Shen Bao
Type | Commercial Newspaper |
---|---|
Owner(s) | Ernest Major, Shi Liangcai, Norwood Allman |
Founder(s) | Ernest Major |
Editor | Qing dynasty Jiang Zhixiang, He Guisheng, Qian Xinbo, Huang Shiquan
Songjiang, Shanghai, Qing empire China |
Shen Bao | |
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Hanyu Pinyin | Shěn Bào |
Bopomofo | ㄕㄣㄅㄠˋ |
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Shen Baw |
Wade–Giles | Shên3-Pao4 |
Part of a series on |
Conservatism in China |
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Shen Bao (Chinese: 申報; pinyin: Shēn Bào), officially transliterated as Shun Pao or Shen-pao, known in English as Shanghai News, was a newspaper published from 1872 to 1949 in Shanghai, China. The name is short for Shenjiang Xinbao, Shenjiang being a short form of Chunshen Jiang, the old name for the Huangpu River.[1]
The influence of the newspaper in early 20th century Shanghai was such that Shen Bao zhi, literally "Shen-pao paper", became a generic term for newspaper or newsprint.[2]
Formation
Founded by Ernest Major (1841–1908),[3] a British businessman, in 1872, Shen Bao was one of the first modern Chinese newspapers. Major's Chinese language skills had been considered "legendary" and with the investment of four other Britons, he began managing Shen Bao. He was committed to bettering China by adopting Western Institutions and running a profitable business. When Major returned to England in 1889, the newspaper was reorganized and owned by Major Company Limited.[4]
Because Shen Bao was based and published out of the
To further grow the business and establish itself as a “public forum in China” Shen Bao regularly reprinted essays from Xunhuan ribao in Hong Kong and the Jingbao announcements from the government. Furthermore, Shen Bao frequently published the essays of great reformist publicist Liang Qichao who has been “hailed as the father of modern Chinese journalism”. Although he did not invent the new newspaper style in the 1890s, he is said to have perfected it. (Judge, 235)
Major differentiated himself from other foreign newspaper publishers in two areas. First, from the outset, he made it clear that the new newspaper would be for Chinese readers, and thus that it would emphasize news and issues of interest to Chinese, not foreigners. Secondly, he put Chinese compradors in charge of running the business and let Chinese editors pick news items and write editorials. These two methods proved very effective. While the Chinese compradors used their knowledge of and connections with the local community to raise circulation and attract advertisements, they kept the price of the paper lower than that of its competitor. Simultaneously, Chinese editors did a better job of making Shen Bao appeal to Chinese readers' taste. Within one year, Shen Bao had put Shanghai Xinbao out of business and become the only Chinese newspaper in Shanghai until the appearance of Xin Bao in 1876 and Hu Bao in 1882.[5]
Role in public opinion
Shen Bao played a pivotal role in the formation of public opinion in the late 19th century. An example is its campaign in its first years against the new practice of employing young women as waitress in opium dens, which "blurred the demarcation line between acceptable and unacceptable practices by putting waitresses in the ambiguous position of implicitly providing sex services in the opium dens. Worse still, the opium dens embracing this practice were mostly located in the French Concession, connecting the issue to the presence of foreigners in Shanghai."[6] As a result of the uproar, the practice was banned (although in practice not eradicated).
Shen Bao also reflected the changing attitudes towards women as a new audience group - how the newspaper “described them in advertisements, editorials ad news reports”.[This quote needs a citation] Women became a group that could be considered: adverts were directed at the feminine reading public. Newspaper was able to address women directly but also prescribed new feminine roles.[citation needed] This new role gave rise to the acceptance of public female schooling.[citation needed]
Impact on Chinese society
The newspaper "innovated in printing technology, the use of the telegraph, the employment of a military correspondent (sent to cover the
Shen Bao also became a conduit between the high and low society, connecting the two in a way that was largely unprecedented. The court was the loudest and most continuous voice in the public sphere and continued to be with the publication of newspapers. The court had a specific section called guanbao which were a print form of Jingbao, a government approved set of public communications posted on boards in front of the government. Guanbao became the preferred method of communication and increased communication between high and low. (Wagner, 11)
Additionally, Shen Bao allowed “those below” to speak out about their opinions and criticism anonymously or in person. The publication of Jingbao gave a platform for public discussion of important issues between classes. Shen Bao published multiple editorials from opposite ends of the spectrum - sometimes even within the same issue. (Wagner, 19)
Political affiliation and effects
Shen Bao was founded as a commercial newspaper, and politically it remained conservative for its first three decades, supporting the
There is some scholarly debate of the role of Shen Bao in igniting revolutionary and nationalist sentiments; however, it is generally regarded that “newspapers at most echoed, rather than produced, revolutionary or national feelings. Instead of making revolutions, it was made by them” (Judge 247). “[The press] was not merely a record of what happened but and ingredient in the happening”.
