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* {{Cite web | url = http://www.brainpickings.org/2014/12/10/ada-lovelace-walter-isaacson-innovators/ | title = How Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's Daughter, Became the World's First Computer Programmer | publisher = Maria Popova (Brain) }} |
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.brainpickings.org/2014/12/10/ada-lovelace-walter-isaacson-innovators/ | title = How Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's Daughter, Became the World's First Computer Programmer | publisher = Maria Popova (Brain) }} |
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* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Lovelace}} |
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Lovelace}} |
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* {{Cite web | url = https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2015/12/untangling-the-tale-of-ada-lovelace/ | title = Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace | publisher = Historical Perspectives }} |
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{{Lord Byron}} |
{{Lord Byron}} |
Revision as of 20:40, 16 February 2021
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Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (
Augusta Byron was the only child of poet Lord Byron and Lady Byron.[5] All of Byron's other children were born out of wedlock to other women.[6] Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later. He commemorated the parting in a poem that begins, "Is thy face like thy mother's my fair child! ADA! sole daughter of my house and heart?".[7] He died in Greece when Ada was eight years old. Her mother remained bitter and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing her father's perceived insanity. Despite this, Ada remained interested in him, naming her two sons Byron and Gordon. Upon her eventual death, she was buried next to him at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Ada pursued her studies assiduously. She married William King in 1835. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.
Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as
When she was a teenager, her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow British mathematician Charles Babbage, who is known as "the father of computers". She was in particular interested in Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace first met him in June 1833, through their mutual friend, and her private tutor, Mary Somerville.
Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer
She died of uterine cancer in 1852 at the age of 36.
Biography
Childhood
Lord Byron expected his child to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when Lady Byron gave birth to a girl.[12] The child was named after Byron's half-sister, Augusta Leigh, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself.[13] On 16 January 1816, at Lord Byron's command, Lady Byron left for her parents' home at Kirkby Mallory, taking their five-week-old daughter with her.[12] Although English law at the time granted full custody of children to the father in cases of separation, Lord Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights,[14] but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.[15]
![Ada Byron, portrait at age four](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg)
On 21 April, Lord Byron signed the
![Ada Byron, portrait at age 7](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg)
Lovelace did not have a close relationship with her mother. She was often left in the care of her maternal grandmother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Lady Byron had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about her daughter's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern.[20] In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to her daughter as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."[21] Lady Byron had her teenage daughter watched by close friends for any sign of moral deviation. Lovelace dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.[22]
![Ada Byron, portrait drawn at age 17](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/200px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg)
Lovelace was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured her vision.[13] In June 1829, she was paralyzed after a bout of measles. She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, something which may have extended her period of disability. By 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite the illnesses, she developed her mathematical and technological skills.
When Ada was twelve years old, this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided she wanted to fly. Ada Byron went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the
anatomy of birds to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book, Flyology, illustrating, with plates, some of her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to integrate steam with the "art of flying".[6]
Ada Byron had an affair with a tutor in early 1833. She tried to elope with him after she was caught, but the tutor's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Lady Byron and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal.[23] Lovelace never met her younger half-sister, Allegra, the daughter of Lord Byron and Claire Clairmont. Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five. Lovelace did have some contact with Elizabeth Medora Leigh, the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Lovelace as much as possible when introduced at court.[24]
Adult years
![Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. Watercolour portrait circa 1840](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg)
Lovelace became close friends with her tutor Mary Somerville, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833. She had a strong respect and affection for Somerville,[25] and they corresponded for many years. Other acquaintances included the scientists Andrew Crosse, Sir David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone, Michael Faraday and the author Charles Dickens. She was presented at Court at the age of seventeen "and became a popular belle of the season" in part because of her "brilliant mind."[26] By 1834 Ada was a regular at Court and started attending various events. She danced often and was able to charm many people, and was described by most people as being dainty, although John Hobhouse, Byron's friend, described her as "a large, coarse-skinned young woman but with something of my friend's features, particularly the mouth".[27] This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not like him, probably due to her mother's influence, which led her to dislike all of her father's friends. This first impression was not to last, and they later became friends.[28]
