coptic churches named for him.[10][11][12]

Apparition

The Our Lady of Laus apparitions included an apparition of Saint Maurice. He appeared in an antique episcopal vestment and told Benoîte Rencurel that he was the one to whom the nearby chapel was dedicated, that he would fetch her some water (before drawing some water out of a well she had not seen), that she should go down to a certain valley to escape the local guard and see the Blessed Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, and that Mary was both in Heaven and could appear on Earth.[13]

Coptic icon of St.Maurice and Theban Legion
Dying Saint Maurice, detail of a stained-glass by Józef Mehoffer, 1898–1899, Fribourg Cathedral

Patronage

Maurice is the patron saint of the Duchy of Savoy (France) and of the Valais (Switzerland) as well as of soldiers, swordsmiths, armies, and infantrymen. In 1591 Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy arranged the triumphant return of part of the relics of Saint Maurice from the monastery of Agaune in Valais.[14]

He is also the patron saint of weavers and dyers. Manresa (Spain), Piedmont (Italy), Montalbano Jonico (Italy), Schiavi di Abruzzo (Italy), Stadtsulza (Germany) and Coburg (Germany) have chosen Maurice as their patron saint as well. Maurice is also the patron saint of the Brotherhood of Blackheads, a historical military society of unmarried merchants in present-day Estonia and Latvia.[15] In September 2008, certain relics of Maurice were transferred to a new reliquary and rededicated in Schiavi di Abruzzo (Italy).

He is also the patron saint of the town of Coburg in Bavaria, Germany. He is shown there as a man of colour especially on manhole covers as well as on the city coat of arms. There he is called "Coburger Mohr" (English: "Coburg Moor").[16]

Portrayal and race

The earliest surviving work portraying Maurice as a dark-complexioned African dates from the 13th century.

black African in knight's armour[19] was sculpted in the mid-13th century for Magdeburg Cathedral; there it is displayed next to the grave of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Jean Devisse, The Image of the Black in Western Art, laid out the documentary sources for the saint's popularity and documented it with illustrative examples.[20][21] The Magdeburg cathedral in the 13th century presumably had other images of Maurice that did not represent him as an African, but with the exception of a statue from c. 1220, none has survived.[22]

Before Maurice "turned" into a black African, during the 11th century, he was seen as "the symbol of the Germanic offensive against the Slavs".[22] Devisse argues that Frederick II likely initiated the "black St. Maurice" trope, around 1240-1250.[22][23] As a military saint, Maurice played an important role for the Holy Roman Empire during the Crusades, most of which had been failing at the time. Frederick seemingly wanted to symbolically state that, even though Christians cannot reconquer Africa, Christianity once triumphed in Africa before the arrival of Islam.[22] Given that Maurice was a Christian, his foreignness could not be depicted with iconographic vocabulary such as curved swords, insignia on shields or headdresses. As such, Maurice was "turned" into a black African to specify his geographic provenance with "racial" markings of color and physiognomy.[22] Paul Kaplan, agreeing with Devisse's thesis, additionally argues that Frederick II also wanted to emphasize how "All races are equal before God, and... the Christian mission is universal",[22][24] and also that one of his goals was to "advance his claims to global rule by promoting the visibility of his most strikingly “different” subjects".[25]

Gude Suckale-Redlefsen gives another view on the subject, arguing instead that it wasn't Frederick who transformed Maurice into a black African, but rather archbishop Alfred I of Käfernburg, after 1220, or his half-brother Wilbrand later on.[19][22] Suckale-Redlefsen reasons that Alfred had read the Kaiserchronik which described Maurice as "the leader of the [black] Moors". As such, according to her, Alfred took cognizance of this new idea of the saint as a black Moor and commissioned a "black St. Maurice" in the context of a new building program after a fire devastated the old cathedral in 1207.[19][22] Devisse had also raised this idea because it "would be negative psychological reactions on the part of the populace to the sudden arrival of a black African saint substituting for the old Maurice at an inopportune moment, and also because of the financial costs involved".[22]

Images of the saint died out in the mid-16th century, undermined, Suckale-Redlefsen suggests, by the developing Atlantic slave trade. "Once again, as in the early Middle Ages, the color black had become associated with spiritual darkness and cultural 'otherness'".[26] There is an oil-on-wood painting of Maurice by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553) in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.[27]

The city of Coburg's coat of arms honoured the town's patron saint, Saint Maurice, since they were granted in 1493. In 1934, the Nazi government forbade any glorification of the "Black" race, and they replaced the coat of arms with one depicting a vertical sword with a Nazi swastika on the pommel.[28] The original coat of arms was restored in 1945 at the end of World War II. Today, the silhouette of Saint Maurice can be found mainly on manhole covers as well as the city coat of arms.[16]

History

Main article: Theban Legion

There is a difference of opinion among researchers as to whether or not the story of the Theban Legion is based on historical fact, and if so, to what extent. The account by Eucherius of Lyon is classed by Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye among the historical romances.[29] Donald F. O'Reilly, in Lost Legion Rediscovered, argues that evidence from coins, papyrus, and Roman army lists support the story of the Theban Legion.[30]

Denis Van Berchem, of the

Colonia Aggripina.[33]

