Steampunk

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Original illustration of Jules Verne's Nautilus engine room
black and white drawing of small house of complex design raised above the surrounding buildings on a turntable
"Maison tournante aérienne" (aerial rotating house) by Albert Robida for his book Le Vingtième Siècle, a 19th-century conception of life in the 20th century

Steampunk is a

retrofuturistic technology and aesthetics inspired by, but not limited to, 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery.[1][2][3] Steampunk works are often set in an alternative history of the Victorian era or the American "Wild West"
, where steam power remains in mainstream use, or in a fantasy world that similarly employs steam power.

Steampunk features

Steampunk may also incorporate additional elements from the genres of

horror, historical fiction, alternate history, or other branches of speculative fiction, making it often a hybrid genre.[9] As a form of speculative fiction, it explores alternative futures or pasts but can also address real-world social issues.[10] The first known appearance of the term steampunk was in 1987, though it now retroactively refers to many works of fiction created as far back as the 1950s or earlier.[11] A popular subgenre is Japanese steampunk, consisting of steampunk-themed manga and anime,[12] with steampunk elements having appeared in mainstream manga since the 1940s.[13]

Steampunk also refers to any of the artistic styles, clothing fashions, or subcultures that have developed from the aesthetics of steampunk fiction, Victorian-era fiction, art nouveau design, and films from the mid-20th century.[14] Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by individual artisans into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style, and a number of visual and musical artists have been described as steampunk.[15]

History

Precursors

Print (c. 1902) by Albert Robida showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera

Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century

The Warlord of the Air,[20][21][22] which was heavily influenced by Peake's work. The film Brazil (1985) was an early cinematic influence, although it can also be considered a precursor to the steampunk offshoot dieselpunk.[23] The Adventures of Luther Arkwright was an early (1970s) comic version of the Moorcock-style mover between timestreams.[24][25]

In fine art, Remedios Varo's paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, and technofantasy imagery.[26][page needed] In television, one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the CBS television series The Wild Wild West (1965–69), which inspired the later film.[16][8]

Origin of the term

Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s, the term "steampunk" originated largely in the 1980s[27] as a tongue-in-cheek variant of "cyberpunk". It was coined by science fiction author K. W. Jeter,[28] who was trying to find a general term for works by Tim Powers (The Anubis Gates, 1983), James Blaylock (Homunculus, 1986), and himself (Morlock Night, 1979, and Infernal Devices, 1987) — all of which took place in a 19th-century (usually Victorian) setting and imitated conventions of such actual Victorian speculative fiction as H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. In a letter to science fiction magazine Locus,[27] printed in the April 1987 issue, Jeter wrote:

Dear Locus,

Enclosed is a copy of my 1979 novel Morlock Night; I'd appreciate your being so good as to route it to Faren Miller, as it's a prime piece of evidence in the great debate as to who in "the Powers/Blaylock/Jeter fantasy triumvirate" was writing in the "gonzo-historical manner" first. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering.

Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the appropriate technology of the era; like "steam-punks," perhaps....

— K.W. Jeter[29][30]

Modern steampunk

While Jeter's

A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah! (1973) portrays Britain in an alternative 1973, full of atomic locomotives, coal-powered flying boats, ornate submarines, and Victorian dialogue. The Adventures of Luther Arkwright (mid-1970s) was one of the first steampunk comics.[citation needed] In February 1980, Richard A. Lupoff and Steve Stiles published the first "chapter" of their 10-part comic strip The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer.[32] In 2004, one anonymous author described steampunk as "Colonizing the Past so we can dream the future."[33]

The first use of the word "steampunk" in a title was in Paul Di Filippo's 1995 Steampunk Trilogy,[22] consisting of three short novels: "Victoria", "Hottentots", and "Walt and Emily", which, respectively, imagine the replacement of Queen Victoria by a human/newt clone, an invasion of Massachusetts by Lovecraftian monsters, and a love affair between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.