On 8 July 1835, she married
They had three children:
In 1841, Lovelace and Medora Leigh (the daughter of Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh) were told by Ada's mother that Ada's father was also Medora's father.[35] On 27 February 1841, Ada wrote to her mother: "I am not in the least astonished. In fact, you merely confirm what I have for years and years felt scarcely a doubt about, but should have considered it most improper in me to hint to you that I in any way suspected."[36] She did not blame the incestuous relationship on Byron, but instead blamed Augusta Leigh: "I fear she is more inherently wicked than he ever was."[37] In the 1840s, Ada flirted with scandals: firstly, from a relaxed approach to extra-marital relationships with men, leading to rumours of affairs;[38] and secondly, from her love of gambling. She apparently lost more than £3,000 on the horses during the later 1840s.[39] The gambling led to her forming a syndicate with male friends, and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large bets. This went disastrously wrong, leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate, forcing her to admit it all to her husband.[40] She had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John from 1844 onwards. John Crosse destroyed most of their correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement. She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had personally left to her.[41] During her final illness, she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her.[42]
Education
Throughout her illnesses, she continued her education.
Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science. Whilst studying differential calculus, she wrote to De Morgan:
I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo, the unsuspected and to a beginner apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight, is I think one of the chief difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies. I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one reads of, who are at one's elbows in one shape now, and the next minute in a form most dissimilar[45]
Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific concepts. She valued metaphysics as much as mathematics, viewing both as tools for exploring "the unseen worlds around us."[46]
Death
![Ada Lovelace, painted portrait circa 1852](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg)
Lovelace died at the age of 36 on 27 November 1852,
Work
Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including
![Ada Lovelace, painted portrait circa 1836](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg)
Lovelace first met Charles Babbage in June 1833, through their mutual friend Mary Somerville. Later that month, Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his difference engine.[57] She became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could. Babbage was impressed by Lovelace's intellect and analytic skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Number."[58][b] In 1843, he wrote to her:
Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the Enchantress of Number.[58]
During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician
The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in Note G),
Note G also contains Lovelace's dismissal of artificial intelligence. She wrote that "The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by Alan Turing in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".[67]
Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published, when he tried to leave his own statement (criticising the government's treatment of his Engine) as an unsigned preface, which could have been mistakenly interpreted as a joint declaration. When Taylor's Scientific Memoirs ruled that the statement should be signed, Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper. This was the first that she knew he was leaving it unsigned, and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper. The historian Benjamin Woolley theorised that "His actions suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada's involvement, and so happily indulged her ... because of her 'celebrated name'."[68] Their friendship recovered, and they continued to correspond. On 12 August 1851, when she was dying of cancer, Lovelace wrote to him asking him to be her executor, though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority. Part of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as Philosopher's Walk, as it was there that Lovelace and Babbage were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles.[62]
First computer program
![Diagram for the computation by the Engine of the Numbers of Bernoulli](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/220px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg)
In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the
Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. It is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.[70][71] The engine was never completed so her program was never tested.[72]
In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as an appendix to
Insight into potential of computing devices
In her notes, Ada Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines, particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity.[74] She realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching. In her notes, she wrote:
[The Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides number, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.[75][76]
This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised.
According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist Doron Swade:
Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see. In Babbage's world his engines were bound by number...What Lovelace saw...was that number could represent entities other than quantity. So once you had a machine for manipulating numbers, if those numbers represented other things, letters, musical notes, then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance, according to rules. It is this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation—to general-purpose computation—and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing, if we are looking and sifting history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper.[2]
Controversy over contribution
Though Lovelace is often referred to as the first computer programmer, some biographers, computer scientists and historians of computing claim otherwise.