Gallery

  • 13th Century Statue of Saint Maurice from the Magdeburg Cathedral that bears his name.
    13th Century Statue of Saint Maurice from the Magdeburg Cathedral that bears his name.
  • 18th century Baroque sculpture of Saint Maurice on the Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, which was a part of the Austrian Empire in that time, now the Czech Republic.
    18th century
    Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, which was a part of the Austrian Empire in that time, now the Czech Republic
    .
  • The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice by El Greco. 1580-82
    The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice by El Greco. 1580-82
  • Gothic relief (ca. 1320) of Saint Maurice on horseback on Église Saint-Maurice in Soultz-Haut-Rhin, France.
    Gothic relief (ca. 1320) of Saint Maurice on horseback on Église Saint-Maurice in Soultz-Haut-Rhin, France.
  • "The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice" by Romulo Cincinato. 1583. Oil on canvas, 540 x 288 cm, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial, Spain. Cincinato placed stronger emphasis on the execution scene, which has been brought into the foreground.
    "The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice" by Romulo Cincinato. 1583. Oil on canvas, 540 x 288 cm, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial, Spain. Cincinato placed stronger emphasis on the execution scene, which has been brought into the foreground.
  • Jean Hey. "Portrait of Francis de Chateaubriand Presented by St. Maurice. c. 1500". Tempera on wood. Glasgow Museums and Art Galleries, Glasgow, UK.
    Jean Hey. "Portrait of Francis de Chateaubriand Presented by St. Maurice. c. 1500". Tempera on wood. Glasgow Museums and Art Galleries, Glasgow, UK.
  • St. Maurice as depicted on the City of Coburg's Coat of Arms.
    St. Maurice as depicted on the City of Coburg's Coat of Arms.
  • Saint Maurice, stained-glass by Józef Mehoffer, 1898–1899, in the cathedral in Fribourg
    Saint Maurice, stained-glass by Józef Mehoffer, 1898–1899, in the cathedral in Fribourg
  • The coat of arms of the Brotherhood of Blackheads, featuring Saint Maurice.
    The coat of arms of the Brotherhood of Blackheads, featuring Saint Maurice.
  • The coat of arms of the city of Coburg, Germany
    The coat of arms of the city of Coburg, Germany

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-02-897034-9
    .
  2. ^ a b Mershman, Francis. "St. Maurice," The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 10. New York City: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 Mar. 2013
  3. ^ "Maurice – Our Patron Saint".
  4. ISBN 0-7190-4925-3
    .
  5. ISBN 0-8146-2385-9
    .
  6. ^ a b McCausland, Phil (15 October 2014). "St. Maurice in the Lower 9th to host installation, and worshipers have a place". The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  7. ^ Pope, John. "Archdiocese of New Orleans will sell or lease 13 empty properties, including 7 churches". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  8. ^ MacCash, Doug (10 August 2015). "9th Ward Improv Opera marks the 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  9. ^ Esercito Italiano: I Patroni delle Armi Corpi e Specialità - Gli Alpini
  10. ^ "Saint Maurice of Theba". Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Jersey City, NJ: St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church. 1992. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  11. ^ "Saint Maurice". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  12. ^ "Saint Maurice". Pomona, CA: Saint Maurice Coptic Orthodox Church. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Our Lady of Laus", Magnificat Vol. XL, No. 5 and Vol. XXXVI, No. 5.
  14. ISBN 978-1-61248-094-7
    .
  15. ^ Rannu, Elena. 1993. The Living Past of Tallinn. 3rd ed. Tallinn: Perioodika Publishers. pp. 23–29.
  16. ^ a b "Stadtwappen: Coburger Mohr (Heiliger Mauritius) | Ferienwohnung Müller" (in German). 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  17. ^ "Saint Maurice ca. 1520-25". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  18. ISBN 978-1-136-05658-1
    .
  19. ^ a b c Suckale-Redlefsen and Robert Suckale (1987), Mauritius der heilige Mohr/ The Black Saint Maurice,Houston, Texas, Menil Foundation, page 16-19, 158-285.
  20. JSTOR 2716883
    .
  21. JSTOR 2901275
    . Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  22. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-80872-5
    .
  23. ^ Devisse, Jean (1979), "A Sanctified Black: Maurice". In: The Image of the Black in Western Art: From the Early Christian Era to the "Age of Discovery”, trans. William G. Ryan, Vol. 2, Pt. 2. New York: William Morrow, 270–71.
  24. S2CID 190825271
    .
  25. ISSN 2569-1619
    .
  26. ^ Dorothy Gillerman, reviewing Suckale-Redlefsen 1988 in Speculum 65.3 (July 1990:764 ).
  27. ^ "Lucas Cranach the Elder and Workshop - Saint Maurice - The Metropolitan Museum of Art".
  28. ^ Lips, Julius E. (1937). The Savage Strikes Back. Yale University Press. p. xxv.
  29. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Ursus".
  30. ISBN 9781848843783
  31. ^ Van Berchem, Denis, The Martyrdom of the Theban Legion, Basel, 1956.
  32. ^ Ottonis episcopi frisingensis Chronica; sive, Historia de duabus civitatibus. Ed. Adolf Hofmeister, Hannoverae Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani Hanover (1912). Bk. III, Chapter XLIII, pp. 176–177.
  33. ^ Donald F. O'Reilly. The Theban Legion of St. Maurice. Vigiliae Christianae. Vol. 32, No. 3, September 1978.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Maurice.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Saint Maurice.
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