Pechenegs
Varangian army of Rus, from the Madrid Skylitzes. | |
Regions with significant populations | |
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Eastern Europe, Anatolia (historical) | |
Languages | |
Pecheneg language (historical) | |
Religion | |
Christianity (in the Balkans, Anatolia) and Tengrism (historical); Islam (in Anatolia, Balkans) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Oghuz Turks and Cumans |
Pecheneg Khanates | |||||||||
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889–1091 | |||||||||
Status | Khanate | ||||||||
Common languages | Pecheneg | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 889 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1091 | ||||||||
|
History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
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The Pechenegs (
Ethnonym
The Pechenegs were mentioned as Bjnak, Bjanak or Bajanak in medieval
According to
In
Pechenegs are mentioned as one of 24 ancient tribes of
Three of the eight Pecheneg "provinces" or clans were collectively known as
Omeljan Pritsak proposed that the name had initially been a composite term (Kängär As, mentioned in Old Turkic texts) deriving from the Tocharian word for stone (kank) and the ethnonym As, suggesting that they were Tocharian-speaking or at least formed a confederation consisting of Tocharian, Eastern Iranian and Bulgaric Turkic elements. Their connection with Eastern Iranian elements is hinted at in the remark of al-Biruni regarding a people that "are of the race of al-Lān and that of al-Ās and their language is a mixture of the languages of Khwarazmians and the Badjanak.".[9]
If the latter assumption is valid, the Kangars' ethnonym suggests that (East) Iranian elements contributed to the formation of the Pecheneg people but
Language
Mahmud al-Kashgari, an 11th-century man of letters who specialized in Turkic dialects argued that the language spoken by the Pechenegs was a variant of the Cuman and Oghuz idioms.[18] He suggested that foreign influences on the Pechenegs gave rise to phonetical differences between their tongue and the idiom spoken by other Turkic peoples.[19] Anna Komnene likewise stated that the Pechenegs and the Cumans shared a common language.[18] Although the Pecheneg language itself died out centuries ago,[20] the names of the Pecheneg "provinces" recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus prove that the Pechenegs spoke a Turkic language.[21] The Pechenegs are thought to have belonged to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family, but their language is poorly documented and therefore difficult to further classify.[22]
Composition
Byzantine emperor
The Erdim, Čur, and Yula tribes formed the Qangar/Kenger (Greek: Καγγαρ) and were deemed "more valiant and noble than the rest".
Transcribed tribal name | Reconstructed tribal name | Meaning | Location | Transcribed leader's name | Reconstructed leader's name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ιαβδι-ερτί(μ) | *Yavdı[a]-Erdim[b] | Tribe of the Erdem[c] with brilliant, shining horses | Dniepr's west bank | Βαϊτζαν | *Bay[d]-ča |
Κουαρτζι-τζούρ | *Küerči[e]-Čur | Tribe of the Čur with bluish horses | Dniepr's east bank | Κούελ | *Küğel[f] |
Χαβουξιν-γυλά | *Qabuqšın-Yula or *Khabuži/Kapuži-Jula[g] | Tribe of the Yula with bark-colored horses | Dniepr's west bank | Κουρκοῡται | *Qorqutai[h] |
Συρου-κουλπέη | *Suru-Kül-Bey | Tribe of the Kül-Bey with grayish horses | Dniepr's east bank | Ιπαόν | *Ipa / *Iba (?),[i] |
Χαρα-βοη | *Qara-Bay | Tribe of the Bey with black horses | Dniepr's west bank | Καϊδούμ | *Qaydum[j] |
Βορο-ταλμάτ | *Boru-Tolmač | Tribe of the Tolmač[k] with grayish horses | Dniepr's east bank | Κώσταν | *Qosta[l] |
Γιαζι-χοπὸν | *Yazı-Qap(ğ)an | Tribe of the Qap(ğ)an with dark-brown horses |
Dniepr's west bank | Γιαζή | *Yazı[m] |
Βουλα-τζοπόν | *Bula-Čopan[n] | Tribe of the Čopan with piebald horses | Dniepr's east bank | Βατᾱν | *Bata / *Bota[o] |
Notes
- ^ or "Yawdı"
- ^ or "Erdem"
- ^ bravery, virtue
- ^ wealthy
- ^ From küverči < küğerči
- ^ bright-green
- ^ Possibly not an equine coat color; cf. Ottoman Turkish قاپو kapu "door, gate, Porte", Hung. kapu "gate, entrance, door". If so, this tribe was the guardians of the Pechenegs to the west.[24]
- ^ From qorqut- "to frighten"
- ^ cf. Hung. Ipoch; may be Ipa + Hung. dim. suffix -cs (-ç).[25]
- ^ From qayt- < qayıt- < qaðıt- "to turn back"; cf. Hung. Kajdan
- ^ "interpreter, translator"
- ^ cf. Sağay qosta "foe-seeking magical arrow"(?)