All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier. The exception was prepared by Babbage for her, although she did detect a "bug" in it. Not only is there no evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine, but her correspondence with Babbage shows that she did not have the knowledge to do so.[81]
Bruce Collier, who later wrote a biography of Babbage, wrote in his 1970 Harvard University PhD thesis that Lovelace "made a considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine, but there is no evidence that she advanced the design or theory of it in any way".[82]
Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it "incorrect" to regard Lovelace as the first computer programmer, as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine, although the majority were never published.
Doron Swade, a specialist on history of computing known for his work on Babbage, discussed Lovelace during a lecture on Babbage's analytical engine. He explained that Ada was only a "promising beginner" instead of genius in mathematics, that she began studying basic concepts of mathematics five years after Babbage conceived the analytical engine so she could not have made important contributions to it, and that she only published the first computer program instead of actually writing it. But he agrees that Ada was the only person to see the potential of the analytical engine as a machine capable of expressing entities other than quantities.[86]
In his book, Idea Makers, Stephen Wolfram defends Lovelace's contributions. While acknowledging that Babbage wrote several unpublished algorithms for the Analytical Engine prior to Lovelace's notes, Wolfram argues that "there's nothing as sophisticated—or as clean—as Ada's computation of the Bernoulli numbers. Babbage certainly helped and commented on Ada's work, but she was definitely the driver of it." Wolfram then suggests that Lovelace's main achievement was to distill from Babbage's correspondence "a clear exposition of the abstract operation of the machine—something which Babbage never did."[87]
In popular culture
1810s
Lord Byron wrote the poem "Fare Thee Well" to his wife Lady Byron in 1816, following their separation after the birth of Ada Lovelace. In the poem he writes:[88]
And when thou would'st solace gather—
When our child's first accents flow—
Wilt thou teach her to say "Father!"
Though his care she must forego?
When her little hands shall press thee—
When her lip to thine is pressed—
Think of him whose prayer shall bless thee—
Think of him thy love had blessed!
Should her lineaments resemble
Those thou never more may'st see,
Then thy heart will softly tremble
With a pulse yet true to me.
1970s
Lovelace is portrayed in Romulus Linney's 1977 play Childe Byron.[89]
1990s
In the 1990 steampunk novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling,[90] Lovelace delivers a lecture on the "punched cards" programme which proves two theorems, a discovery that, in reality, was not made until 1931 by Kurt Gödel.
In the 1997 film Conceiving Ada,[91] a computer scientist obsessed with Countess Ada Lovelace finds a way of communicating with her in the past by means of "undying information waves".
In Tom Stoppard's 1993 play Arcadia, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina Coverly—a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace (the play also involves Lord Byron)—comes to understand chaos theory, and theorises the second law of thermodynamics, before either is officially recognised.[92][93]
2000s
Lovelace features in John Crowley's 2005 novel, Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land, as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father's lost novel.[94]
2010s
The 2015 play Ada and the Memory Engine by Lauren Gunderson portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting between Lovelace and her father.[95][96]
Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in Sydney Padua's webcomic and graphic novel The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada Lovelace, and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence.[97]
Lovelace and Mary Shelley as teenagers are the central characters in Jordan Stratford's steampunk series, The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency.[98]
Lovelace, identified as Ada Augusta Byron, is portrayed by Lily Lesser in the second season of The Frankenstein Chronicles. She is employed as an "analyst" to provide the workings of a life-sized humanoid automaton. The brass workings of the machine are reminiscent of Babbage's analytical engine. Her employment is described as keeping her occupied until she returns to her studies in advanced mathematics.[99]
Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the
2020s
Lovelace features as a character in "
Commemoration
The computer language Ada, created on behalf of the United States Department of Defense, was named after Lovelace.[102] The reference manual for the language was approved on 10 December 1980 and the Department of Defense Military Standard for the language, MIL-STD-1815, was given the number of the year of her birth.
