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There are currently various extant branches of the Rurikids, for instance: the Houses of [[Shakhovskoy]], [[Gagarin family|Gagarin]], and [[House of Lobanov-Rostovsky|Lobanov-Rostovsky]]. Whose some of the representatives are: Prince Dmitriy Mikhailovich Shakhovskoy (born 1934), [[Andrey Gagarin|Prince Dmitri Andreevich Gagarin]] (born 1973) and [[Nikita Lobanov|Prince Nikita Lobanov-Rostovsky]] (born 1935), a descendant of Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of [[Principality of Rostov|Rostov]]. The three of them are of the [[Monomakhovichi]] branch.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manaev, G.|date=8 July 2019|title=Who founded Russia and ruled it before the Romanovs|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/330627-rurik-dynasty-founded-russia-ruled-before-romanovs|access-date=29 January 2020|publisher=Russia Beyond the Headlines}}</ref> While the Shakhovskoys claim descent from [[Mstislav I of Kiev]], the Gagarins, and the Lobanov-Rostovskys are descendants of [[Vsevolod the Big Nest|Vsevolod III of Vladimir]], which makes the Shakhovskoys the most senior.
There are currently various extant branches of the Rurikids, for instance: the Houses of [[Shakhovskoy]], [[Gagarin family|Gagarin]], and [[House of Lobanov-Rostovsky|Lobanov-Rostovsky]]. Whose some of the representatives are: Prince Dmitriy Mikhailovich Shakhovskoy (born 1934), [[Andrey Gagarin|Prince Dmitri Andreevich Gagarin]] (born 1973) and [[Nikita Lobanov|Prince Nikita Lobanov-Rostovsky]] (born 1935), a descendant of Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of [[Principality of Rostov|Rostov]]. The three of them are of the [[Monomakhovichi]] branch.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manaev, G.|date=8 July 2019|title=Who founded Russia and ruled it before the Romanovs|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/330627-rurik-dynasty-founded-russia-ruled-before-romanovs|access-date=29 January 2020|publisher=Russia Beyond the Headlines}}</ref> While the Shakhovskoys claim descent from [[Mstislav I of Kiev]], the Gagarins, and the Lobanov-Rostovskys are descendants of [[Vsevolod the Big Nest|Vsevolod III of Vladimir]], which makes the Shakhovskoys the most senior.


==Branches==
== Branches ==
{{Main|Grand Prince of Kiev|Grand Prince of Vladimir|List of rulers of Galicia and Volhynia|List of Ukrainian rulers|List of Russian rulers}}
{{Main|Grand Prince of Kiev|Grand Prince of Vladimir|List of rulers of Galicia and Volhynia|List of leaders of Ukraine|List of Russian monarchs}}
⚫
Family life and children of Vladimir I
*[[Izyaslavichi of Polotsk]], princes of Polotsk
*[[Izyaslavichi of Polotsk]], princes of Polotsk
*[[Izyaslavichi of Turov]], princes of Turiv and Volhynia
*[[Izyaslavichi of Turov]], princes of Turiv and Volhynia
Line 173: Line 174:
*Possibly the [[Wiśniowiecki]] family, a branch of the House of [[Zbaraski]] (extinct)<ref name="hd654">{{cite book|author1=Jerzy Jan Lerski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&q=Wisniowiecki&pg=PA654|title=Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|author2=Piotr Wróbel|author3=Richard J. Kozicki|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|page=654}}</ref>
*Possibly the [[Wiśniowiecki]] family, a branch of the House of [[Zbaraski]] (extinct)<ref name="hd654">{{cite book|author1=Jerzy Jan Lerski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&q=Wisniowiecki&pg=PA654|title=Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|author2=Piotr Wróbel|author3=Richard J. Kozicki|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|page=654}}</ref>