Japanese steampunk

Japanese steampunk consists of steampunk

Rose of Versailles (1972). Influenced by 19th-century European authors such as Jules Verne, steampunk anime and manga arose from a Japanese fascination with an imaginary fantastical version of old Industrial Europe, linked to a phenomenon called akogare no Pari ("the Paris of our dreams"), comparable to the West's fascination with an "exotic" East.[13]

The most influential steampunk animator was

steam power as a limitless but potentially dangerous source of power.[13]

The success of Laputa inspired

Taishō era Japan,[13] and Square Enix's manga and anime franchise Fullmetal Alchemist (2001).[12]

Relationships to retrofuturism, DIY craft and making

Truth Coffee, a steampunk café in Cape Town

Steampunk used to be confused with retrofuturism.[38] Indeed, both sensibilities recall "the older but still modern eras in which technological change seemed to anticipate a better world, one remembered as relatively innocent of industrial decline." For some scholars, retrofuturism is considered a strand of steampunk, one that looks at alternatives to historical imagination and usually created with the same kinds of social protagonists and written for the same type of audiences.[39]

One of steampunk's most significant contributions is the way in which it mixes

DIY craft and making.[41]

Art, entertainment, and media

Art and design

Aura Crystall Instrument – 1987 – by Marc van den Broek

Many of the visualisations of steampunk have their origins with, among others,

Nautilus, its interiors, and the crew's underwater gear; and George Pal's film The Time Machine (1960), especially the design of the time machine itself. This theme is also carried over to Six Flags Magic Mountain and Disney parks, in the themed area the "Screampunk District" at Six Flags Magic Mountain and in the designs of The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea theme park and Disneyland Paris' Discoveryland area.[citation needed
]

Aspects of steampunk design emphasise a balance between form and function.

Arts and Crafts Movement. But John Ruskin, William Morris, and the other reformers in the late nineteenth century rejected machines and industrial production. In contrast, steampunk enthusiasts present a "non-luddite critique of technology".[44]

Various modern utilitarian objects have been modified by enthusiasts into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style.[25][45] Examples include computer keyboards and electric guitars.[46] The goal of such redesigns is to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, wood, and leather) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the Victorian era,[22][47] rejecting the aesthetic of industrial design.[43]

Arts et Métiers
", designed in 1994 to honor the works of Jules Verne

In 1994, the Paris Metro station at

Francois Schuiten in steampunk style, to honor the works of Jules Verne. The station is reminiscent of a submarine, sheathed in brass with giant cogs in the ceiling and portholes that look out onto fanciful scenes.[48][49]

The artist group Kinetic Steam Works[50] brought a working steam engine to the Burning Man festival in 2006 and 2007.[51] The group's founding member, Sean Orlando, created a Steampunk Tree House (in association with a group of people who would later form the Five Ton Crane Arts Group[52]) that has been displayed at a number of festivals.[53][54] The Steampunk Tree House is now permanently installed at the Dogfish Head Brewery in Milton, Delaware.[55]

Vallejo, CA owned by O'Hare and home to several other self-styled "contraptionists".[57]

In May–June 2008, multimedia artist and sculptor

Around the World in 80 Days steampunk-themed event.[61]

Tim Wetherell's clockwork universe sculpture at Questacon, Canberra, Australia (September 24, 2009)

In 2009, for Questacon, artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece that represented the concept of the clockwork universe. This steel artwork contains moving gears, a working clock, and a movie of the moon's terminator in action. The 3D moon movie was created by Antony Williams.[62]

Steampunk became a common descriptor for homemade objects sold on the craft network Etsy between 2009 and 2011,[63] though many of the objects and fashions bear little resemblance to earlier established descriptions of steampunk. Thus the craft network may not strike observers as "sufficiently steampunk" to warrant its use of the term. Comedian April Winchell, author of the book Regretsy: Where DIY meets WTF, cataloged some of the most egregious and humorous examples on her website "Regretsy".[64] The blog was popular among steampunks and even inspired a music video that went viral in the community and was acclaimed by steampunk "notables".[65]

