Steampunk
Steampunk is a
Steampunk features
Steampunk may also incorporate additional elements from the genres of
Steampunk also refers to any of the artistic styles, clothing fashions, or subcultures that have developed from the aesthetics of steampunk fiction, Victorian-era fiction, art nouveau design, and films from the mid-20th century.[14] Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by individual artisans into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style, and a number of visual and musical artists have been described as steampunk.[15]
History
Precursors
Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century
In fine art, Remedios Varo's paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, and technofantasy imagery.[26][page needed] In television, one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the CBS television series The Wild Wild West (1965–69), which inspired the later film.[16][8]
Origin of the term
Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s, the term "steampunk" originated largely in the 1980s[27] as a tongue-in-cheek variant of "cyberpunk". It was coined by science fiction author K. W. Jeter,[28] who was trying to find a general term for works by Tim Powers (The Anubis Gates, 1983), James Blaylock (Homunculus, 1986), and himself (Morlock Night, 1979, and Infernal Devices, 1987) — all of which took place in a 19th-century (usually Victorian) setting and imitated conventions of such actual Victorian speculative fiction as H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. In a letter to science fiction magazine Locus,[27] printed in the April 1987 issue, Jeter wrote:
Dear Locus,
Enclosed is a copy of my 1979 novel Morlock Night; I'd appreciate your being so good as to route it to Faren Miller, as it's a prime piece of evidence in the great debate as to who in "the Powers/Blaylock/Jeter fantasy triumvirate" was writing in the "gonzo-historical manner" first. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering.
Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the appropriate technology of the era; like "steam-punks," perhaps....
Modern steampunk
This section possibly contains original research. (November 2020) |
While Jeter's
The first use of the word "steampunk" in a title was in Paul Di Filippo's 1995 Steampunk Trilogy,[22] consisting of three short novels: "Victoria", "Hottentots", and "Walt and Emily", which, respectively, imagine the replacement of Queen Victoria by a human/newt clone, an invasion of Massachusetts by Lovecraftian monsters, and a love affair between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
Japanese steampunk
Japanese steampunk consists of steampunk
The most influential steampunk animator was
The success of Laputa inspired
Relationships to retrofuturism, DIY craft and making
Steampunk used to be confused with retrofuturism.[38] Indeed, both sensibilities recall "the older but still modern eras in which technological change seemed to anticipate a better world, one remembered as relatively innocent of industrial decline." For some scholars, retrofuturism is considered a strand of steampunk, one that looks at alternatives to historical imagination and usually created with the same kinds of social protagonists and written for the same type of audiences.[39]
One of steampunk's most significant contributions is the way in which it mixes
Art, entertainment, and media
Art and design
Many of the visualisations of steampunk have their origins with, among others,
Aspects of steampunk design emphasise a balance between form and function.
Various modern utilitarian objects have been modified by enthusiasts into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style.[25][45] Examples include computer keyboards and electric guitars.[46] The goal of such redesigns is to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, wood, and leather) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the Victorian era,[22][47] rejecting the aesthetic of industrial design.[43]
In 1994, the Paris Metro station at
The artist group Kinetic Steam Works[50] brought a working steam engine to the Burning Man festival in 2006 and 2007.[51] The group's founding member, Sean Orlando, created a Steampunk Tree House (in association with a group of people who would later form the Five Ton Crane Arts Group[52]) that has been displayed at a number of festivals.[53][54] The Steampunk Tree House is now permanently installed at the Dogfish Head Brewery in Milton, Delaware.[55]
In May–June 2008, multimedia artist and sculptor
In 2009, for Questacon, artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece that represented the concept of the clockwork universe. This steel artwork contains moving gears, a working clock, and a movie of the moon's terminator in action. The 3D moon movie was created by Antony Williams.[62]