==Family tree (from Rurik to Vladimir I)==
=== Family tree of Russian monarchs ===
{{Main|Family tree of Russian monarchs}}
{{Main|Family tree of Russian monarchs}}
⚫
{{See also|Family life and children of Vladimir I}}
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}} <!-- modern family only -->
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | RUR |y| EFA | | RUR=[[Rurik]] | EFA=Efanda of Novgorod }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | IGR |y| OLG | | | MAL | IGR=[[Igor of Kiev]] | OLG=[[Olga of Kiev]] | MAL=[[Malk Lubchanin]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | PRE |y| SVI |y| MAL | | | | | | ROV | | DOB | PRE=Predslava | SVI=[[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav I]]| MAL=[[Malusha]] | ROV=[[Rogvolod]] | DOB=[[Dobrynya]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | OLE | | YAR |y| wife| | ANN |y| VLA |V| RON | | KON | OLE=[[Oleg of the Drevlyans|Oleg]] | YAR=[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I]] | wife= ''Greek nun'' | ANN=[[Anna Porphyrogenita]] | VLA=[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I the Great]] | RON=[[Rogneda of Polotsk]] | KON=[[Konstantin Dobrynich]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |:| | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | wife|~| SVI | | | | | | THE | | six | | | | DOB | wife=[[Bolesław I Chrobry|daughter of Bolesław I Chrobry]] | SVI=[[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]] | THE=Theofana | six=[[Family life and children of Vladimir I|8 issues (see below)]] | DOB=Dobrynich line }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(}}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart/end}}


⚫
==== Yurievich branch ====
⚫
==Wives and children of Vladimir I (1)==
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}} <!-- modern family only -->
{{tree chart| OLO |y| EST | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ROG |y| VLA |y| ADE | OLO=[[Olof Skötkonung]] | EST=[[Estrid of the Obotrites]] | ROG=[[Rogneda of Polotsk]] | VLA=[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I the Great]] | ADE=Adela }}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|v|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|7|}}
{{tree chart| | | ING |y| YAR | | IZY | | MST | | VSE | | PMI | | MTA | | PDS | | MCH | | BOR | | GLE | | STA | | SUD | ING=[[Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden|Saint Anna]] | YAR=[[Yaroslav the Wise]] | IZY=[[Izyaslav of Polotsk]] | MST=Mstislav | VSE=Vsevolod | PMI=Premislava | MTA=Mstislava | PDS=Predslava | MCH=[[Mstislav of Chernigov]] | BOR=[[Boris and Gleb|Boris]] | GLE=[[Boris and Gleb|Gleb]] | STA=Stanislav | SUD=[[Sudislav]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | CHI | | | | POL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EUS | | CHI=10 children | POL=Polotsk line | HN=[[Harald Hardrada|Harald III]] | AY=[[Anastasia of Kiev]] | AH=[[Andrew I of Hungary|Andrew I]] | AK=[[Anne of Kiev]] | HF=[[Henry I of France|Henry I]] | AG=[[Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile|Agatha]] | EE=[[Edward the Exile]] | EUS=Eustaphius }}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart/end}}


⚫
The following shows the descent of the leading (historically most powerful) branch of the Russian Rurikids, being the descendants of [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yuri I Dolgorukiy]] ("Long-Armed"), sixth son of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]]:
⚫
==Wives and children of Vladimir I (2)==
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}} <!-- modern family only -->
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | OLA |y| VLA |y| MAL | OLA=Olava | VLA=[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I the Great]] | MAL=[[Malfrida]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | VYS | | SVI | | VYS=Vysheslav | SVI=Sviatoslav }}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart/end}}

==Wives and children of Vladimir I (3)==
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}} <!-- modern family only -->
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | DOR |y| VLA |y| MIS | DOR=granddaughter of<br />[[Otto the Great|Otto I the Great]] | VLA=[[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I the Great]] | MIS=unknown mistress}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| CAS |~| MAR | | BER |~| OOW | | POZ| CAS=[[Casimir I the Restorer|Casimir I]]<br />duke of Poland | MAR=[[Maria Dobroniega of Kiev|Maria Dobroniega]] | BER=[[Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark|Bernard]]<br />margrave of Nordmark | AGA=[[Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile|Agatha]] | OOW=out-of-wedlock<br />daughter | POZ=Pozvizd | EE=[[Edward the Exile]] }}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart/end}}

⚫
==Yurievich branch==

⚫
The following shows the descent of the leading (historically most powerful) branch of the Russian Rurikids, being the descendants of [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yuri I Dolgorukiy]] ("Long-Armed"), sixth son of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]]:


*[[Vladimir the Great]]
*[[Vladimir the Great]]
Line 227: Line 186:
*[[Vsevolod I of Kiev]], son of Yaroslav the Wise
*[[Vsevolod I of Kiev]], son of Yaroslav the Wise
*[[Vladimir II Monomakh]], son of Vsevolod I of Kiev
*[[Vladimir II Monomakh]], son of Vsevolod I of Kiev
*[[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yuri I Dolgorukiy]], son of Vladimir II Monomakh
*[[Yuri Dolgorukiy|Yuri I Dolgorukiy]], son of Vladimir II Monomakh
The lineage from Yuri I onwards is given in the table below
The lineage from Yuri I onwards is given in the table below

===Family tree===
[[File:Ruriks.jpg]]
[[File:Ruriks.jpg]]


Revision as of 17:07, 25 February 2023

Rurik dynasty
Rurikids
Royal dynasty
Personal seal of Yaroslav the Wise
Country
Founded862 (862) (in Novgorod)
FounderRurik
Final rulerVasili IV of Russia
Titles

Princely titles

Style(s)
Estate(s)
Deposition1610 (1610) (in Moscow, Tsardom of Russia)
Cadet branches

The Rurik dynasty (

Grand Duchy of Moscow
(from 1263).

Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the most powerful state to eventually arise was the

Ivan IV assumed the title "Tsar of All Rus'" and transformed the state into the Tsardom of Russia. The Rurik line ruled until 1598, following which they were succeeded by the House of Romanov, after the Time of Troubles.[5]

The Romanovichi branch of the dynasty ruled southwestern Rus' and part of central Rus'. These territories were unified by

Ukrainian historiography of the 19th century, Ukrainian historiographer Mykhailo Hrushevsky, who wrote a book under a similar name, referred to Rus' civilization as Ukraine-Rus'.[8] According to his studies Rus' is not considered to have ended in 1240, but merely to have shifted its centre slightly westward.[9][7]

As a ruling dynasty, the Rurik dynasty held its own in some parts of Rus' for a total of twenty-one generations in male-line succession, from Rurik (died 879) to Feodor I of Russia (died 1598), a period of more than 700 years. They are one of Europe's oldest royal houses, with numerous existing cadet branches.

Origins

Novgorod with Rurik at the center and Vladimir the Great at the left and Dmitry Donskoy
at the right (both Rurikids)

The Rurikid dynasty was founded in 862 by

Varangian prince. The scholarly consensus [10] is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden).[11][12][13]

According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus', like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (Rus-law) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.[14][15]

The name Rus' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi.[15][16]

The Primary Chronicle gives the following account of how the Rurik dynasty began, dating it to the Byzantine years of the world 6368–6370 (AD 860–862):[17]

The tributaries of the

Truvor, in Izborsk
. On account of these Varangians, the district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. The present inhabitants of Novgorod are descended from the Varangian race, but aforetime they were Slavs [преже бо бѣша Словѣни].

There is some ambiguity even in the Primary Chronicle about the specifics of the story, "hence their paradoxical statement 'the people of Novgorod are of Varangian stock, for formerly they were Slovenes.'" However, archaeological evidence such as "Frankish swords, a sword chape and a tortoiseshell brooch" in the area suggest that there was, in fact, a Scandinavian population during the tenth century at the latest.[18]

History

Personal seals of Rurikids. The trident (tryzub) is considered as symbol of Rus and was adopted by independent Ukraine in the 20th century as a Ukrainian coat of arms.[19]

Rurik and his brothers founded a state that later historians called Kievan Rus′. By the middle of the twelfth century, Kievan Rus′ had dissolved into independent

principalities, each ruled by a different branch of the Rurik dynasty. The dynasty followed agnatic seniority and the izgoi principle. The Rurik dynasty underwent a major schism after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, dividing into three branches on the basis of descent from three successive ruling Grand Princes: Iziaslav (1024–1078), Sviatoslav (1027–1076), and Vsevolod (1030–1093). In addition, a line of Polotsk princes assimilated themselves with the princes of Lithuania. In the 10th century the Council of Liubech made some amendments to a succession rule and divided Ruthenia
into several autonomous principalities that had equal rights to obtain the Kievan throne.

Vsevolod's line eventually became better known as the Monomakhovichi and was the predominant one. The line of Sviatoslav later became known as Olegovychi and often laid claim to the lands of Chernihiv and Severia. The Izyaslavychi who ruled Turov and Volhynia were eventually replaced by a Monomakhovychi branch.

Monument to Vladimir the Great in Kyiv
Battle of the Ice
in 1242 (20th century work)
Principalities of Kievan Rus', ruled by Rurikid princes, 1220–1240

According to Jaroslav Pelenski,

The 'Riurikide' dynasty and the ruling elite ... attempted to impose on their highly diverse polity the integrative concept of russkaia zemlia ('the Rus' land') and the unifying notion of a 'Rus' people'. ... But 'Kievan Rus'' was never really a unified polity. It was a loosely bound, ill-defined, and heterogeneous conglomeration of lands and cities inhabited by tribes and population groups whose loyalties were primarily territorial.[20]

This caused the Rurik dynasty to effectively dissolve into several sub-dynasties ruling smaller states in the 10th and 11th centuries. These were the Olgoviches of

Galicia-Volhynia.[20][21]

Descendants of Sviatoslav II of Kiev

The Olgoviches descended from

Grand Duchy of Moscow. The line continued through Oleg's son Vsevolod II of Kiev, grandson Sviatoslav III of Kiev, great-grandson Vsevolod IV of Kiev and great-great-grandson Michael of Chernigov
, from whose sons the extant lines of the Olegoviches are descended, including the Massalsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and Obolensky, including Repnin.

Descendants of Vsevolod I of Kiev

Vsevolod I of Kiev was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh, giving rise to the name Monomakh for his progeny. Two of Vladimir II's sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy.

The Romanoviches (Izyaslavichi of Volhynia) were the line of

Grand Hetman of Lithuania and strove to preserve the Ruthenian language and Eastern Orthodoxy
in this part of Europe. It is thought that the Drutsk and related princely families may also descend from Roman the Great.

The Rostislaviches were the line of Rostislav I of Kiev, another son of Mstislav I of Kiev, who was Prince of Smolensk and a progenitor of the lines descending from the princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl.

The Shakhovskoys were founded by Konstantin "Shakh" Glebovich, Prince of Yaroslavl, and traces its lineage to Rostislav I of Kiev through his son Davyd Rostislavich. This branch also descends cognatically of Ivan I of Moscow, through the latter's daughter Evdokia Ivanovna Moskovskaya (1314–1342),[22][full citation needed] who married Vasili Mikhailovich [ru], Prince of Yaroslavl (died 1345).[23] They were the great-grandparents of Andrey and Yuriy, the first Shakhovskoy princes. This is possibly the most senior extant branch of the Rurikids, with many Shakhovskoys living outside of Russia after having fled during the Russian Revolution.

The Yuryeviches were founded by

Yuriy Dolgorukiy, the founder of Moscow and spread vastly in the north-east. Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, a precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire. Vsevolod's son Konstantin of Rostov was Prince of Rostov and the progenitor of various Rostov princely lines. Another son, Ivan Vsevolodich, was Prince of Starodub
and progenitor of a number of extant lines, most notably the Gagarin line.

Vsevolod's son Yaroslav II of Vladimir was the father of Alexander Nevsky, whose son Daniel of Moscow sired the ruling house of Moscow until the end of the 16th century.

Beginning with the reign of

Ivan the Terrible, the Muscovite branch used the title "Tsar of All Russia" and ruled over the Tsardom of Russia. The death in 1598 of Tsar Feodor I ended the rule of the Rurik dynasty. The dynasty was briefly revived in the person of Vasili IV of Russia, a descendant of Shuyskiy line of the Rurik dynasty, but he died without issue. The unstable period known as the Time of Troubles
followed Feodor's death and lasted until 1613.

In that year,

Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky. Tsar Mikhail's first wife Maria Dolgorukova was of Rurikid stock but their marriage produced no children. Emperor Peter III in 1762 brought fresh Rurikid blood to the Romanovs: he and his wife Catherine the Great both descended from the Rurik dynasty. (Catherine the Great descended from a daughter of Yaroslav I (978–1054) through her maternal grandfather, Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp.[24]
)

Trade

In the early days of the Rurikid dynasty, the Kievan Rus' mainly traded with other tribes in

Slavic tribes for the transport of goods, particularly slaves to Byzantium.[25]

Skirmish with Byzantium

One of the largest military accomplishments of the Rurikid dynasty was the attack on Byzantium in 960. Pilgrims of the Rus' had been making the journey from

Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, believed that this gave them significant information about the arduous parts of the journey and where travelers were most at risk, as would be pertinent for an invasion. This route took travelers through domain of the Pechenegs, journeying mostly by river. In June 941, the Rus' staged a naval ambush on Byzantine forces, making up for their smaller numbers with small, maneuverable boats. These boats were ill-equipped for the transportation of large quantities of treasure, suggesting that looting was not the goal. The raid was led, according to the Primary Chronicle, by a king called Igor. Three years later, the treaty of 944 stated that all ships approaching Byzantium must be preceded by a letter from the Rurikid prince stating the number of ships and assuring their peaceful intent. This not only indicates fear of another surprise attack, but an increased Kievan presence in the Black Sea.[26]