From October 2009 through February 2010, the

Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, hosted the first major exhibition of steampunk art objects, curated and developed by New York artist and designer Art Donovan,[66] who also exhibited his own "electro-futuristic" lighting sculptures, and presented by Dr. Jim Bennett, museum director.[67] From redesigned practical items to fantastical contraptions, this exhibition showcased the work of eighteen steampunk artists from around the globe. The exhibit proved to be the most successful and highly attended in the museum's history and attracted more than eighty thousand visitors. The event was detailed in the official artist's journal The Art of Steampunk, by curator Donovan.[68]

In November 2010, The Libratory Steampunk Art Gallery was opened by Damien McNamara in Oamaru, New Zealand. Created from papier-mâché to resemble a large cave and filled with industrial equipment from yesteryear, rayguns, and general steampunk quirks, its purpose is to provide a place for steampunkers in the region to display artwork for sale all year long. A year later, a more permanent gallery, Steampunk HQ, was opened in the former Meeks Grain Elevator Building across the road from The Woolstore, and has since become a notable tourist attraction for Oamaru.[69]

In 2012, the Mobilis in Mobili: An Exhibition of Steampunk Art and Appliance made its debut. Originally located at New York City's Wooster Street Social Club (itself the subject of the television series NY Ink), the exhibit featured working steampunk tattoo systems designed by Bruce Rosenbaum, of ModVic and owner of the Steampunk House,[70] Joey "Dr. Grymm" Marsocci,[46] and Christopher Conte.[71] with different approaches.[42] "[B]icycles, cell phones, guitars, timepieces and entertainment systems"[71] rounded out the display.[46] The opening night exhibition featured a live performance by steampunk band Frenchy and the Punk.[72]

The Nautilus steampunk-style still at The Oxford Artisan Distillery

The

South Devon Railway Engineering using a steampunk style.[73]

Fashion

Author G. D. Falksen, wearing a steampunk-styled arm prosthesis (created by Thomas Willeford), exemplifying one take on steampunk fashion

Steampunk fashion has no set guidelines but tends to synthesize modern styles with influences from the Victorian era. Such influences may include

Romantic Goth subculture.[24][76][77]

In 2005, Kate Lambert, known as "Kato", founded the first steampunk clothing company, "Steampunk Couture",[78] mixing Victorian and post-apocalyptic influences. In 2013, IBM predicted, based on an analysis of more than a half million public posts on message boards, blogs, social media sites, and news sources, "that 'steampunk,' a subgenre inspired by the clothing, technology and social mores of Victorian society, will be a major trend to bubble up and take hold of the retail industry".[79][80] Indeed, high fashion lines such as Prada,[81] Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, Chanel,[82] and Christian Dior[80] had already been introducing steampunk styles on the fashion runways.

In episode 7 of Lifetime's Under the Gunn reality series, contestants were challenged to create avant-garde "steampunk chic" looks.[83] America's Next Top Model tackled steampunk fashion in a 2012 episode where models competed in a steampunk-themed photo shoot, posing in front of a steam train while holding a live owl.[84][unreliable source]

Literature

The August 1927 issue of Amazing Stories featuring work by H. G. Wells

In 1988, the first version of the science fiction

Marcus Rowland.[85]

information age more than a century "ahead of schedule". This setting was different from most steampunk settings in that it takes a dim and dark view of this future, rather than the more prevalent utopian versions.[citation needed
]

clockpunk";[87] the aforementioned Michael Moorcock; as well as Jess Nevins, known for his annotations to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (first published in 1999).[citation needed
]

Younger readers have also been targeted by steampunk themes, by authors such as

Allied Powers), who use genetically engineered creatures instead of machines.[89]

"Mash-ups" are also becoming increasingly popular in books aimed at younger readers, mixing steampunk with other genres.