In 1981, the
Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event celebrated on the second Tuesday of October,
The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in
On 17 September 2013, an episode of Great Lives about Ada Lovelace aired.[114]
As of November 2015, all new British passports have included an illustration of Lovelace and Babbage on pages 46 and 47.[115][116]
In 2017, a Google Doodle honoured her on International Women's Day.[117]
On 2 February 2018, Satellogic, a high-resolution Earth observation imaging and analytics company, launched a ÑuSat type micro-satellite named in honour of Ada Lovelace.[118]
In March 2018, The New York Times published a belated obituary for Ada Lovelace.[119]
On 27 July 2018, Senator Ron Wyden submitted, in the United States Senate, the designation of 9 October 2018 as National Ada Lovelace Day: "To honor the life and contributions of Ada Lovelace as a leading woman in science and mathematics". The resolution (S.Res.592)[120] was considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by unanimous consent.
In November 2020 it was announced that Trinity College Dublin whose library had previously held forty busts, all of them of men, was commissioning four new busts of women one of whom was to be Lovelace.[121]
Bicentenary
The bicentenary of Ada Lovelace's birth was celebrated with a number of events, including:[122]
- The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability, Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, 20 December 2015 – 31 January 2016.[123][124]
- Ada Lovelace Symposium, University of Oxford, 13–14 October 2015.[125]
- Ada.Ada.Ada, a one-woman show about the life and work of Ada Lovelace (using an LED dress), premiered at
Special exhibitions were displayed by the Science Museum in London, England[131] and the Weston Library[132] (part of the Bodleian Library) in Oxford, England.
Publications
- Lovelace, Ada King. Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter and her Description of the First Computer. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-912647-09-8.
- Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada Lovelace". In Richard Taylor (ed.). Scientific Memoirs. Vol. 3. London: Richard and John E. Taylor. pp. 666–731.
Publication history
Six copies of the 1843 first edition of Sketch of the Analytical Engine with Ada Lovelace's "Notes"[63] have been located. Three are held at Harvard University, one at the University of Oklahoma, and one at the United States Air Force Academy.[133] On 20 July 2018, the sixth copy was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for £95,000.[134] A digital facsimile of one of the copies in the Harvard University Library is available online.
In December 2016, a letter written by Ada Lovelace was forfeited by Martin Shkreli to the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for unpaid taxes owed by Shkreli.[135]
See also
Explanatory notes
References
- ^ "Only known photographs of Ada Lovelace in Bodleian Display". Bodleian. 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ a b c Fuegi & Francis 2003.
- .
- ^ "Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle". The Guardian. London. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ "Ada Lovelace Biography". biography.com.
- ^ .
- ^ "Last leaving England. I. Personal, Lyric, and Elegiac. Lord Byron. 1881. Poetry of Byron". bartleby.com. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Ventana al Conocimiento (9 December 2015). "Ada Lovelace: Original and Visionary, but No Programmer".
- ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003, pp. 19, 25.
- ^ a b Turney 1972, p. 35.
- ^ a b Stein 1985, p. 17.
- ^ Stein 1985, p. 16.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 80.
- ^ Turney 1972, pp. 36–38.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 74–77.
- ^ Turney 1972, p. 138.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 86.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 119.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 120–21.
- ^ Turney 1972, p. 155.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 138–40.
- ^ a b Turney 1972, p. 138.
- ^ Turney 1972, pp. 138–39.
- ^ a b Turney 1972, p. 139.
- ^ A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: East Horsley. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Horsley Towers is a large house standing in a park of 300 acres, the seat of the Earl of Lovelace. The old house was rebuilt about 1745. The present house was built by Sir Charles Barry for Mr. Currie on a new site, between 1820 and 1829, in Elizabethan style. Mr. Currie, who owned the combined manors, 1784–1829, rebuilt most of the houses in the village and restored the church.
- ISBN 978-1-78462-438-5.
- ^ "Lovelace, Earl of". Cracroft's Peerage. 2005.
- Macon Georgia Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. 9 April 1841. p. 3 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 285–86.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 289–96.
- ^ Turney 1972, p. 159.
- ^ Turney 1972, p. 160.
- ^ Moore 1961, p. 431.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 302.
- ^ Schaffer, Simon. "Babbage's Dancer". the hypermedia research centre. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 340–42.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 336–37.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 361.
