Scilla
Scilla | |
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Scilla bifolia | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Asparagaceae |
Subfamily: | Scilloideae |
Genus: | Scilla L. |
Type species | |
Scilla bifolia L. | |
Sections | |
| |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Floral formula | |
P3+3 A3+3 G(3) |
Scilla (
![Linnaeus' original description of Scilla in 1753](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Linnaeus_Scilla.jpg/220px-Linnaeus_Scilla.jpg)
Taxonomy
Species of Scilla have been known since
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Skilla_Kildeskoven.jpg/220px-Skilla_Kildeskoven.jpg)
The genus Scilla has
![Illustration of a "Hyacinth" by Leonhart Fuchs 1n 1543, renamed Scilla bifolia by Linnaeus in 1753](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fuchs_Scilla_bifolia.jpg/220px-Fuchs_Scilla_bifolia.jpg)
Fuchs De historia 1543
In total, Linnaeus listed eight species of Scilla,
Later,
Historically, Scilla and related genera were placed with
Subdivision
For some time, Chionodoxa had been considered a possible synonym to Scilla bifolia L. and molecular methods failed to support the existence of a separate genus, but rather its specimens appeared intermixed with those of Scilla. Although there are distinguishing morphological features (e.g fused tepal bases and broadened filaments), these were considered paraphyletic, having arisen in several lines within the Hyacinthaceae. Furthermore, it was observed that Chionodoxa was capable of hybridization with Scilla bifolia. It was therefore proposed that Chionodoxa be considered an obsolete genus and be submerged within Scilla.[27]
Subsequently, it was proposed that the species of Scilla be split into two sections, Chionodoxa that would include those taxa previously considered to belong in the genus Chionodoxa, and Scilla which would contain the remainder.[29]
Species
The precise number of Scilla species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted. In addition to creating two sections, some authorities have split the genus into a number of smaller genera. For instance, particularly the Eurasian species have been moved to genera such as Othocallis Salisb., so that Scilla siberica would become Othocallis siberica, leaving a much smaller genus referred to as Scilla
Etymology
Both the scientific genus name Scilla and the common word squill[37] derive, via Middle English and French, from the Latin scilla[38] and Greek σκίλλα skilla words for the plants. The common name squill has been applied to a number of other similar taxa such as Drimia.[39][40]
Distribution and habitat
Native to woodlands,
Cultivation and uses
Many Scilla species, notably S. siberica and members of section Chionodoxa, are grown in gardens for their attractive early spring flowers.
Notes
- ^ e.g. scilla autem et bulbi et cepae et alium non nisi in rectum radicantur (squill and the bulbs and onion and garlic only throw out straight roots)[2]
- ^ One of the common names for Scilla maritima has been scilla officinalis,[3] indicating its medicinal use
- ^ sic. Clusius actually used cineracei
- Scilla maritima, S. lilio-hyacinthus, S. italica, S. peruviana, S. amoena, S. bifolia, S. autumnalis, S. unifolia
References
- ^ a b c WCSP 2022.
- ^ Plinius Secundus 1938, p. XIX 31.
- ^ a b c d e f Chouard 1934.
- ^ Negbi 1989.
- ^ Janssen 2022.
- ^ Theophrastus 1916.
- ^ Fuchs 1542.
- ^ Clusius 1601.
- ^ Witztum & Negbi 1991.
- ^ Greilhuber & Speta 1976.
- ^ a b Chase et al 2009.
- ^ Clusius 1601, p. 184.
- ^ Clusius 1601, p. 182.
- ^ Fuchs 1542, p. 837.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753.
- ^ a b c Martínez-Azorín & Crespo 2016.
- ^ Steinheil 1834.
- ^ Jussieu 1789.
- ^ Jaume-Saint-Hilaire 1805.
- ^ Lindley 1853.
- ^ Dumortier 1827.
- ^ Salisbury 1796.
- ^ Salisbury & Gray 1866.
- ^ Baker 1873.
- ^ APG IV 2016.
- ^ APG I 1998.
- ^ a b Pfosser & Speta 1999.
- ^ Stevens 2022.
- ^ a b Trávníèček et al 2009.
- ^ Speta 1998a.
- ^ Speta 1998b.
- ^ POWO 2022.
- ^ WCSP 2022a.
- ^ Christenhusz et al 2017.
- ^ a b McNeill 2002.
- ^ WFO 2022.
- ^ Brenzel 2007.
- ^ Lewis & Short 1891.
- ^ Pearsall & Trumble 1996.
- Perseus Project.
- ^ Flora Italiana 2022.