faeries in Victorian England.[90] Suzanne Lazear's Aether Chronicles series also mixes steampunk with faeries, and The Unnaturalists, by Tiffany Trent, combines steampunk with mythological creatures and alternate history.[91]

Self-described author of "far-fetched fiction" Robert Rankin has incorporated elements of steampunk into narrative worlds that are both Victorian and re-imagined contemporary. In 2009, he was made a Fellow of the Victorian Steampunk Society.[92]

The

Golden Army itself, which is a collection of 4,900 mechanical steampunk warriors.[citation needed
]

Steampunk settings

Alternative world

Steampunk-style composite apparatus

Since the 1990s, the application of the steampunk label has expanded beyond works set in recognisable historical periods, to works set in fantasy worlds that rely heavily on steam- or spring-powered technology.[8] One of the earliest short stories relying on steam-powered flying machines is "The Aerial Burglar" of 1844.[94] An example from juvenile fiction is The Edge Chronicles by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell.

Fantasy steampunk settings abound in tabletop and computer role-playing games. Notable examples include Skies of Arcadia,[95] Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends,[96] and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura.[16]

One of the first steampunk novels set in a

railway mania in Ankh-Morpork
.

The gnomes and goblins in World of Warcraft also have technological societies that could be described as steampunk,[97] as they are vastly ahead of the technologies of men, but still run on steam and mechanical power.

The Dwarves of the

Dwemer, also use steam-powered machinery, with gigantic brass-like gears, throughout their underground cities. However, magical means are used to keep ancient devices in motion despite the Dwemer's ancient disappearance.[98]

The 1998 game Thief: The Dark Project, as well as the other sequels including its 2014 reboot, feature heavy steampunk-inspired architecture, setting, and technology.

Amidst the historical and fantasy subgenres of steampunk is a type that takes place in a hypothetical future or a fantasy equivalent of our future involving the domination of steampunk-style technology and aesthetics. Examples include Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro's The City of Lost Children (1995), Turn A Gundam (1999–2000), Trigun,[99] and Disney's film Treasure Planet (2002). In 2011, musician Thomas Dolby heralded his return to music after a 20-year hiatus with an online steampunk alternate fantasy world called the Floating City, to promote his album A Map of the Floating City.[16]

American West

Another setting is

Disney Parks around the world.[citation needed
]

Fantasy and horror

recursive fantasy, though some gaslight romances can be read as fantasies of history."[9] Author/artist James Richardson-Brown[102] coined the term steamgoth to refer to steampunk expressions of fantasy and horror
with a "darker" bent.

Post-apocalyptic

Steampunk Magazine
even published a book called A Steampunk's Guide to the Apocalypse, about how steampunks could survive should such a thing actually happen.

Victorian

The Nautilus as imagined by Jules Verne

In general, this category includes any recent science fiction that takes place in a recognizable historical period (sometimes an

Wild West-era United States",[104] with an emphasis on steam- or spring-propelled gadgets. The most common historical steampunk settings are the Victorian and Edwardian eras, though some in this "Victorian steampunk" category are set as early as the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and as late as the end of World War I
.

Some examples of this type include the novel

Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde, and Count Dracula, with advanced weapons and devices. Another example of this genre is the Tunnels novels by Roderick Gordon and Brian Williams. These are set in the modern day, but with an underground Victorian world that is working to overthrow the world above. Detective graphic novel series Lady Mechanika
is set in an alternative Victorian-like world.

Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986) and Howl's Moving Castle (2004), which contain many archetypal anachronisms characteristic of the steampunk genre.[109][110]

"Historical" steampunk usually leans more towards science fiction than fantasy, but a number of historical steampunk stories have incorporated magical elements as well. For example, Morlock Night, written by K. W. Jeter, revolves around an attempt by the wizard Merlin to raise King Arthur to save the Britain of 1892 from an invasion of Morlocks from the future.[8]

Paul Guinan's Boilerplate, a "biography" of a robot in the late 19th century, began as a website that garnered international press coverage when people began believing that Photoshop images of the robot with historic personages were real.[111] The site was adapted into the illustrated hardbound book Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel, which was published by Abrams in October 2009.[112] Because the story was not set in an alternative history, and in fact contained accurate information about the Victorian era,[113] some[specify] booksellers referred to the tome as "historical steampunk".