Steampunk became a common descriptor for homemade objects sold on the craft network Etsy between 2009 and 2011,[63] though many of the objects and fashions bear little resemblance to earlier established descriptions of steampunk. Thus the craft network may not strike observers as "sufficiently steampunk" to warrant its use of the term. Comedian April Winchell, author of the book Regretsy: Where DIY meets WTF, cataloged some of the most egregious and humorous examples on her website "Regretsy".[64] The blog was popular among steampunks and even inspired a music video that went viral in the community and was acclaimed by steampunk "notables".[65]
From October 2009 through February 2010, the
In November 2010, The Libratory Steampunk Art Gallery was opened by Damien McNamara in Oamaru, New Zealand. Created from papier-mâché to resemble a large cave and filled with industrial equipment from yesteryear, rayguns, and general steampunk quirks, its purpose is to provide a place for steampunkers in the region to display artwork for sale all year long. A year later, a more permanent gallery, Steampunk HQ, was opened in the former Meeks Grain Elevator Building across the road from The Woolstore, and has since become a notable tourist attraction for Oamaru.[69]
In 2012, the Mobilis in Mobili: An Exhibition of Steampunk Art and Appliance made its debut. Originally located at New York City's Wooster Street Social Club (itself the subject of the television series NY Ink), the exhibit featured working steampunk tattoo systems designed by Bruce Rosenbaum, of ModVic and owner of the Steampunk House,[70] Joey "Dr. Grymm" Marsocci,[46] and Christopher Conte.[71] with different approaches.[42] "[B]icycles, cell phones, guitars, timepieces and entertainment systems"[71] rounded out the display.[46] The opening night exhibition featured a live performance by steampunk band Frenchy and the Punk.[72]
The
Fashion
Steampunk fashion has no set guidelines but tends to synthesize modern styles with influences from the Victorian era. Such influences may include
In 2005, Kate Lambert, known as "Kato", founded the first steampunk clothing company, "Steampunk Couture",[78] mixing Victorian and post-apocalyptic influences. In 2013, IBM predicted, based on an analysis of more than a half million public posts on message boards, blogs, social media sites, and news sources, "that 'steampunk,' a subgenre inspired by the clothing, technology and social mores of Victorian society, will be a major trend to bubble up and take hold of the retail industry".[79][80] Indeed, high fashion lines such as Prada,[81] Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, Chanel,[82] and Christian Dior[80] had already been introducing steampunk styles on the fashion runways.
In episode 7 of Lifetime's Under the Gunn reality series, contestants were challenged to create avant-garde "steampunk chic" looks.[83] America's Next Top Model tackled steampunk fashion in a 2012 episode where models competed in a steampunk-themed photo shoot, posing in front of a steam train while holding a live owl.[84][unreliable source]
Literature
In 1988, the first version of the science fiction
Younger readers have also been targeted by steampunk themes, by authors such as
"Mash-ups" are also becoming increasingly popular in books aimed at younger readers, mixing steampunk with other genres.
Self-described author of "far-fetched fiction" Robert Rankin has incorporated elements of steampunk into narrative worlds that are both Victorian and re-imagined contemporary. In 2009, he was made a Fellow of the Victorian Steampunk Society.[92]
The
Steampunk settings
Alternative world
Since the 1990s, the application of the steampunk label has expanded beyond works set in recognisable historical periods, to works set in fantasy worlds that rely heavily on steam- or spring-powered technology.[8] One of the earliest short stories relying on steam-powered flying machines is "The Aerial Burglar" of 1844.[94] An example from juvenile fiction is The Edge Chronicles by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell.
Fantasy steampunk settings abound in tabletop and computer role-playing games. Notable examples include Skies of Arcadia,[95] Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends,[96] and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura.[16]
One of the first steampunk novels set in a
The gnomes and goblins in World of Warcraft also have technological societies that could be described as steampunk,[97] as they are vastly ahead of the technologies of men, but still run on steam and mechanical power.
The Dwarves of the
The 1998 game Thief: The Dark Project, as well as the other sequels including its 2014 reboot, feature heavy steampunk-inspired architecture, setting, and technology.