- ^ Stein 1985, pp. 28–30.
- ^ Stein 1985, p. 82.
- ^ Toole 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 91–100.
- ^ "December 1852 1a * MARYLEBONE – Augusta Ada Lovelace", Register of Deaths, GRO.
- ^ Baum 1986, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 370.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 369.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 198.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 232–33.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 305.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 310–14.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 315–17.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 335.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 36–38.
- ^ a b Wolfram, Stephen (10 December 2015). "Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace".
Then, on Sept. 9, Babbage wrote to Ada, expressing his admiration for her and (famously) describing her as 'Enchantress of Number' and 'my dear and much admired Interpreter'. (Yes, despite what's often quoted, he wrote 'Number' not 'Numbers'.)
- ^ Menabrea 1843.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 265.
- ^ Woolley 1999, p. 267.
- ^ a b Woolley 1999, p. 307.
- ^ a b "Sketch of The Analytical Engine, with notes upon the Memoir by the Translator". Switzerland: fourmilab.ch. October 1842. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-97000-149-5.
- ^ "The Babbage Engine". Computer History Museum. 2008.
- ^ Gleick, J. (2011) The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood, London, Fourth Estate, pp. 116–118.
- ISBN 978-0-262-26542-3.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 277–80.
- ^ Green, Christopher (2001). "Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine, and the Possibility of a 19th-Century Cognitive Science". York University. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ Simonite, Tom (24 March 2009). "Short Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-374-27565-5.
- ^ Kim & Toole 1999.
- OL 13581728M.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 175–82.
- ^ Lovelace, Ada; Menabrea, Luigi (1842). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq". Scientific Memoirs. Richard Taylor: 694.
- ^ Hooper, Rowan (16 October 2012). "Ada Lovelace: My brain is more than merely mortal". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ Isaacson, Walter (18 September 2014). "Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC". Fortune.
- ^ Toole 1998, pp. 2–3, 14.
- ^ Woolley 1999, pp. 272–77.
- ^ Kent, Leo (17 September 2012). "The 10-year-plan to build Babbage's Analytical Engine". Humans Invent. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ISBN 0-8138-0047-1. p. 89.
- ^ Collier, Bruce (1970). The Little Engines That Could've: The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage (PhD). Harvard University. Retrieved 18 December 2015. Chapter 3.
- ^ Kim & Toole 1999, p. 76.
- . p. 197.
- ^ Stein, Dorothy K. (1984). "Lady Lovelace's Notes: Technical Text and Cultural Context". Victorian Studies. 28 (1): 33–67. p. 34.
- ^ Swade, Doron (12 May 2008). Charles Babbage and Difference Engine No. 2 (Speech). Talks at Google. Mountain View, CA: Talks at Google via YouTube. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-57955-003-5.
- ^ Byron, George Gordon. "The Works of Lord Byron" – via Wikisource.
- ^ Klein, Alvin (13 May 1984). "Theatre in review: A lusty Byron in Rockland". The New York Times.
- ISBN 978-1-84860-914-3.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (26 February 1999). "'Conceiving Ada': Calling Byron's Daughter, Inventor of a Computer". The New York Times.
- ^ Leithauser, Brad (8 August 2013). "Tom Stoppard's 'Arcadia,' at Twenty". The New Yorker.
- ^ Profile, Gale Edwards, 1994, Director of "Arcadia" for the Sydney Theatre Company
- ^ Straub, Peter (5 June 2005). "Byron's heir". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
- ^ "Ada and the Memory Engine". KQED. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
- ^ Costello, Elizabeth (22 October 2015). "Ada and the Memory Engine: Love by the Numbers". SF Weekly. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- ^ Doctorow, Cory (5 October 2009). "Comic about Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage". BoingBoing. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ Moyer, Edward (13 April 2012). "Can Jane Austen + steampunk spark girls' science fire?". Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ "Lily Lesser". IMDb. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
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- ISBN 978-0-7876-3401-8.