East Asia

Fictional settings inspired by East Asian rather than Western history, especially those inspired by

Tensorate series of novellas, which began in 2017.[116] Lyndsie Manusos of Book Riot has argued that the genre does "not fit in a direct analogy with steampunk. Silkpunk is technology and poetics. It is engineering and language."[117]

Music

Robert Brown and Finn Von Claret from Abney Park

Steampunk music is very broadly defined.

barbershop to big band
.

Joshua Pfeiffer (of Vernian Process) is quoted as saying, "As for Paul Roland, if anyone deserves credit for spearheading Steampunk music, it is him. He was one of the inspirations I had in starting my project. He was writing songs about the first attempt at manned flight, and an Edwardian airship raid in the mid-80s long before almost anyone else ..."[122] Thomas Dolby is also considered one of the early pioneers of retro-futurist (i.e., Steampunk and Dieselpunk) music.[123][124] Amanda Palmer was once quoted as saying, "Thomas Dolby is to Steampunk what Iggy Pop was to Punk!"[125]

Steampunk has also appeared in the work of musicians who do not specifically identify as steampunk. For example, the music video of

Vices & Virtues, in the music videos, album art, and tour set and costumes. In addition, the album Clockwork Angels (2012) and its supporting tour by progressive rock band Rush contain lyrics, themes, and imagery based around steampunk. Similarly, Abney Park headlined the first "Steamstock" outdoor steampunk music festival in Richmond, California, which also featured Thomas Dolby, Frenchy and the Punk, Lee Presson and the Nails, Vernian Process, and others.[124]

The music video for the Lindsey Stirling song "Roundtable Rival", has a Western steampunk setting.

Television and films

"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage" ride at Walt Disney World (1971–1994). This ride is based on the 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
A fan cosplaying as the Arliss Loveless character in steampunk wheelchair costume from the 1999 film Wild Wild West

Two Years' Vacation (or The Stolen Airship) (1967) directed by Karel Zeman
contains steampunk elements.

The

gramophone
, for many years.

Herbert George "H.G." Wells following a surgeon named John Leslie Stevenson into the future, as John is suspected of being Jack the Ripper
. Both separately use Wells's time machine to travel.

quod erat demonstrandum, which translates as "which was to be demonstrated"). The Professor is an inventor and scientific detective, in the mold of Sherlock Holmes. The plot of the Soviet film Kin-dza-dza! (1986) centers on a desert planet
, depleted of its resources, where an impoverished dog-eat-dog society uses steampunk machines, the movements and functions of which defy Earthly logic.

In making his 1986 Japanese film Castle in the Sky, Hayao Miyazaki was heavily influenced by steampunk culture, the film featuring various airships and steampowered contraptions as well as a mysterious island that floats through the sky, accomplished not through magic as in most stories, but instead by harnessing the physical properties of a rare crystal—analogous to the lodestone used in the Laputa of Swift's Gulliver's Travels—augmented by massive propellers, as befitting the Victorian motif.[129] The first "Wallace & Gromit" animation "A Grand Day Out" (1989) features a space rocket in the steampunk style.[citation needed]

The second half of Back to the Future III (1990) gradually evolves into steampunk.

night-vision goggles (à la teslapunk), and stars John de Lancie as a thinly disguised Nikola Tesla.[citation needed
]

Alan Moore's and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen graphic novel series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaption) greatly popularised the steampunk genre.[76]

Tin Man incorporates a considerable number of steampunk-inspired themes into a reimagining of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Despite leaning more towards Gothic influences, the "parallel reality" of Meanwhile, City, within the 2009 film Franklyn
contains many steampunk themes, such as costumery, architecture, minimal use of electricity (with a preference for gaslight), and absence of modern technology (such as there being no motorised vehicles or advanced weaponry, and the manual management of information without computers).