Amidst the historical and fantasy subgenres of steampunk is a type that takes place in a hypothetical future or a fantasy equivalent of our future involving the domination of steampunk-style technology and aesthetics. Examples include Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro's The City of Lost Children (1995), Turn A Gundam (1999–2000), Trigun,[99] and Disney's film Treasure Planet (2002). In 2011, musician Thomas Dolby heralded his return to music after a 20-year hiatus with an online steampunk alternate fantasy world called the Floating City, to promote his album A Map of the Floating City.[16]
American West
Another setting is
Fantasy and horror
Post-apocalyptic
Victorian
In general, this category includes any recent science fiction that takes place in a recognizable historical period (sometimes an
Some examples of this type include the novel
"Historical" steampunk usually leans more towards science fiction than fantasy, but a number of historical steampunk stories have incorporated magical elements as well. For example, Morlock Night, written by K. W. Jeter, revolves around an attempt by the wizard Merlin to raise King Arthur to save the Britain of 1892 from an invasion of Morlocks from the future.[8]
Paul Guinan's Boilerplate, a "biography" of a robot in the late 19th century, began as a website that garnered international press coverage when people began believing that Photoshop images of the robot with historic personages were real.[111] The site was adapted into the illustrated hardbound book Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel, which was published by Abrams in October 2009.[112] Because the story was not set in an alternative history, and in fact contained accurate information about the Victorian era,[113] some[specify] booksellers referred to the tome as "historical steampunk".
East Asia
Fictional settings inspired by East Asian rather than Western history, especially those inspired by
Music
Steampunk music is very broadly defined.
Joshua Pfeiffer (of Vernian Process) is quoted as saying, "As for Paul Roland, if anyone deserves credit for spearheading Steampunk music, it is him. He was one of the inspirations I had in starting my project. He was writing songs about the first attempt at manned flight, and an Edwardian airship raid in the mid-80s long before almost anyone else ..."[122] Thomas Dolby is also considered one of the early pioneers of retro-futurist (i.e., Steampunk and Dieselpunk) music.[123][124] Amanda Palmer was once quoted as saying, "Thomas Dolby is to Steampunk what Iggy Pop was to Punk!"[125]
Steampunk has also appeared in the work of musicians who do not specifically identify as steampunk. For example, the music video of
The music video for the Lindsey Stirling song "Roundtable Rival", has a Western steampunk setting.
Television and films
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2016) |
The
In making his 1986 Japanese film Castle in the Sky, Hayao Miyazaki was heavily influenced by steampunk culture, the film featuring various airships and steampowered contraptions as well as a mysterious island that floats through the sky, accomplished not through magic as in most stories, but instead by harnessing the physical properties of a rare crystal—analogous to the lodestone used in the Laputa of Swift's Gulliver's Travels—augmented by massive propellers, as befitting the Victorian motif.[129] The first "Wallace & Gromit" animation "A Grand Day Out" (1989) features a space rocket in the steampunk style.[citation needed]
The second half of Back to the Future III (1990) gradually evolves into steampunk.
Alan Moore's and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen graphic novel series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaption) greatly popularised the steampunk genre.[76]
The 2009–2014 Syfy television series Warehouse 13 features many steampunk-inspired objects and artifacts, including computer designs created by steampunk artisan Richard Nagy, a.k.a. "Datamancer".[131] The 2010 episode of the TV series Castle entitled "Punked" (which first aired on October 11, 2010) prominently features the steampunk subculture and uses Los Angeles-area steampunks (such as the League of STEAM) as extras. The 2011 film The Three Musketeers has many steampunk elements, including gadgets and airships.
The Legend of Korra, a 2012–2014 Nickelodeon animated series, incorporates steampunk elements in an industrialized world with East Asian themes. The Penny Dreadful (2014) television series is a Gothic Victorian fantasy series with steampunk props and costumes.
The 2015 GSN reality television game show Steampunk'd features a competition to create steampunk-inspired art and designs which are judged by notable steampunks Thomas Willeford, Kato, and Matthew Yang King (as Matt King).[132] Based on the work of cartoonist Jacques Tardi, April and the Extraordinary World (2015) is an animated movie set in a steampunk Paris. It features airships, trains, submarines, and various other steam-powered contraptions. Tim Burton's 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass features steampunk costumes, props, and vehicles.
Japanese anime Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (2016) features a steampunk zombie apocalypse.
The American
The 2023 film Poor Things has been noted for its "steampunk-infused" production design.[141]
Video games
A variety of styles of video games have used steampunk settings.
