Serial Peripheral Interface
it reads like a guide or textbook. may contain suggestions. (March 2021) |
This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. (December 2023) |
Type | Serial communication bus | ||
---|---|---|---|
Production history | |||
Designer | Motorola | ||
Designed | Around early 1980s[note 1] | ||
Manufacturer | various | ||
Daisy chain | Depends on devices | ||
Connector | Unspecified | ||
Electrical | |||
Max. voltage | Unspecified | ||
Max. current | Unspecified | ||
Data | |||
Width | 1 bit (bidirectional) | ||
Max. devices | Multidrop limited by chip selects. Daisy chaining unlimited. | ||
Protocol |
Full-duplex serial | ||
Pinout | |||
MOSI | MasterOut Slave In | ||
MISO | Master In Slave Out | ||
SCLK | Serial Clock | ||
CS |
Chip Select (one or more) | ||
(pins may have alternative names) |
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a
SPI uses a master–slave architecture, described here with the terms "main" and "sub",[note 2] [1] where one[note 3] main device orchestrates communication with some number of peripheral (sub) devices by driving the clock signal and chip select signal(s).
serial buses.Typical
memory, and various communication chips.SPI may be accurately described as a synchronous serial interface,[2] but it is different from the Synchronous Serial Interface (SSI) protocol.[note 4]
Operation
(Note: Variations section describes operation of non-standard variants.)
SPI has four
Short
NameLong
NameDescription
(historical terms in parens)CSChip SelectActive-low chip select signal from main (master) to
enable communication with a specific sub (slave) device.SCLKSerial ClockClock signal from main (master) transitions for each serial data bit. MOSIMain Out, Sub In
(master out, slave in)Serial data from main (master), highest bit first. MISOMain In, Sub Out
(master in, slave out)Serial data from sub (slave), highest bit first.
MOSI on a main outputs to MOSI on a sub. MISO on a sub outputs to MISO on a main.
SPI operates with a single device acting as main and with one or more sub devices.
Sub devices should use
Data transmission
To begin communication, the SPI main first selects a sub device by pulling its CS low. (Note: the bar above CS indicates it is an
If a waiting period is required, such as for an analog-to-digital conversion, the main must wait for at least that period of time before issuing clock cycles.[note 5]
During each SPI clock cycle, full-duplex transmission of a single bit occurs. The main sends a bit on the MOSI line while the sub sends a bit on the MISO line, and then each reads their corresponding incoming bit. This sequence is maintained even when only one-directional data transfer is intended.
Transmission using a single sub (Figure 1) involves one shift register in the main and one shift register in the sub, both of some given word size (e.g. 8 bits),
If a single sub device is used, its CS pin may be fixed to logic low if the sub permits it. With multiple sub devices, a multidrop configuration requires an independent CS signal from the main for each sub device, while a daisy-chain configuration only requires one CS signal.
Every sub on the bus that has not been selected should disregard the input clock and MOSI signals. And to prevent contention on MISO, non-selected subs must use tristate output. Subs that aren't already tristate will need external tristate buffers to ensure this.[3]
Clock polarity and phase
In addition to setting the clock frequency, the main must also configure the clock polarity and phase with respect to the data. Motorola[4][5] named these two options as CPOL and CPHA (for clock polarity and clock phase) respectively, a convention most vendors have also adopted.
The SPI timing diagram shown is further described below:
- CPOL represents the polarity of the clock. Polarities can be converted with a simple inverter.
- SCLKCPOL=0 is a clock which idles at the logical lowvoltage.
- SCLKCPOL=1 is a clock which idles at the logical high voltage.
- SCLKCPOL=0 is a clock which idles at the
- CPHA represents the phase of each data bit's transmission cycle relative to SCLK.
- For CPHA=0:
- The first data bit is outputted immediately when CS activates.
- Subsequent bits are outputted when SCLK transitions to its idle voltage level.
- Sampling occurs when SCLK transitions from its idle voltage level.