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General sources
- Baum, Joan (1986), The Calculating Passion of Ada Byron, Archon, ISBN 978-0-208-02119-9.
- Elwin, Malcolm (1975), Lord Byron's Family, John Murray.
- Essinger, James (2014), Ada's algorithm: How Lord Byron's daughter Ada Lovelace launched the digital age, Melville House Publishing, ISBN 978-1-61219-408-0.
- Fuegi, J; Francis, J (October–December 2003), "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'" (PDF), Annals of the History of Computing, 25 (4): 16–26, S2CID 40077111.
- Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L. (2015), Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age, Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool, ISBN 978-1-970001-51-8.
- Isaacson, Walter (2014), The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution, Simon & Schuster.
- Kim, Eugene; Toole, Betty Alexandra (1999). "Ada and the First Computer". Scientific American. 280 (5): 76–81. .
- Lewis, Judith S. (July–August 1995). "Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter: Math and gender in the nineteenth century English aristocracy". .
- Marchand, Leslie (1971), Byron A Portrait, John Murray.
- Menabrea, Luigi Federico (1843), "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage", Scientific Memoirs, 3, archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2008, retrieved 29 August 2008 With notes upon the memoir by the translator.
- Miller, Clair Cain. "Ada Lovelace, 1815–1852," New York Times, 8 March 2018.
- Moore, Doris Langley (1977), Ada, Countess of Lovelace, John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-3384-8.
- Moore, Doris Langley (1961), The Late Lord Byron, Philadelphia: Lippincott, OCLC 358063.
- Stein, Dorothy (1985), Ada: A Life and a Legacy, MIT Press Series in the History of Computing, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-262-19242-2.
- Toole, Betty Alexandra (1992), Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace, and her Description of the First Computer, Strawberry Press, ISBN 978-0-912647-09-8.
- Toole, Betty Alexandra (1998), Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age, Strawberry Press, ISBN 978-0-912647-18-0.
- Turney, Catherine (1972), Byron's Daughter: A Biography of Elizabeth Medora Leigh, Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-12753-8
- Woolley, Benjamin (February 1999), The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter, AU: Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-72436-1, retrieved 7 April 2013.
- Woolley, Benjamin (February 2002) [1999], The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, ISBN 978-0-07-138860-3, retrieved 7 April 2013.
Further reading
- Jenny Uglow, "Stepping Out of Byron's Shadow" (review of Miranda Seymour, In Byron's Wake: The Turbulent Lives of Byron's Wife and Daughter: Annabella Milbanke and Ada Lovelace, Pegasus, 2018, 547 pp.; and Christopher Hollings, Ursula Martin, and Adrian Rice, Ada Lovelace: The Making of a Computer Scientist, Bodleian Library, 2018, 114 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 18 (22 November 2018), pp. 30–32.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- "Ada's Army gets set to rewrite history at Inspirefest 2018" by Luke Maxwell, 4 August 2018
- Works by Ada Lovelace at Open Library
- "Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace" by Stephen Wolfram, December 2015
- "Ada Lovelace: Founder of Scientific Computing". Women in Science. SDSC.
- "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Biographies of Women Mathematicians. Agnes Scott College.
- "Papers of the Noel, Byron and Lovelace families" (archive). UK: Archives hub.
- "Ada Lovelace & The Analytical Engine". Babbage. Computer History.
- "Ada & the Analytical Engine". Educause. Archived from the original (archive) on 10 August 2009.
- "Ada Lovelace, Countess of Controversy". Tech TV vault. G4 TV.
- "Ada Lovelace" (streaming). In Our Time (audio). UK: BBC Radio 4. 6 March 2008.
- "Ada Lovelace's Notes and The Ladies Diary". Yale.
- "The fascinating story Ada Lovelace". Sabine Allaeys – via YouTube.
- "Ada Lovelace, the World's First Computer Programmer, on Science and Religion". Maria Popova (Brain).
- "How Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's Daughter, Became the World's First Computer Programmer". Maria Popova (Brain).
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Ada Lovelace", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews