Timeline of Internet conflicts

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The

organized attacks that cripple major online communities), and other conflicts. This is a list of known and documented Internet, Usenet, virtual community and World Wide Web
related conflicts, and of conflicts that touch on both offline and online worlds with possibly wider reaching implications.

Spawned from the original

bulletin boards, forums, and Massively multiplayer online games) have grown exponentially. Such prolific growth of population, mirroring "offline" society, contributes to the number of conflicts and problems online growing each year. Today, billions of people in nearly all countries use various parts of the Internet. Inevitably, as in "brick and mortar" or offline society, the virtual equivalent of major turning points, conflicts, and disruptions—the online equivalents of the falling of the Berlin Wall, the creation of the United Nations, spread of disease, and events like the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
will occur.

Pre World Wide Web era

1980s

1980

  • ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on October 27 because of an accidentally-propagated status-message virus.[1][2]

1982

1985

  • Kevin Mitnick was arrested by the FBI on February 15. Mitnick was convicted of wire fraud and of breaking into the computer systems of Fujitsu, Motorola, Nokia, and Sun Microsystems. He served five years in prison. His pursuit and subsequent arrest made him one of the most famous hackers up to that time.

1988

  • A 23-year-old graduate student at
    Morris worm. Morris, the son of a National Security Agency (NSA) computer security expert, wrote 99 lines of code and released them as an experiment. The program began replicating and infecting machines at a much faster rate than he had anticipated, causing machines all over the world to crash.[citation needed
    ]

1990

World Wide Web era

1990s

1991

  • Phil Zimmermann creates and releases Pretty Good Privacy, an encryption tool still in use. By 1993, he was the target of U.S. government investigations, charged with "munitions export without a license". The investigation ended in 1996 with no charges filed.

1994

  • An international group, dubbed the "Phonemasters" by the FBI, hacked into the networks of a number of companies including MCI WorldCom, Sprint, AT&T, and Equifax credit reporters. The gang accounted for approximately $1.85 million in business losses.[4]
  • In late 1995, Vladimir Levin persuaded Citibank's computers to transfer $10 million from its customers' accounts to his. Interpol arrested him at Heathrow Airport, and Citibank got most of the money back. He pleaded guilty in 1995, but the method he used wasn't uncovered for another ten years, and at that time was one of the largest computer crimes by dollar value.
  • Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel post the first large commercial newsgroup spam, setting off an arms race
    between spammers and network operators.

1995

1996

1998

1999

  • From the time the Morris worm struck the Internet until the onset of the Melissa virus, the Internet was relatively free from swift-moving, highly destructive "malware". The Melissa virus, however, was rapacious; damages have been estimated at nearly $400 million. It marked a turning point, being the first incident of its kind to affect the newly commercial Internet.

2000s

2000

  • The U.S. government establishes a technical review process to allow the export of encryption software regardless of key length.
  • Discovering a demo of their song "I Disappear" on the Napster P2P file-sharing network, heavy metal band Metallica filed legal action against Napster over it (Metallica v. Napster, Inc.). This was the first time a major musical act publicly went against allegedly illegal file sharing.
  • In February 2000, some of the Internet's most reliable sites were rendered nearly unreachable by distributed denial-of-service (
    USD
    in lost business and other damages.
  • On May 5, 2000, the ILOVEYOU computer worm attacked tens of millions of Windows-based PCs. It started spreading as an email message with the subject line "ILOVEYOU" and the attachment "LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.txt.vbs". The outbreak was estimated to have caused US$5.5–8.7 billion in damages worldwide, and estimated to cost the US$15 billion to remove the worm. The worm originated from the Philippines.[7]

2001

  • DMCA. This occurred despite the fact that Russia, of which he is a citizen, does not honor this law as of 2001.[8][9]

2002

2003

2004

  • In November,
    NCsoft
    alleging that the game not only allows, but actively promotes, the creation of characters whose copyrights and trademarks are owned by Marvel, and that Cryptic has intentionally failed to police these infringing characters. The suit sought unspecified damages and an injunction to force the companies to stop making use of its characters. The case is settled and rejected by United States courts in December 2005 with no changes made to the game.