The 2009–2014 Syfy television series Warehouse 13 features many steampunk-inspired objects and artifacts, including computer designs created by steampunk artisan Richard Nagy, a.k.a. "Datamancer".[131] The 2010 episode of the TV series Castle entitled "Punked" (which first aired on October 11, 2010) prominently features the steampunk subculture and uses Los Angeles-area steampunks (such as the League of STEAM) as extras. The 2011 film The Three Musketeers has many steampunk elements, including gadgets and airships.

The Legend of Korra, a 2012–2014 Nickelodeon animated series, incorporates steampunk elements in an industrialized world with East Asian themes. The Penny Dreadful (2014) television series is a Gothic Victorian fantasy series with steampunk props and costumes.

The 2015 GSN reality television game show Steampunk'd features a competition to create steampunk-inspired art and designs which are judged by notable steampunks Thomas Willeford, Kato, and Matthew Yang King (as Matt King).[132] Based on the work of cartoonist Jacques Tardi, April and the Extraordinary World (2015) is an animated movie set in a steampunk Paris. It features airships, trains, submarines, and various other steam-powered contraptions. Tim Burton's 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass features steampunk costumes, props, and vehicles.

Japanese anime Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (2016) features a steampunk zombie apocalypse.

The American

zeppelins, and robots with light bulbs for heads that chase the protagonists through the streets.[138][139] Some even argued that Steamland is "dieselpunk-inspired."[140]

The 2023 film Poor Things has been noted for its "steampunk-infused" production design.[141]

Video games

A variety of styles of video games have used steampunk settings.

Squaresoft and designed by Hiroyuki Ito for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Final Fantasy VI was both critically and commercially successful, and had a considerable influence on later steampunk video games.[35]

graphic adventure puzzle video games Myst (1993), Riven (1997), Myst III: Exile (2001), and Myst IV: Revelation (all produced by or under the supervision of Cyan Worlds) take place in an alternate steampunk universe, where elaborate infrastructures have been built to run on steam power. The Elder Scrolls (since 1994, last release in 2014) is an action role-playing game
where one can find an ancient extinct race called dwemers or dwarves, whose steampunk technology is based on steam-powered levers and gears made of copper-bronze material, which are maintained by magical techniques that have kept them in working order over the centuries.

tropes with steampunk.

The

Solatorobo (2010) is a role-playing video game developed by CyberConnect2 set in a floating island archipelago populated by anthropomorphic cats and dogs, who pilot steampunk airships and engage in combat with robots. Resonance of Fate (2010) is a role-playing video game developed by tri-Ace and published by Sega for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360
. It is set in a steampunk environment with combat involving guns.

H. G. Welles, especially "The Island of Doctor Moreau". Developed by Relic Entertainment, it sees an adventurer building an army of genetically spliced animals to battle against a mad scientist who has abducted his father. The player's headquarters is a steam-powered "Hovertrain" locomotive
, which functions as both a science lab and mobile command center. Coal is a key resource in the game, and must be burned to provide power to the players many base buildings.

The

platform game in which the player controls a single character in a generated world. It has a Steampunker non-player character
in the game who sells items referencing Steampunk. LittleBigPlanet 2 (2011) has the world Victoria's Laboratory, run by Victoria von Bathysphere, which mixes steampunk themes with confections. Guns of Icarus Online (2012) is multiplayer game with steampunk themes.

Dishonored is a series (2012 debut) of stealth games with role-playing elements developed by Arkane Studios and widely considered to be a spiritual successor of the original Thief trilogy. Set in the Empire of the Isles, a steampunk Victorian metropolis where technology and supernatural magic coexist. Steam-powered robots and mechanical combat suits are present as enemies, as well as the presence of magic. The major locations in the Isles include Dunwall, the Empire's capital city which uses the burning of whale oil as the city's main fuel source,[143] and Karnaca, which is powered by wind turbines fed by currents generated by a cleft mountain along the city's borders.[144]

BioShock Infinite (2013) is a first-person shooter game set in 1912, in a fictional city called Columbia, which uses technology to float in the sky and has many historical and religious scenes.[145]

3DS set in a steampunk fantasy version of London where you are a conscript in the strike force S.T.E.A.M. (short for Strike Team Eliminating the Alien Menace). They Are Billions (2017), is a steampunk strategy game in a post-apocalyptic setting. Players build a colony and attempt to ward off waves of zombies. Frostpunk (2018) is a city-building game set in 1888, but where the Earth is in the midst of a great Ice Age
. Players must construct a city around a large steampunk heat generator with many steampunk aesthetics and mechanics, such as a "Steam Core."

Culture and community

Cover of Steampunk Magazine

Because of the popularity of steampunk, there is a growing movement of adults that want to establish steampunk as a culture and lifestyle.[146] Some fans of the genre adopt a steampunk aesthetic through fashion,[147] home decor, music, and film. While Steampunk is considered the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies,[24] it can be more broadly categorised as neo-Victorianism, described by scholar Marie-Luise Kohlke as "the afterlife of the nineteenth century in the cultural imaginary".[148] The subculture has its own magazine, blogs, and online shops.[149]

In September 2012, a panel, chaired by steampunk entertainer

super-culture rather than a mere subculture.[150] Other steampunk notables such as Professor Elemental have expressed similar views about steampunk's inclusive diversity.[151]

Some have proposed a steampunk philosophy that incorporates punk-inspired anti-establishment sentiments typically bolstered by optimism about human potential.

consider their work political.

These views are not universally shared.[76] Killjoy lamented that even some diehard enthusiasts believe steampunk "has nothing to offer but designer clothes."[154] Pho argued many steampunk fans "don't like to acknowledge that their attitudes could be considered ideological."[155] The largest online steampunk community, Brass Goggles, which is dedicated to what it calls the "lighter side" of steampunk, banned discussion about politics. Cory Gross, who was one of the first to write about the history and theory of steampunk, argued that the "sepia-toned yesteryear more appropriate for Disney and grandparents than a vibrant and viable philosophy or culture" denounced in the Steampunk Manifesto[153] was in fact representative of the genre.[160] Author Catherynne M. Valente called the punk in steampunk "nearly meaningless."[161] Kate Franklin and James Schafer, who at the time managed one of the largest steampunk groups on Facebook, admitted in 2011 that steampunk hadn't created the "revolutionary, or even a particularly progressive" community they wanted.[162] Blogger and podcaster Eric Renderking Fisk announced in 2017 that steampunk was no longer punk, since it had "lost the anti-authoritarian, anti-establishment aspects."[163]

Others argued explicitly against turning steampunk into a political movement,

politicized, it appears to be an American and British phenomenon. Continental Europeans[168] and Latin Americans[169]
are more likely to consider steampunk a hobby than a cause.

Social events

June 19, 2005 marked the grand opening of the world's first steampunk club night, "Malediction Society", in Los Angeles.[170][171] The event ran for nearly 12 years at The Monte Cristo nightclub, interrupted by a single year residency at Argyle Hollywood, until both the club night and The Monte Cristo closed in April 2017.[171] Though the steampunk aesthetic eventually gave way to a more generic goth and industrial aesthetic, Malediction Society celebrated its roots every year with "The Steampunk Ball".[172]

2006 saw the first "SalonCon", a neo-Victorian/steampunk convention. It ran for three consecutive years and featured artists, musicians (

Strasburg Railroad, Lancaster, PA).[175] Each year, on Mother's Day weekend, the city of Waltham, MA, turns over its city center and surrounding areas to host the Watch City Steampunk Festival, a US outdoor steampunk festival. In Kennebunk, ME the Brick Store Museum hosts the Southern Maine Steampunk Fair annually.[176][177] During the first weekend of May, the Australian town of Nimmitabel celebrates Steampunk @ Altitude with some 2,000 attendance.[178]

A steampunk couple at Carnevale 2012 in Boise, Idaho

In recent years, steampunk has also become a regular feature at

Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest steampunk photo shoot.[181] In 2013, Comic-Con announced four official 2013 T-shirts, one of them featuring the official Rick Geary Comic-Con toucan mascot in steampunk attire.[182] The Saturday steampunk "after-party" has also become a major event on the steampunk social calendar: in 2010, the headliners included The Slow Poisoner, Unextraordinary Gentlemen, and Voltaire, with Veronique Chevalier as Mistress of Ceremonies and special appearance by the League of STEAM;[183][184] in 2011, UXG returned with Abney Park.[185]

Steampunk has also sprung up recently at Renaissance Festivals and

Renaissance Faires, in the US. Some festivals have organised events or a "Steampunk Day", while others simply support an open environment for donning steampunk attire. The Bristol Renaissance Faire in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin/Illinois border, featured a Steampunk costume contest during the 2012 season, the previous two seasons having seen increasing participation in the phenomenon.[186]

Steampunk also has a growing following in the UK and Europe. The largest European event is "Weekend at the Asylum", held at The Lawn, Lincoln, every September since 2009. Organised as a not-for-profit event by the Ministry of Steampunk (formerly Victorian Steampunk Society), the Asylum is a dedicated steampunk event which takes over much of the historical quarter of Lincoln, England, along with Lincoln Castle. In 2011, there were over 1000 steampunks in attendance. The event features the Empire Ball, Majors Review, Bazaar Eclectica, and the international Tea Duelling final.[187] [188] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial was originally held in New Malden, but since 2019 has been held in Stoneleigh in southwestern London, within walking distance of H. G. Wells's home.[189] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial started as an annual event in 2012, and now takes place thrice a year, and has spanned three boroughs and five venues.[190] Attendees have been interviewed by BBC Radio 4 for Phill Jupitus[191] and filmed by the BBC World Service.[192] The West Yorkshire village of Haworth has held an annual Steampunk weekend since 2013,[193] on each occasion as a charity event raising funds for Sue Ryder's "Manorlands" hospice in Oxenhope. In September 2021, Finland's first steampunk festival was held at the Väinö Linna Square and the Werstas Workers' House in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland.[194][195]

Other

A 2018 physics Ph.D. dissertation used the phrase "Quantum Steampunk" to describe the author's synthesis of some 19th century and current ideas.[196][197] The term has not been widely adopted.

A 2012 conference paper on

human-computer interaction (HCI). It concludes that "the practices of DIY and appropriation that are evident in Steampunk design provide a useful set of design strategies and implications for HCI".[198]

Steampunk HQ, a museum and arts centre dedicated to steampunk in Oamaru, New Zealand, along with its associated art gallery (The Libratory), was the world's first steampunk museum. The town of Oamaru and the English city of Lincoln have both claimed the title of "Steampunk Capital of the World".[199][200][201]

See also

  • Air pirate – Common stock character in steampunk
  • Alternate history – Genre of speculative fiction, where one or more historical events occur differently
  • Cyberpunk – Science fiction subgenre in a futuristic dystopian setting
  • Cyberpunk derivatives – Subgenres of this speculative fiction genre
  • Dark academia
  • Dieselpunk – Science fiction genre
  • Retrofuturism – Creative arts movement inspired by historic depictions of the future
  • Retrotronics – The making of electric circuits or appliances using older electric components
  • Tik-Tok (Oz) – Fictional character from L. Frank Baum's Oz series

Notes

  1. ^ The country is alluded to in the show's first episode when an object looking like a blimp is briefly shown in the background when the protagonist and her friends flee into the forest.
  2. ^ Specifically the episodes "Steamland Confidential", "Freak Out!", and "Last Splash"

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Further reading

External links