End of publication
Due to the surveillance from
In 1934, the newspaper "incurred the government's anger because of its strong anti-Japanese attitude. On November 13, Shih Liang-ts'ai, its owner and editor-in-chief, was mysteriously assassinated on the Shanghai-Hangchow Highway";[18] responsibility for his murder has been attributed to the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, Chiang Kai-shek's much-feared secret police.[19][20] In 1938, with the city under Japanese control, Norwood Allman (1893–1987), an American lawyer who had been U.S. Consul in Shanghai in the early 1920s, was asked by the paper's Chinese owners to take over as editor; Time wrote in 1940: "A fluent Chinese linguist, Allman reads every story that goes into Shun Pao, writes editorials, corrects editorials written by staff members. He serves without pay."[21] The paper was on bad terms with the Japanese, and in 1940 a Chinese assistant editor was killed and his head left on the street as a warning to journalists.[22]
After the murder of Shih Liang-ts'ai, the paper lost circulation and became less radical in its criticism of the Kuomintang. (MacKinnon, 11) Allman had control over the paper until December 1941 when it was seized by the Japanese on the ground that it was an American company. Allman had incorporated it as an American company purposefully to limit his financial liability. (Chin, 5). The Japanese appointed Chen Binhe (陳彬龢), a former Shen bao editor-in-chief who gained the trust of the Japanese, as the new president of Shen bao. (Chin, 6) “As a result, [of these new appointments] Shen bao became a mouthpiece and propaganda tool for mobilizing the Chinese masses politically, economically, and culturally for total war” (Chin, 9).
During World War II the paper passed into the hands of collaborators with the Japanese occupation, but after the war Pan Gongzhan, an influential Kuomintang party official who had been an editor on the paper in the late 1920s,[23] became its publisher and Chen Shunyü its chief editor. In May 1949, when the People's Liberation Army took Shanghai, the newspaper was shut down.
There is a complete collection of the paper's issues in the Shanghai Library.[24]
Literary magazine
Ernest Major's brother Frederick founded a literary magazine Yinghuan suoji (瀛寰瑣記; "Random Sketches of the World"), published by the Shen Bao since November 1872.[25] The magazine printed fiction, essays and poetry.[26]
See also
- History of newspapers and magazines § China
- North China Daily News
- Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury
- Der Ostasiatischer Lloyd
- Shanghai Jewish Chronicle
- Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung
- Shanghai's Lens on the News (text and translations) on MIT Visualizing Cultures website
- Catherine Vance Yeh, "Recasting the Chinese Novel: Ernest Major's Shenbao Publishing House (1872-1890)", Transcultural Studies 2015.1, pp. 171–289.
References
- ISBN 0-674-00249-0), p. 967.
- ^ 蔣遵和 (Jiang Zunhe), “拿張申報紙來”是什麼意思 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine (What does "bring a sheet of Shen Pao paper mean"?), Shanghai Municipal Archives (re-published by EastDay).
- ^ Dates from Roberta Wue, "The Profits of Philanthropy: Relief Aid, Shenbao, and the Art World in Later 19th-century Shanghai," Late Imperial China 25 (June 2004), pp. 187-211.
- ^ Chinese History Research Site at UCSD, Miscellaneous Sources[permanent dead link].
- ISBN 0-8047-5128-5), p. 45.
- ^ Zhou, Historicizing Online Politics, p. 50.
- ^ Wilkinson, Chinese History, p. 967.
- ^ Wilkinson, Chinese History, p. 968.
- ^ Mary Ninde Gamewell, New Life Currents in China (Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1919), pp. 162-163.
- ^ Wilkinson, Chinese History, p. 995.
- ISBN 0-517-57025-4), p. 162.
- ^ Chinese History Research Site at UCSD[permanent dead link], Miscellaneous Sources.
- ^ Dates from Ellen Widmer, "The Saoye shanfang of Suzhou and Shanghai: An Evolution in Five Stages[permanent dead link]" [Word document]; Xi's name in Chinese is 希子佩.
- ISBN 0-8248-2833-X), p. 174.
- ISBN 0-300-01460-0), p. 157.
- ^ Chinese History Research Site at UCSD[permanent dead link], Miscellaneous Sources.
- ^ Patsy Yang and Jolin Ng, "Cheers for favorite old bars and some newbies in Tongren Road Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine," Shanghai Daily, July 13, 2009.
- ISBN 0-674-35820-1), p. 97.
- ISBN 0-521-24338-6), p. 144.
- ISBN 0-520-23407-3), pp. 179ff.
- ^ Time, "Foreign News: New Order in Shanghai," July 29, 1940.
- ISBN 962-209-802-9), p. 212.
- ISBN 0-521-78071-3), p. 171.
- ^ Min Wu, "Newspapers in the Shanghai Library," International Newspaper Librarianship for the 21st Century, p. 173.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-7117-3.
- ISBN 0-8047-2845-3.
External links
- ICON (International Coalition on Newspapers) listing