2005

  • In May, the Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident began.
  • In October, the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal began, where it was discovered that Sony BMG surreptitiously and possibly illegally distributed copy protection software that forced itself to install on computers playing their audio CDs. As a result, many Windows-based computers belonging to consumers were left vulnerable to exploits and hacking.
  • In November, it was revealed that the online video game World of Warcraft, with millions of subscribers, would be hackable due to the far-reaching corruption and invasiveness of Sony's copy protection scheme.[11]
  • On December 20, the
    NCsoft representative CuppaJo, "Customer data and its security was not compromised in any way during the incident that occurred," and no additional information beyond this was publicly disclosed. As of July 2006, this is the first known hack of any MMO, of which there are millions of subscribers across numerous games.[12][13][14][15]

2006

2007

  • August 11: United Nations website hacked by Indian Hacker Pankaj Kumar Singh.[28]
  • November 14: Panda Burning Incense, which is known by several other names, including Fujacks and Radoppan.T lead to the arrest of eight people in China. Panda Burning Incense was a parasitic virus that infected executable files on a PC. When infected, the icon of the executable file changes to an image of a panda holding three sticks of incense. The arrests were the first for virus writing in China.[29]

2008

  • January 17:
    Anonymous
    attacks Scientology website servers around the world. Private documents are stolen from Scientology computers and distributed over the Internet.
  • March 7: Around 20 Chinese hackers claim to have gained access to the world's most sensitive sites, including the Pentagon. They operated from an apartment on a Chinese Island.[30]
  • March 14: Trend Micro website successfully hacked by Turkish hacker Janizary (aka Utku).[31]

2009

  • April 4: Conficker worm infiltrated millions of PCs worldwide, including many government-level top-security computer networks.[32]

2010s

2010

  • June: Stuxnet The Stuxnet worm is found by VirusBlokAda. Stuxnet was unusual in that while it spread via Windows computers, its payload targeted just one specific model and type of SCADA systems. It slowly became clear that it was a cyberattack on Iran's nuclear facilities—with most experts believing that Israel[33] was behind it—perhaps with US help.

2011

2012

  • A hacker, Big-Smoke, published over 400,000 credit cards online,[42] and threatened Israel to release 1 million credit cards in the future. In response to that incident, an Israeli hacker published over 200 Albanian' credit cards online.[43][44]
  • Gottfrid Svartholm Warg, the co-founder of Pirate Bay, was convicted in Denmark of hacking a mainframe computer, what was then Denmark's biggest hacking case.[45]
  • January 7: "Team Appunity", a group of Norwegian hackers, were arrested for breaking into Norway's largest prostitution website, then publishing the user database online.[46]
  • February 3: Marriott was hacked by a New Age ideologist, Attila Nemeth, who was resisting against the New World Order where he said that corporations are allegedly controlling the world. As a response, Marriott reported him to the United States Secret Service.[47]
  • February 8: Foxconn is hacked by a hacker group, "Swagg Security", releasing a massive amount of data including email and server logins, and even more alarming—bank account credentials of large companies like Apple and Microsoft. Swagg Security stages the attack just as a Foxconn protest ignites against terrible working conditions in southern China.[48]
  • May 4: The websites of several Turkish representative offices of international IT-companies are defaced within the same day by F0RTYS3V3N (Turkish Hacker), including the websites of
    Hotmail, PayPal.[49][50][51][52]
  • May 24: WHMCS is hacked by UGNazi, they claim that the reason for this is because of the illegal sites that are using their software.
  • May 31: MyBB is hacked by newly founded hacker group, UGNazi, the website was defaced for about a day, they claim their reasoning for this was because they were upset that the forum board Hackforums.net uses their software.
  • June 5: The social networking website LinkedIn has been hacked and the passwords for nearly 6.5 million user accounts are stolen by cybercriminals. As a result, a United States grand jury indicted Nikulin and three unnamed co-conspirators on charges of aggravated identity theft and computer intrusion.
  • August 15: The most valuable company in the world Saudi Aramco is crippled by a cyber warfare attack for months by malware called Shamoon. Considered the biggest hack in history in terms of cost and destructiveness . Carried out by an Iranian attacker group called Cutting Sword of Justice.[53] Iranian hackers retaliated against Stuxnet by releasing Shamoon. The malware destroyed over 35,000 Saudi Aramco computers, affecting business operations for months.
  • December 17: Computer hacker sl1nk announced that he has hacked a total of 9 countries' SCADA systems. The proof includes 6 countries: France, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden and the United States.[54]

2013

  • The social networking website Tumblr is attacked by hackers. Consequently, 65,469,298 unique emails and passwords were leaked from Tumblr. The data breach's legitimacy is confirmed by computer security researcher Troy Hunt.[55]
  • August: Yahoo! data breaches occurred. More than 1 billion users' data is being leaked.

2014

  • February 7: The bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox filed for bankruptcy after $460 million was apparently stolen by hackers due to "weaknesses in [their] system" and another $27.4 million went missing from its bank accounts.[56]
  • August: The Gamergate harassment campaign erupts over the inclusion of women in video game industry.
  • October: The White House computer system was hacked.[57] It was said that the FBI, the Secret Service, and other U.S. intelligence agencies categorized the attacks "among the most sophisticated attacks ever launched against U.S. government systems."[58]
  • November 24: In response to the release of the film
    hacked
    by a hacker group calling itself "Guardian of Peace".
  • November 28: The website of the Philippine telecommunications company Globe Telecom was hacked in response to the poor internet service they are distributing.[59]

2015

2016

2017

2018

  • March: Computer systems in the city of
    FBI on cyber crime charges for the breach.[79]
  • The town of Wasaga Beach in Ontario, Canada computer systems are seized by hackers with ransomware.[80]
  • September: Facebook was hacked, exposing to hackers the personal information of an estimated 30 million Facebook users (initially estimated at 50 million) when the hackers "stole" the "access tokens" of 400,000 Facebook users. The information accessible to the hackers included users' email addresses, phone numbers, their lists of friends, Groups they are members of, users' search information, posts on their timelines, and names of recent Messenger conversations.[81][82]
  • October: West Haven, Connecticut USA computer systems are seized by hackers with ransomware, they paid $2,000 in ransom.[83]
  • November:

2019

  • March: An online bomb threat was posted against Axel Voss' office in Bonn reportedly due to his support of Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market.[85]
  • March: Jackson County computer systems in the U.S. state of Georgia are seized by hackers with ransomware, they paid $400,000 in ransom.[86] The city of Albany in the U.S. state of New York experiences a ransomware cyber attack.[87][88]
  • April: Computer systems in the city of Augusta, in the U.S. state of Maine, are seized by hackers using ransomware.[89][90] The City of Greenville (North Carolina)'s computer systems are seized by hackers using ransomware known as RobbinHood.[91][92] Imperial County, in the U.S. state of California, computer systems are seized by hackers using Ryuk ransomware.[93]
  • May: computer systems belonging to the
    City of Baltimore are seized by hackers using ransomware known as RobbinHood that encrypts files with a "file-locking" virus, as well as the tool EternalBlue.[94][95][96][97]
  • June: The city of Riviera Beach, Florida paid roughly $600,000 ransom in Bitcoin to hackers who seized their computers using ransomware.[98] Hackers stole 18 hours of unreleased music from the band Radiohead demanding $150,000 ransom. Radiohead released the music to the public anyway and did not pay the ransom.[99]
  • November: The
    2019 Hong Kong protests, amidst the Hong Kong police's siege of the city's Polytechnic University. They also brought up a possible peace plan first proposed by a professor at Inha University in hopes of having the Korean reunification and the five key demands of the Hong Kong protest being fulfilled at once.[100]

2020s

2020

2021

  • January: Microsoft Exchange Server data breach
  • February: Anonymous announced cyber-attacks of at least five Malaysian websites. As a result, eleven individuals were nabbed as suspects.[133][134][135][136]
  • February: Hackers including those with names of "张卫能 utoyo" and "full_discl0sure" hijacked an events website Aucklife in order to craft a phony bomb threat against the
    Sydney, Australia. Their motive was a punitive response against China due to COVID-19. As a result, a physical search was conducted at the consulate by New Zealand's Police Specialist Search Group, while Aucklife owner Hailey Newton had since regained her access to the website. Wellington-based cybersecurity consultant Adam Boileau remarked that the hack isn't 'highly technical'.[137][138]
  • February: The group "Myanmar Hackers" attacked several websites belonging to
    2021 Myanmar coup.[139]
  • April: Over 500 million
    better source needed
    ]
  • April: The
    CVE-2021-22893 across the U.S. and some E.U. nations[additional citation(s) needed] due to their use of vulnerable, proprietary software was reported.[143][144]
  • May: Operation of the U.S.
    Colonial Pipeline is interrupted by a ransomware cyber operation.[145]
  • May: On 21 May 2021
    cyberattack wherein the personal details of about 4.5 million customers around the world were compromised including passport, credit card details, birthdates, names and ticket information.[146][147]
  • July: On 22 July 2021 Saudi Aramco data were leaked by a third-party contractor and demanded $50 million ransom from Saudi Aramco. Saudi Aramco confirmed the incident after a hacker claimed on the dark web that he had stolen 1 terabyte of data about the location of oil refineries and employees data in a post that was posted on June 23.[148][149][150]
  • August: T-Mobile reported that data files with information from about 40 million former or prospective T-Mobile customers, including first and last names, date of birth, SSN, and driver's license/ID information, were compromised.[151]
  • September and October: 2021 Epik data breach. Anonymous obtained and released over 400 gigabytes of data from the domain registrar and web hosting company Epik. The data was shared in three releases between September 13 and October 4. The first release included domain purchase and transfer details, account credentials and logins, payment history, employee emails, and unidentified private keys.[152] The hackers claimed they had obtained "a decade's worth of data", including all customer data and records for all domains ever hosted or registered through the company, and which included poorly encrypted passwords and other sensitive data stored in plaintext.[152][153] The second release consisted of bootable disk images and API keys for third-party services used by Epik;[154] the third contained additional disk images and an archive of data belonging to the Republican Party of Texas, who are an Epik customer.[155]
  • October: On October 6, 2021, an anonymous 4chan user reportedly hacked and leaked the source code of Twitch, as well as information on how much the streaming service paid almost 2.4 million streamers since August 2019.[156] Source code from almost 6,000 GitHub repositories was leaked, and the 4chan user said it was "part one" of a much larger release.[157]