Legacy

Template:Rurik

Russian and Ukrainian historians have debated for many years about the legacy of the Rurikid dynasty. The Russian view sees the Principality of Moscow ruled by the Rurikid dynasty as the sole heir to the Kievan Rus' civilization, this view is "resting largely on religious-ecclesiastical and historical claims" because Russia was ruled by the Rurikid dynasty until 16th century, while Ukraine was not defined as a state until 20th century. This view started in Moscow as ruled by the original Rurikid dynasty between the 1330s and the late 1850s. The Ukrainian view was formulated much later, between the 1840s and the end of the 1930s in Eastern Austria, and views the Ukrainian descendants of the Rurikid dynasty as its only true successors. The Soviet theory was a modified version of the Russian which "allotted equal rights to the Kievan inheritance to the Three Slavic peoples, that is the Russians, the Ukrainians, and the Belorussians",[27] but later elevated the Russian nation as the elder brother to give the others "needed guidance in revolutionary struggles and socialist construction."[28]

There are currently various extant branches of the Rurikids, for instance: the Houses of

Rostov. The three of them are of the Monomakhovichi branch.[29] While the Shakhovskoys claim descent from Mstislav I of Kiev, the Gagarins, and the Lobanov-Rostovskys are descendants of Vsevolod III of Vladimir
, which makes the Shakhovskoys the most senior.

Branches

Main articles:
List of rulers of Galicia and Volhynia, List of leaders of Ukraine, and List of Russian monarchs

Family life and children of Vladimir I

Family tree of Russian monarchs

Main article: Family tree of Russian monarchs
See also:
Family life and children of Vladimir I

Yurievich branch

The following shows the descent of the leading (historically most powerful) branch of the Russian Rurikids, being the descendants of Yuri I Dolgorukiy ("Long-Armed"), sixth son of Vladimir II Monomakh:

The lineage from Yuri I onwards is given in the table below

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers) Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. ^ Excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (1998). "Russia: A Country Study: Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods". Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
  3. ASIN B004GV3YAM
    .
  4. ^ May, T. "Khanate of the Golden Horde". accd.edu. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
  5. ^ "Rurik Dynasty Lays Claim to Kremlin". The Moscow Times. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  6. doi:10.17223/18572685/36/8 (inactive 21 February 2023). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2023 (link
    )
  7. ^
    Wikidata Q105635025
    .
  8. ^ "Mykhaylo Hrushevsky | Ukrainian historian | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  9. Wikidata Q106528132
    .
  10. ^ "The Vikings at home". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  11. ^ "Kievan Rus". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  12. ^ "The Vikings (780–1100)". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Viking Tours Stockholm, 20 Historical Cultural Transported Tours". Sweden History Tours. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  14. ISBN 9780521035521
    .
  15. ^ a b Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in The Viking World, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7).
  16. ^ "Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  17. ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle, translated by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd Sherbowitz-Wetzor, pp. 59–60. For original, see here.
  18. ^ Franklin, Simon, and Jonathan Shepherd. The Emergence of Rus 750–1200. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group, Ltd., 1996. pp. 38–39.
  19. ISSN 2707-000X
    .
  20. ^ a b Pelenski, Jaroslaw. The Contest for the Legacy of Kievan Rus. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. p. 4
  21. ^ Raffensperger, Christian, and Norman W. Ingham, "Rurik and the First Rurikids", The American Genealogist, 82 (2007), 1–13, 111–119.
  22. ^ Averyanov K. Principality of Moscow under Ivan Kalita (Accession of Koloman. Acquisition of Mozhaisk). – M., p. 36, 1994.
  23. ISBN 978-5-7429-0350-5
    .
  24. ^ "Родословная Екатерины II Великой, российской императрицы 1729–1796" [Ancestry of Catherine II the Great, Russian Empress 1729–1796].
    Russia Today
     (in Russian). Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  25. ^ Franklin, Simon, and Jonathan Shepherd (1996). The Emergence of Rus 750–1200. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group, Ltd., pp. 27–28, 127.
  26. ^ Franklin, Simon, and Jonathan Shepherd (1996). The Emergence of Rus 750–1200. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group, Ltd. pp. 112–119
  27. ^ Pelenski, Jaroslaw Pelenski (1998). The Contest for the Legacy of Kievan Rus'. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2.
  28. Wikidata Q106457257
  29. ^ Manaev, G. (8 July 2019). "Who founded Russia and ruled it before the Romanovs". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  30. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0
    .

Further reading

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