The
The
Dishonored is a series (2012 debut) of stealth games with role-playing elements developed by Arkane Studios and widely considered to be a spiritual successor of the original Thief trilogy. Set in the Empire of the Isles, a steampunk Victorian metropolis where technology and supernatural magic coexist. Steam-powered robots and mechanical combat suits are present as enemies, as well as the presence of magic. The major locations in the Isles include Dunwall, the Empire's capital city which uses the burning of whale oil as the city's main fuel source,[143] and Karnaca, which is powered by wind turbines fed by currents generated by a cleft mountain along the city's borders.[144]
BioShock Infinite (2013) is a first-person shooter game set in 1912, in a fictional city called Columbia, which uses technology to float in the sky and has many historical and religious scenes.[145]
Culture and community
Because of the popularity of steampunk, there is a growing movement of adults that want to establish steampunk as a culture and lifestyle.[146] Some fans of the genre adopt a steampunk aesthetic through fashion,[147] home decor, music, and film. While Steampunk is considered the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies,[24] it can be more broadly categorised as neo-Victorianism, described by scholar Marie-Luise Kohlke as "the afterlife of the nineteenth century in the cultural imaginary".[148] The subculture has its own magazine, blogs, and online shops.[149]
In September 2012, a panel, chaired by steampunk entertainer
Some have proposed a steampunk philosophy that incorporates punk-inspired anti-establishment sentiments typically bolstered by optimism about human potential.
These views are not universally shared.[76] Killjoy lamented that even some diehard enthusiasts believe steampunk "has nothing to offer but designer clothes."[154] Pho argued many steampunk fans "don't like to acknowledge that their attitudes could be considered ideological."[155] The largest online steampunk community, Brass Goggles, which is dedicated to what it calls the "lighter side" of steampunk, banned discussion about politics. Cory Gross, who was one of the first to write about the history and theory of steampunk, argued that the "sepia-toned yesteryear more appropriate for Disney and grandparents than a vibrant and viable philosophy or culture" denounced in the Steampunk Manifesto[153] was in fact representative of the genre.[160] Author Catherynne M. Valente called the punk in steampunk "nearly meaningless."[161] Kate Franklin and James Schafer, who at the time managed one of the largest steampunk groups on Facebook, admitted in 2011 that steampunk hadn't created the "revolutionary, or even a particularly progressive" community they wanted.[162] Blogger and podcaster Eric Renderking Fisk announced in 2017 that steampunk was no longer punk, since it had "lost the anti-authoritarian, anti-establishment aspects."[163]
Others argued explicitly against turning steampunk into a political movement, are more likely to consider steampunk a hobby than a cause.
Social events
June 19, 2005 marked the grand opening of the world's first steampunk club night, "Malediction Society", in Los Angeles.[170][171] The event ran for nearly 12 years at The Monte Cristo nightclub, interrupted by a single year residency at Argyle Hollywood, until both the club night and The Monte Cristo closed in April 2017.[171] Though the steampunk aesthetic eventually gave way to a more generic goth and industrial aesthetic, Malediction Society celebrated its roots every year with "The Steampunk Ball".[172]
2006 saw the first "SalonCon", a neo-Victorian/steampunk convention. It ran for three consecutive years and featured artists, musicians (
In recent years, steampunk has also become a regular feature at
Steampunk has also sprung up recently at Renaissance Festivals and
Steampunk also has a growing following in the UK and Europe. The largest European event is "Weekend at the Asylum", held at The Lawn, Lincoln, every September since 2009. Organised as a not-for-profit event by the Ministry of Steampunk (formerly Victorian Steampunk Society), the Asylum is a dedicated steampunk event which takes over much of the historical quarter of Lincoln, England, along with Lincoln Castle. In 2011, there were over 1000 steampunks in attendance. The event features the Empire Ball, Majors Review, Bazaar Eclectica, and the international Tea Duelling final.[187] [188] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial was originally held in New Malden, but since 2019 has been held in Stoneleigh in southwestern London, within walking distance of H. G. Wells's home.[189] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial started as an annual event in 2012, and now takes place thrice a year, and has spanned three boroughs and five venues.[190] Attendees have been interviewed by BBC Radio 4 for Phill Jupitus[191] and filmed by the BBC World Service.[192] The West Yorkshire village of Haworth has held an annual Steampunk weekend since 2013,[193] on each occasion as a charity event raising funds for Sue Ryder's "Manorlands" hospice in Oxenhope. In September 2021, Finland's first steampunk festival was held at the Väinö Linna Square and the Werstas Workers' House in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland.[194][195]
Other
A 2018 physics Ph.D. dissertation used the phrase "Quantum Steampunk" to describe the author's synthesis of some 19th century and current ideas.[196][197] The term has not been widely adopted.