2022

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet.

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  110. ^ "Anonymous Stole and Leaked a Megatrove of Police Documents". Wired. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  111. ^ "An Interview With Anonymous - George Floyd Protests, Hacks, And Press Freedom". Activist Post. June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  112. ^ "Anonymous Strike Back At Buffalo PD After Shoving Incident". HotNewHipHop. 6 June 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  113. ^ "@GroupAnon: "#TangoDown again. Those lasers are firing hot."". Twitter. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  114. ^ "Anonymous hack Chicago police radios to play NWA's 'Fuck Tha Police'". NME Music News, Reviews, Videos, Galleries, Tickets and Blogs | NME.COM. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  115. ^ "Roblox accounts hacked to support Donald Trump". BBC News. June 30, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  116. ^ "Wattpad data breach exposes account info for millions of users". BleepingComputer. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  117. ^ "Everything We Know About the Reddit Hack, Including Who Is Claiming Responsibility". Newsweek. 7 August 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  118. ^ "Einmal zum Mond und wieder zurück – Hacker der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein erfolgreich beim Hack-A-Sat". idw-online.de (in German). Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  119. ^ "The Race to Hack a Satellite at DEF CON". Dark Reading. 13 August 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  120. ^ "Гостевая книга (Actual archive of defaced page)". August 18, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-08-18. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  121. ^ Socookre (18 August 2020). "Queen Elsa hacks Belarus website and teases Lukashenko (SIC)". Archived from the original on 2020-08-25. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  122. ^ Farrer, Martin (26 August 2020). "New Zealand stock exchange hit by cyber attack for second day". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  123. ^ Eddy, Melissa; Perlroth, Nicole (18 September 2020). "Cyber Attack Suspected in German Woman's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  124. ^ Perlroth, Nicole (2020-10-28). "Officials Warn of Cyberattacks on Hospitals as Virus Cases Spike: Government officials warned that hackers were seeking to hold American hospitals' data hostage in exchange for ransom payments". The Coronavirus Outbreak. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-11-03.
  125. ^ Sanger, David E.; Perlroth, Nicole (2020-10-12). "Microsoft Takes Down a Risk to the Election, and Finds the U.S. Doing the Same: Fearing Russian ransomware attacks on the election, the company and U.S. Cyber Command mounted similar pre-emptive strikes. It is not clear how long they may work". US Politics. The New York Times (October 21, 2020 ed.). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04.
  126. ^ Krebs, Christopher Cox (2020-11-29). "Fired director of U.S. cyber agency Chris Krebs explains why President Trump's claims of election interference are false". In Pelley, Scott Cameron (ed.). 60 Minutes. Season 53. Episode 13. Event occurs at 11:30. CBS. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. It was quiet. There was no indication or evidence that there was any sort of hacking or compromise of election systems on, before, or after November third.
  127. ^ Bing, Christopher (13 December 2020). "Suspected Russian hackers spied on U.S. Treasury emails - sources". Reuters.
  128. ^ ArcTitan (2021-02-21). "U.S. Treasury Hit by Email Hacks". ArcTitan. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  129. ^ @nyc311 (December 6, 2020). "New York City 311's tweet responding to the bomb threat" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 6 December 2020 – via Twitter.
  130. ^ "Plane Lands Safely at JFK Airport After Report of Bomb Threat: Officials". NBC New York. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  131. ^ "Aeroflot Boeing 777 Evacuated After New York Bomb Threat". Simple Flying. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  132. ^ "Anonymous claims hacking of multiple Russian websites to deliver a 'Christmas Gift'". Daily Kos. 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-12-28. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  133. ^ "'Anonymous Malaysia' hackers say they defaced five government websites | Coconuts KL". Coconuts. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  134. ^ Ar, Zurairi (25 January 2021). "Hacktivist group Anonymous Malaysia resurfaces, vows cyber-attack against govt over data breaches | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  135. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Malaysia arrests 11 suspects for hacking government sites". ZDNet. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  136. ^ "11 suspects of 'Anonymous Malaysia' hacker group nabbed | The Star". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  137. ^ "Police search Chinese Consulate in Auckland after bomb threat". Stuff. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  138. ^ "Bombs have been put in Chinese embassies – Aucklife". 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  139. ^ "Myanmar Hackers Take Down Military-Run Websites". The Irrawaddy. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  140. Las Vegas, Nevada
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  141. San Diego, California
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  142. Times of India
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  143. ^ Goodin, Dan (30 April 2021). "More US agencies potentially hacked, this time with Pulse Secure exploits". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  144. ^ "Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day". FireEye. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  145. ^ "Cyber attack shuts down U.S. fuel pipeline 'jugular,' Biden briefed". Reuters. 2021-05-08. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  146. ^ "Explained: What is the data breach that has hit Air India customers?". The Indian Express. 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  147. ^ "Air India cyberattack: Personal data of over 4.5 million passengers leaked". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  148. ^ "Saudi Aramco confirms data leak after $50 million cyber ransom demand". ARS Technica. 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  149. ^ "Hackers reportedly demand $50m from Saudi Aramco over data leak". BBC. 2021-07-22.
  150. ^ "Saudi Aramco Confirms Data Leak After Reported Cyber Ransom". bloomberg. 2021-07-22.
  151. ^
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  153. The Record by Recorded Future
    . Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  154. ^ Thalen, Mikael (September 29, 2021). "New leak of Epik data exposes company's entire server". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  155. ^ Thalen, Mikael (October 4, 2021). "Anonymous releases data on Texas GOP in latest Epik hack dump". The Daily Dot. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  156. ^ Warren, Tom (2021-10-06). "Twitch source code and creator payouts part of massive leak". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  157. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  158. ^ tweakers (2022-02-14). "Hackersclub CCC vindt 6,4 miljoen persoonsgegevens via vijftigtal datalekken" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  159. ^ Chaos Computer Club (2022-02-14). "Chaos Computer Club meldet 6,4 Millionen Datensätze in über 50 Leaks" (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  160. ^ "Трибуна – новини Сум та Сумської області". Трибуна (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  161. ^ Wu, Crystal (3 March 2022). "Australian Russian Embassy evacuated after 'suspicious package' delivered". skynews. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  162. ^ "Anonymous hacks Russian federal agency, releases 360,000 documents". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  163. ^ "Anonymous Hits 3 Russian Entities, Leaks 400 GB Worth of Emails". 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  164. ^ "Anonymous Hits Russian Ministry of Culture- Leaks 446GB of Data". 12 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  165. ^ "Gijón City Council (Spain) was attacked by GERVASIA". 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  166. ^ "В Челябинске эвакуировали аэропорт имени Курчатова из-за сообщений о минировании". chelyabinsk.bezformata.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  167. ^ Hassan, Mahadi (1 April 2022). "Volgograd airport employees and passengers evacuated after bomb threat reported". Oops Top. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  168. ^ "В омском аэропорту прошла эвакуация из-за анонимного сообщения". omsk.bezformata.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  169. ^ "Anonymous NB65 Claims Hack on Russian Payment Processor Qiwi". 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  170. ^ Jankowicz, Mia. "Hackers replaced Russian TV schedules during Putin's 'Victory Day' parade with anti-war messages, saying the blood of Ukrainians is on Russians' hands". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  171. ^ "Из-за письма с угрозами взрыва эвакуировали аэропорт "Гагарин"". saratov.bezformata.com. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  172. ^ "Аэропорт Волгограда эвакуирован из-за угрозы взрыва". bloknot-volgograd.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  173. ^ "В Саратове вновь эвакуируют суды". www.vzsar.ru. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  174. ^ "Several areas in Male' cordoned off following bomb threats | ThePress". thePress.mv. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  175. ^ "Неизвестные сообщили о минировании главного аэропорта Камчатки". petropavlovskkamchatskiy.bezformata.com (in Russian). Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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