Bibliography
Books
- Brenzel, Kathleen Norris, ed. (2007). "Scilla". Sunset western garden book (8th, completely rev. and updated ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Pub. Corp. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-376-03917-0.
- ISBN 3-540-64060-6.
- ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Perseus Project)
- Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill (1996). "squill". The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-860050-3.
- ISBN 0-521-20108-X. (see also Flora Europaea)
Historical sources (chronological)
- Theophrastus (1916) [4th c. BC]. "I vi 7". Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Hort, Arthur. London and New York: William Heinemann and G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- W.H.S. Jones; David Edward Eichholz. Harvard University Press.
- Basileae: In officina Isingriniana. pp. 781–783.
- Botanicus: Rariorum plantarum)
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Scilla". Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 308–309., see also Species Plantarum
- Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). "Scilla". Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. p. 53. OCLC 5161409.
- Salisbury, R. A. (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium (in Latin). London: self.
- Jaume-Saint-Hilaire, Jean Henri (1805). "Scilla". Exposition de familles naturales. Vol. 1. Paris: Treutel et Würtz. p. 131.
- Dumortier, Barthélemy Charles Joseph (1827). "Scilla". Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus (in Latin). Tornaci nerviorum: J. Casterman. p. 140.
- Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. "Scilleae". The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. p. 205.
- Salisbury, Richard Anthony; Gray, J. E. (1866). The Genera of Plants (Unpublished fragment). J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Articles
- JSTOR 2992015.
- S2CID 7498637.
- .
- Chouard, M. Pierre (January 1934). "Les noms linnéens des Scilla et des Endymio et leur véritable signification". .
- Firat, Mehmet; Yildirim, Hasan (February 2020). "Scilla hakkariensis, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): a new species of Scilla L. from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia)". Adansonia. 42 (2): 89–94. S2CID 211554226.
- Greilhuber, Johann; Speta, Franz (1976). "C-banded karyotypes in theScilla hohenackeri group,S. persica, andPuschkinia (Liliaceae)". S2CID 28559954.
- Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (27 February 2015). "New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae". .
- Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, ManuelB. (1 December 2016). "(48) Request for a binding decision on whether Scilla L. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Hyacinthoideae) and Squilla Steinh. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Urgineoideae) are sufficiently alike to be confused". hdl:10045/78247.
- Negbi, Moshe (May 1989). "Theophrastus on geophytes". .
- Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz (1999). "Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences". JSTOR 2666172.
- Speta, F (14 August 1998b). "Systematische Analyse der Gattung Scilla L. s.l. (Hyacinthaceae)" [Systematic analysis of the genus Scilla L. s.l. (Hyacinthaceae)]. Phyton. 38 (1): 1–141.
- Steinheil, Adolph (1834). "Matériaux pour servir a la flore de barbarie III: Note sur le genre Urginea nouvellement formé dans la famille Liliacées". Annales des sciences naturelles Botanique(in French). Second series 1: 321–332.
- Trávníèček, Bohumil; Duchoslav, Martin; Šarhanová, Petra & Šafáøová, Lenka (2009), "Squills (Scilla s.lat., Hyacinthaceae) in the flora of the Czech Republic, with taxonomical notes on Central-European squill populations" (PDF), Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae (Brno), 94: 157–205, retrieved 2020-03-19
- Witztum, A.; Negbi, M. (1991). "Primary Xylem of Scilla hyacinthoides (Liliaceae): The Wool-Bearing Bulb of Theophrastus". S2CID 35267741.
- Yildirim, H.; Yetisen, K.; Özdemir, A.; Özdemir, C. (2 March 2017). "An Anatomical Study of Scilla (Scilloideae) Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1". Planta Daninha. 35. .
- Yildirim, Hasan; Altıoglu, Yusuf (2021). "Resurrection of Genus Chionodoxa Boiss. (Asparagaceae), a morphological revision of Chionodoxa taxa in Turkey and a new species of this genus". Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi (in Turkish). 8 (1): 5195.
Websites
- POWO (2022). "Scilla L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- WCSP (2022). "Scilla L., Sp. Pl.: 308 (1753)". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- WCSP (2022a). "Scilla". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- WFO (2022). "Scilla L." World Flora Online. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- Stevens, P.F. (2022) [2001]. "4.Scilloideae; 4D. Hyacintheae; 4Dc. Hyacinthinae Parlatore". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 13 May 2022. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
- McNeill, J (2002). "Scilla Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 308. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 146. 1754". Flora of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 58. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- "Elenco delle specie - Genere: Scilla - Famiglia: Asparaginaceae". Flora Italiana. 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- Janssen, David (2022). "Scilla, squill, glory-of-the-snow". Flora Emslandia. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- PBS (2022). "Scilla". Pacific Bulb Society.