A 2012 conference paper on
Steampunk HQ, a museum and arts centre dedicated to steampunk in Oamaru, New Zealand, along with its associated art gallery (The Libratory), was the world's first steampunk museum. The town of Oamaru and the English city of Lincoln have both claimed the title of "Steampunk Capital of the World".[199][200][201]
See also
- Air pirate – Common stock character in steampunk
- Alternate history – Genre of speculative fiction, where one or more historical events occur differently
- Cyberpunk – Science fiction subgenre in a futuristic dystopian setting
- Cyberpunk derivatives – Subgenres of this speculative fiction genre
- Dark academia
- Dieselpunk – Science fiction genre
- Retrofuturism – Creative arts movement inspired by historic depictions of the future
- Retrotronics – The making of electric circuits or appliances using older electric components
- Tik-Tok (Oz) – Fictional character from L. Frank Baum's Oz series
Notes
References
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STEAMPUNK A term applied more to science fiction than to fantasy, though some tales described as steampunk do cross genres. ... Steampunk, on the other hand, can be best described as technofantasy that is based, sometimes quite remotely, upon technological anachronism
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It's the stuff Jules Verne used to write about, looking at it from the hindsight of the 21st century,
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a dangerous tattoo machine, fusing a tattoo machine and an arm. Using a hand massager, projector parts, tube radios, a paint sprayer and miscellaneous parts (such as a glass vial of squid ink), Marsocci created an interesting piece that looks like something you'd find in Mary Shelley's home.
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Kinetic Steam Works' Case traction engine Hortense glows on the playa. The art vehicle was named in honor of the artist and mother of Cal Tinkham, the steam enthusiast and railroad engineer who originally restored the engine.
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From the video's comments: 'This is Datamancer, the steampunk keyboard guy, and I approve of this video wholeheartedly. In fact, we make this joke at the workshop almost daily. "I can't figure out how to finish off this edge". "Just glue some gears to it and call it done" haha. Well-made song and video.' – Datamancer. 'Glad to see a new contender for the chap-hop crown, and such a relevant message. I love it!' – Unwoman. 'Professor Elemental here, Just wanted to give this my most hearty applause. A fine, fine song by a true gentleman.'
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Further reading
- Alkon, Paul K. (1994). Science Fiction Before 1900: Imagination Discovers Technology. New York; Toronto: Twayne Publishers; Maxwell Macmillan. OCLC 29258896.
- Donovan, Art (2011). The Art of Steampunk: Extraordinary Devices and Ingenious Contraptions from the Leading Artists of the Steampunk Movement. East Petersburg, PA: Fox Chapel Publishers. OCLC 682894178.
- Erlich, Richard D.; Dunn, Thomas P., eds. (1983). Clockwork Worlds: Mechanized Environments in SF. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. OCLC 9323267.
- Guillemois, Alban (2006). Louis la lune. Paris: Albin Michel. OCLC 747952415.
- Landon, Brooks (2002). Science Fiction After 1900: From the Steam Man to the Stars. New York: Routledge. OCLC 50526879.
- OCLC 62469949.
- Perschon, Mike (2018). Steampunk FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World of Goggles, Airships, and Time Travel. Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. OCLC 1023524878.
- Person, Lawrence, ed. (Winter 1988). "Steampunks! Theme Issue". Nova Express. Vol. 2, no. 2: Steampunks. Austin, TX, USA.
- Slusser, George; Shippey, Tom, eds. (1992). Fiction 2000: Cyberpunk and the Future of Narrative. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. OCLC 24953403.
- Strongman, Jay (2010). Steampunk: The Art of Victorian Futurism. London: Korero Books. OCLC 610822460.
- Suvin, Darko (1983). Victorian Science Fiction in the UK: The Discourses of Knowledge and Power. Boston: G.K. Hall. OCLC 9645769.
- Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George; Leiby, David (2002). Worlds Enough and Time: Explorations of Time in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. OCLC 543793951.
External links
- Steampunk Culture—Documentary produced by Off Book