- For CPHA=1:
- The first data bit is outputted on SCLK's first clock edge after CS activates.
- Subsequent bits are outputted when SCLK transitions from its idle voltage level.
- Sampling occurs when SCLK transitions to its idle voltage level.
- Conversion between these two phases is non-trivial.
- Note: MOSI and MISO signals are usually stable (at their reception points) for the half cycle until the next bit's transmission cycle starts, so SPI main and sub devices may sample data at different points in that half cycle, for flexibility, despite the original specification.
- For CPHA=0:
Mode numbers
The combinations of polarity and phases are referred to by these "SPI mode" numbers with CPOL as the high order bit and CPHA as the low order bit:
SPI mode | Clock polarity (CPOL) |
Clock phase (CPHA) |
Data is shifted out on | Data is sampled on |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | falling SCLK, and when CS activates | rising SCLK |
1 | 0 | 1 | rising SCLK | falling SCLK |
2 | 1 | 0 | rising SCLK, and when CS activates | falling SCLK |
3 | 1 | 1 | falling SCLK | rising SCLK |
Notes:
- Another commonly used notation represents the mode as a (CPOL, CPHA) tuple; e.g., the value '(0, 1)' would indicate CPOL=0 and CPHA=1.
- In Full Duplex operation, the main device could transmit and receive with different modes. For instance, it could transmit in Mode 0 and be receiving in Mode 1 at the same time.
- Different vendors may use different naming schemes, like CKE for clock edge or NCPHA for the inversion of CPHA.
Valid communications
Some sub devices are designed to ignore any SPI communications in which the number of clock pulses is greater than specified. Others do not care, ignoring extra inputs and continuing to shift the same output bit. It is common for different devices to use SPI communications with different lengths, as, for example, when SPI is used to access an IC's scan chain by issuing a command word of one size (perhaps 32 bits) and then getting a response of a different size (perhaps 153 bits, one for each pin in that scan chain).
Interrupts
Interrupts are outside the scope of SPI; their usage is neither forbidden nor specified, and so may optionally be implemented.
From main to sub
Microcontrollers configured as sub devices may have hardware support for generating interrupt signals to themselves when data words are received or overflow occurs in a receive FIFO buffer,[6] and may also set up an interrupt routine when their chip select input line is pulled low or high.
From sub to main
SPI subs sometimes use an
Software design
SPI lends itself to a "bus driver" software design. Software for attached devices is written to call a "bus driver" that handles the actual low-level SPI hardware. This permits the driver code for attached devices to port easily to other hardware or a
Bit-banging the protocol
The
- Initialize SCLK as low and CS as high
- Pull CS low to select the sub
- Loop for however many number of bytes to transfer:[note 9]
- Initialize
byte_out
with the next output byte to transmit - Loop 8 times:
- Left-Shift[note 10]the next output bit from
byte_out
to MOSI - setup time
- Pull SCLK high
- Left-Shift the next input bit from MISO into
byte_in
- NOP for the sub's hold time
- Pull SCLK low
byte_in
now contains that recently-received byte and can be used as desired
- Initialize
- Pull CS high to unselect the sub
Bit-banging a sub's protocol is similar but different from above. An implementation might involve busy waiting for CS to fall or triggering an interrupt routine when CS falls, and then shifting in and out bits when the received SCLK changes appropriately for however long the transfer size is.
Bus topologies
Though the previous operation section focused on a basic interface with a single sub, SPI can instead communicate with multiple subs using multidrop, daisy chain, or expander configurations.
Multidrop configuration
In the multidrop bus configuration, each sub has its own CS, and the main selects only one at a time. MISO, SCLK, and MOSI are each shared by all devices. This is the way SPI is normally used.
Since the MISO pins of the subs are connected together, they are required to be tri-state pins (high, low or high-impedance), where the high-impedance output must be applied when the sub is not selected. Sub devices not supporting tri-state may be used in multidrop configuration by adding a tri-state buffer chip controlled by its CS signal.[3] (Since only a single signal line needs to be tristated per sub, one typical standard logic chip that contains four tristate buffers with independent gate inputs can be used to interface up to four sub devices to an SPI bus)
Caveat: All CS signals should start high (to indicate no chips are selected) before sending initialization messages to any sub, so other uninitialized subs ignore messages not addressed to them. This is a concern if the main uses general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins (which may default to an undefined state) for CS and if the main uses separate software libraries to initialize each device. One solution is to configure all GPIOs used for CS to output a high voltage for all subs before running initialization code from any of those software libraries. Another solution is to add a pull-up resistor on each CS, to ensure that all CS signals are initially high.[3]
Daisy chain configuration
Some products that implement SPI may be connected in a daisy chain configuration, where the first sub's output is connected to the second sub's input, and so on with subsequent subs, until the final sub, whose output is connected back to the main's input. This effectively merges the individual communication shift registers of each sub to form a single larger combined shift register that shifts data through the chain. This configuration only requires a single CS line from the main, rather than a separate CS line for each sub.[7]
In addition to using SPI-specific subs, daisy-chained SPI can include
Expander configurations
Expander configurations use SPI-controlled addressing units (e.g.
For example, one CS can be used for transmitting to a SPI-controlled demultiplexer an index number controlling its select signals, while another CS is routed through that demultiplexer according to that index to select the desired sub.[11]
Pros and cons
Advantages
- Full duplex communication in the default version of this protocol
- open drain) provide relatively good signal integrity and high speed
- Higher
- SPI's protocol has no maximum clock speed, however:
- Individual devices specify acceptable clock frequencies
- Wiring and electronics limit frequency
- SPI's protocol has no maximum clock speed, however:
- Complete protocol flexibility for the bits transferred
- Not limited to 8-bit symbols
- Arbitrary choice of message size, content, and purpose
- Simple hardware and interfacing
- Hardware implementation for subs only requires a selectable shift register
- Subs use the main's clock and hence do not need precision oscillators
- Subs do not need a unique GPIB or SCSI
- Mains only additionally require generation of clock and CS signals
- Results in simple bit-banged software implementation
- Uses only four pins on IC packages, and wires in board layouts or connectors, much fewer than parallel interfaces
- At most one unique signal per device (CS); all others are shared
- Note: the daisy-chain configuration doesn't need more than one shared CS
- At most one unique signal per device (CS); all others are shared
- Typically lower power requirements than I²C or SMBus due to less circuitry (including pull up resistors)
- Single main means no CAN-bus
- Transceivers are not needed - unlike CAN-bus
- Signals are unidirectional, allowing for easy galvanic isolation
- Hardware implementation for subs only requires a selectable shift register
Disadvantages
- Requires more pins on IC packages than I²C, even in three-wire variants
- Only handles short distances compared to CAN-bus (though distance can be extended with the use of transceivers like RS-422)
- Extensibility severely reduced when multiple subs using different SPI Modes are required
- Access is slowed down when main frequently needs to reinitialize in different modes
- No formal standard
- So validating conformance is not possible
- Many existing variations complicate support
- No built-in protocol support for some conveniences:
- No hardware flow control by the sub (but the main can delay the next clock edge to slow the transfer rate)
- No hardware sub acknowledgment (the main could be transmitting to nowhere and not know it)
- No error-checking protocol
- No hot swapping (dynamically adding nodes)
- Interrupts are outside the scope of SPI (see § Interrupts)
Applications
SPI is used to talk to a variety of peripherals, such as
- Sensors: video game controllers
- Control devices: audio codecs, digital potentiometers, DACs
- Camera lenses: Canon EF lens mount
- Communications:
- Memory: flash and EEPROMs
- Real-time clocks
- LCDs, sometimes even for managing image data
- Any SDIO variant[note 8])
Chip or
The full-duplex capability makes SPI very simple and efficient for single main/single sub applications. Some devices use the full-duplex mode to implement an efficient, swift data stream for applications such as
Variations
SPI is a de facto standard. However, the lack of a formal standard is reflected in a wide variety of protocol options. Some devices are transmit-only; others are receive-only. Chip selects are sometimes active-high rather than active-low. Some devices send the least-significant bit first. Signal levels depend entirely on the chips involved. And while the baseline SPI protocol has no command codes, every device may define its own protocol of command codes. Some variations are minor or informal, while others have an official defining document and may be considered to be separate but related protocols.
Original definition
AN991
Motorola's 1987 Application Node AN991 "Using the Serial Peripheral Interface to Communicate Between Multiple Microcomputers"[15] (now under NXP, last revised 2002[5]) informally serves as the "official" defining document for SPI.
Timing variations
Some devices have timing variations from Motorola's CPOL/CPHA modes. Sending data from sub to main may use the opposite clock edge as main to sub. Devices often require extra clock idle time before the first clock or after the last one, or between a command and its response.
Some devices have two clocks, one to read data, and another to transmit it into the device. Many of the read clocks run from the chip select line.
Transmission size
Different transmission word sizes are common. Many SPI chips only support messages that are multiples of 8 bits. Such chips can not interoperate with the JTAG or SGPIO protocols, or any other protocol that requires messages that are not multiples of 8 bits.
No chip select
Some devices don't use chip select, and instead manage protocol state machine entry/exit using other methods.
Connectors
Anyone needing an external connector for SPI defines their own or uses another standard connection such as:
Flow control
Some devices require an additional flow control signal from sub to main, indicating when data is ready. This leads to a 5-wire protocol instead of the usual 4. Such a ready or enable signal is often active-low, and needs to be enabled at key points such as after commands or between words. Without such a signal, data transfer rates may need to be slowed down significantly, or protocols may need to have dummy bytes inserted, to accommodate the worst case for the sub response time. Examples include initiating an ADC conversion, addressing the right page of flash memory, and processing enough of a command that device firmware can load the first word of the response. (Many SPI mains do not support that signal directly, and instead rely on fixed delays.)
SafeSPI
SafeSPI[16] is an industry standard for SPI in automotive applications. Its main focus is the transmission of sensor data between different devices.
High reliability modifications
In electrically noisy environments, since SPI has few signals, it can be economical to reduce the effects of
Intelligent SPI controllers
A Queued Serial Peripheral Interface (QSPI; different to but has same abbreviation as Quad SPI described in
SPI controllers from different vendors support different feature sets; such direct memory access (DMA) queues are not uncommon, although they may be associated with separate DMA engines rather than the SPI controller itself, such as used by Multichannel Buffered Serial Port (MCBSP).[note 11] Most SPI main controllers integrate support for up to four chip selects,[note 12] although some require chip selects to be managed separately through GPIO lines.
Note that Queued SPI is different from Quad SPI, and some processors even confusingly allow a single "QSPI" interface to operate in either quad or queued mode![20]
Microwire
Microwire,[21] often spelled μWire, is essentially a predecessor of SPI and a trademark of National Semiconductor. It's a strict subset of SPI: half-duplex, and using SPI mode 0. Microwire chips tend to need slower clock rates than newer SPI versions; perhaps 2 MHz vs. 20 MHz. Some Microwire chips also support a three-wire mode.
Microwire/Plus
Microwire/Plus[22] is an enhancement of Microwire and features full-duplex communication and support for SPI modes 0 and 1. There was no specified improvement in serial clock speed.
Three-wire
Three-wire variants of SPI restricted to a
Dual SPI
For instances where the full-duplex nature of SPI is not used, an extension uses both data pins in a half-duplex configuration to send two bits per clock cycle. Typically a command byte is sent requesting a response in dual mode, after which the MOSI line becomes SIO0 (serial I/O 0) and carries even bits, while the MISO line becomes SIO1 and carries odd bits. Data is still transmitted most-significant bit first, but SIO1 carries bits 7, 5, 3 and 1 of each byte, while SIO0 carries bits 6, 4, 2 and 0.
This is particularly popular among SPI ROMs, which have to send a large amount of data, and comes in two variants:[23][24]
- Dual read commands the send and address from the main in single mode, and return the data in dual mode.
- Dual I/O commands send the command in single mode, then send the address and return data in dual mode.
Quad SPI
Quad SPI (QSPI; different to but has same abbreviation as Queued-SPI described in § Intelligent SPI controllers) goes beyond dual SPI, adding two more I/O lines (SIO2 and SIO3) and sends 4 data bits per clock cycle. Again, it is requested by special commands, which enable quad mode after the command itself is sent in single mode.[23][24]
- SQI Type 1
- Commands sent on single line but addresses and data sent on four lines
- SQI Type 2
- Commands and addresses sent on a single line but data sent/received on four lines
QPI/SQI
Further extending quad SPI, some devices support a "quad everything" mode where all communication takes place over 4 data lines, including commands.[25] This is variously called "QPI"[24] (not to be confused with Intel QuickPath Interconnect) or "serial quad I/O" (SQI)[26]
This requires programming a configuration bit in the device and requires care after reset to establish communication.
Double data rate
In addition to using multiple lines for I/O, some devices increase the transfer rate by using double data rate transmission.[27][28]
JTAG
Although there are some similarities between SPI and the JTAG (IEEE 1149.1-2013) protocol, they are not interchangeable. JTAG is specifically intended to provide reliable test access to the I/O pins from an off-board controller with less precise signal delay and skew parameters, while SPI has many varied applications. While not strictly a level sensitive interface, the JTAG protocol supports the recovery of both setup and hold violations between JTAG devices by reducing the clock rate or changing the clock's duty cycles. Consequently, the JTAG interface is not intended to support extremely high data rates.[29]
SGPIO
SGPIO is essentially another (incompatible) application stack for SPI designed for particular backplane management activities.[citation needed] SGPIO uses 3-bit messages.
Intel's Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface
An eSPI bus can either be shared with SPI devices to save pins or be separate from an SPI bus to allow more performance, especially when eSPI devices need to use SPI flash devices.[30]
This standard defines an Alert# signal that is used by an eSPI sub to request service from the main. In a performance-oriented design or a design with only one eSPI sub, each eSPI sub will have its Alert# pin connected to an Alert# pin on the eSPI main that is dedicated to each sub, allowing the eSPI main to grant low-latency service, because the eSPI main will know which eSPI sub needs service and will not need to poll all of the subs to determine which device needs service. In a budget design with more than one eSPI sub, all of the Alert# pins of the subs are connected to one Alert# pin on the eSPI main in a
This standard allows designers to use 1-bit, 2-bit, or 4-bit communications at speeds from 20 to 66 MHz to further allow designers to trade off performance and cost.[30]
All communications that were out-of-band of LPC like general-purpose input/output (GPIO) and System Management Bus (SMBus) are tunneled through eSPI via virtual wire cycles and out-of-band message cycles respectively in order to remove those pins from motherboard designs using eSPI.[30]
This standard supports standard memory cycles with lengths of 1 byte to 4 kilobytes of data, short memory cycles with lengths of 1, 2, or 4 bytes that have much less overhead compared to standard memory cycles, and I/O cycles with lengths of 1, 2, or 4 bytes of data which are low overhead as well. This significantly reduces overhead compared to the LPC bus, where all cycles except for the 128-byte firmware hub read cycle spends more than one-half of all of the bus's throughput and time in overhead. The standard memory cycle allows a length of anywhere from 1 byte to 4 kilobytes in order to allow its larger overhead to be amortised over a large transaction. eSPI subs are allowed to initiate bus master versions of all of the memory cycles. Bus master I/O cycles, which were introduced by the LPC bus specification, and ISA-style DMA including the 32-bit variant introduced by the LPC bus specification, are not present in eSPI. Therefore, bus master memory cycles are the only allowed DMA in this standard.[30]
eSPI subs are allowed to use the eSPI main as a proxy to perform flash operations on a standard SPI flash memory sub on behalf of the requesting eSPI sub.[30]
64-bit memory addressing is also added, but is only permitted when there is no equivalent 32-bit address.[30]
The Intel
Development tools
Single-board computers
USB to SPI adapters
There are a number of
The key SPI parameters are: the maximum supported frequency for the serial interface, command-to-command latency, and the maximum length for SPI commands. It is possible to find SPI adapters on the market today that support up to 100 MHz serial interfaces, with virtually unlimited access length.
SPI protocol being a de facto standard, some SPI host adapters also have the ability of supporting other protocols beyond the traditional 4-wire SPI (for example, support of quad-SPI protocol or other custom serial protocol that derive from SPI[34]).
Protocol analyzers
Oscilloscopes
SPI
Alternative terminology
The term "master" is commonly used to identify the main device and "slave" for peripheral (sub) devices. These terms reflect how the main device is responsible for driving the serial clock and initiating communication: peripheral devices are only able to communicate when the main device is driving the clock.
Various more contemporary alternative names for each of the four signals have been proposed:
- SCK : Serial Clock. Alternatives:
- SCK, SCLK, CLK, SCL
- MOSI : "Master" Out → "Slave" In. Now can be read as "Main" Out "Sub" In, or can use these alternatives:
- SIMO, MTSR, SPID - correspond to MOSI on both main and sub devices, connects to each other
- SDI, DI, DIN, SI, SDA - on sub-only devices; Various abbreviations for "Serial" "Data" "In". Connects to MOSI (or alternative names) on main
- SDO, DO, DOUT, SO - on main-only devices; Various abbreviations for "Serial" "Data" "Out". connects to MOSI (or alternative names) on sub
- COPI, PICO for "peripheral and controller",[36][37] or COTI for "controller" and "target"[38]
- MISO : "Master" In ← "Slave" Out. Now can be read as "Main" In "Sub" Out, or can use these alternatives:
- SS : "Slave" Select (same functionality as Chip Select). Alternatives:
- SS, SS, SSEL, NSS, /SS, SS# (sub select)
- CS, CS (chip select)
- CE (chip enable)
Microchip uses "Host" and "Client" though keeps the abbreviation MOSI and MISO.[39]
See also
Notes
- citogenesisor speculation, and Motorola's 1983 68000 manual has no mention of "Serial Peripheral Interface", so the alleged 1979 date doesn't seem to be reliable information. Please only add a specific design_date if you have a definitive source from Motorola around then.
- ^ The § Alternative terminology section gives more details on proposed alternative terminology. See the talk page for an ongoing discussion.
- ^ For any given transaction, only one device is the main. However, some devices support changing main and sub roles on the fly. Most microcontrollers can easily reconfigure their SPI's role, and some Atmel and Silabs devices can change roles depending on an external pin.
- simplex communicationchannel.
- ^ Some subs require a falling edge of the Chip Select signal to initiate an action. An example is the Maxim MAX1242 ADC, which starts conversion on a high→low transition.
- ^ Transmissions often consist of eight-bit words. However, other word-sizes are also common, for example, sixteen-bit words for touch-screen controllers or audio codecs, such as the TSC2101 by Texas Instruments, or twelve-bit words for many digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters.
- ^ The original specification has a LSBFE ("LSB-First Enable") to control whether data is transferred least (LSB) or most significant bit (MSB) first.
- ^ a b Not to be confused with the SDIO (Serial Data I/O) line of the half-duplex implementation of SPI sometimes also called "3-wire" SPI. Here e.g. MOSI (via a resistor) and MISO (no resistor) of a main is connected to the SDIO line of a sub.
- ^ Peripherals may allow or require a particular number (or any number) of transfer bytes while selected, as specified in their datasheet.
- ^ Left-shifts are used because SPI normally transmits the most-significant bit first. Right-shifts could instead be used to transfer least-significant bit first.
- ^ Such as with the MultiChannel Serial Port Interface, or McSPI, used in Texas Instruments OMAP chips. (https://www.ti.com/product/OMAP3530)
- ^ Such as the SPI controller on Atmel AT91 chips like the at91sam9G20, which is much simpler than TI's McSPI.
References
- ^ Dhaker, Piyu (2018). "Introduction to SPI Interface". Analog Dialogue. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
- ^ "What is Serial Synchronous Interface (SSI)?". Retrieved 2015-01-28.
- ^ a b c Better SPI Bus Design in 3 Steps
- ^ SPI Block Guide v3.06; Motorola/Freescale/NXP; 2003.
- ^ NXP. 2004 [1994]. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ "TMS320x281x Serial Peripheral Interface Reference Guide". Texas Instruments. 2002. pp. 16–17.
- ^ Maxim-IC application note 3947: "Daisy-Chaining SPI Devices"
- ^ a b Gammon, Nick (2013-03-23). "Gammon Forum : Electronics : Microprocessors : Using a 74HC165 input shift register". Gammon Forum. Archived from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ a b Gammon, Nick (2012-01-31). "Gammon Forum : Electronics : Microprocessors : Using a 74HC595 output shift register as a port-expander". Gammon Forum. Archived from the original on 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ Interfaces, 1977, pp. 80, 84
- ^ "Serial-Control Multiplexer Expands SPI Chip Selects" (PDF). Premier Farnell. 2001-07-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19.
- ^ "AVR910 - In-system programming" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-02.
- ^ components :: motorola :: dataBooks :: 1983 Motorola 8-Bit Microprocessor and Peripheral Data.
- ^ motorola :: dataBooks :: 1984 Motorola Single-Chip Microcomputer Data.
- Bitsavers.
- ^ SafeSPI.org
- ^ "Transmitting SPI over LVDS Interfaces" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ "SPI Master Loopback Example". Nordic Semiconductor. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- NXP. 1996 [1991]. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-08-24.
- ^ "Quad-SPI Brings Fast Parallel Data Transmission". Cadence Design Systems. 2023-01-11. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ MICROWIRE Serial Interface National Semiconductor Application Note AN-452
- ^ MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Interface for COP800 Family National Semiconductor Application Note AN-579
- ^ a b "W25Q16JV 3V 16M-bit serial flash memory with Dual/Quad SPI" (PDF) (data sheet). Revision D. Winbond. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ a b c "D25LQ64 1.8V Uniform Sector Dual and Quad SPI Flash" (PDF) (data sheet). version 0.1. GigaDevice. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ "QuadSPI flash: Quad SPI mode vs. QPI mode". NXP community forums. December 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
- Microchip, Inc.2017. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Patterson, David (May 2012). "Quad Serial Peripheral Interface (QuadSPI) Module Updates" (PDF) (Application note). Freescale Semiconductor. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- ^ Pell, Rich (13 October 2011). "Improving performance using SPI-DDR NOR flash memory". EDN.
- ^ IEEE 1149.1-2013
- ^ a b c d e f g h Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (eSPI) Interface Base Specification (for Client and Server Platforms) (PDF) (Report). Revision 1.0. Intel. January 2016. Document number 327432-004. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- ^ Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (eSPI) Interface Specification (for Client Platforms) (PDF) (Report). Revision 0.6. Intel. May 2012. Document Number 327432-001EN. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- ^ "Intel® 100 Series Chipset Family PCH Datasheet, Vol. 1" (PDF). Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "USB to SPI converter". FTDI. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ SPI Storm – Serial Protocol Host Adapter with support of custom serial protocols, Byte Paradigm.
- ^ "N5391B I²C and SPI Protocol Triggering and Decode for Infiniium scopes".
- ^ a b SPI; OSHWA.
- ^ a b https://www.ti.com/lit/an/scea091a/scea091a.pdf
- ^ NXP. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ Stoicescu, Alin. "Getting Started with Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)". Microchip Technology. Archived from the original on 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2023-12-21.