- ^ From Yazığ, metathesis of Yağız
- ^ or "Čaban"
- ^ "small camel"
History
Origins and area
According to Omeljan Pritsak, the Pechenegs are descendants from the ancient Kangars who originate from Tashkent. The Orkhon inscriptions listed the Kangars among the subject peoples of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Pritsak says that the Pechenegs' homeland was located between the Aral Sea and the middle course of the Syr Darya, along the important trade routes connecting Central Asia with Eastern Europe, and associates them with Kangars.[26]
According to
The whole of Patzinakia is divided into eight provinces with the same number of great princes. The provinces are these: the name of the first province is Irtim; of the second, Tzour; of the third, Gyla; of the fourth, Koulpeï; of the fifth, Charaboï; of the sixth, Talmat; of the seventh, Chopon; of the eighth, Tzopon. At the time at which the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, their princes were, in the province of Irtim, Baïtzas; in Tzour, Kouel; in Gyla, Kourkoutai; in Koulpeï, Ipaos; in Charaboï, Kaïdoum; in the province of Talmat, Kostas; in Chopon, Giazis; in the province of Tzopon, Batas.
Westward migration
The
The Pechenegs who left their homeland settled between the
The same sources also narrate that the Pechenegs made regular raids against their neighbors, in particular against the Khazars and the latter's vassals, the
The Pechenegs settled along the rivers
In addition to these two branches, a third group of Pechenegs existed in this period: Constantine Porphyrogenitus and
Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river Atil (Volga), and likewise on the river
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio[43]
However, it is uncertain whether this group's formation is connected to the Pechenegs' first or second migration (as it is proposed by Pritsak and Golden, respectively).[2][39] According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, one of the Üçok clans of the Oghuz Turks[44] was still formed by Pechenegs in the 1060s.[39]
Alliance with Byzantium
In the 9th century, the
The Uzes, another
Tsar
Late history and decline
By the 9th and 10th centuries, Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast
In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus'. For more than two centuries they had launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (like the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev, reported in the Primary Chronicle). The Pecheneg wars against Kievan Rus' caused the Slavs from Walachian territories to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries.[46] Rus'/Pecheneg temporary military alliances also occurred however, as during the Byzantine campaign in 943 led by Igor.[note 2]
In 968 the Pechenegs
Pecheneg mercenaries served under the Byzantines at the
In the 12th century, according to Byzantine historian
The Pechenegs as a group were last mentioned in 1168 as members of Turkic tribes known in the chronicles as the "
In 15th-century Hungary, some people adopted the surname Besenyö (
Settlements bearing the name Pecheneg
- Besenyszög, Hungary
- Besenyőd, Hungary
- Besenyőtelek, Hungary
- Besnyő, Hungary
- Bešenovački Prnjavor, Serbia
- Bešeňov, Slovakia
- Bešeňová, Slovakia
- Bešenovo, Serbia
- Beščeně, a part of Kunovice, Czech Republic
- Biçənək, Azerbaijan
- Ládbesenyő, Hungary
- Máriabesnyő a part of Gödöllő, Hungary
- Pechenihy, Ukraine
- Pecineaga, Romania
- Pecinișca, Romania
- Peçenek, Turkey
- Pečenice, Slovakia
- Pečenjevce, Serbia
- Pečeneg Ilova, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Pečeňady, Slovakia
- Pieczeniegi, Poland
- Pieczonogi, Poland
- Pöttsching, Austria
- Szirmabesenyő, Hungary
- Pechenitsa, Bulgaria
Leaders
See also
- Chorni Klobuky
- Cumans
- Kangar union
- Kankalis
- Khazars
- Kipchaks
- Manav People
- Petržalka
- PKP Pecheneg, A Russian made general-purpose machine gun named after the Turkic tribe
- Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f Spinei 2003, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Golden 2003, p. I.64.
- ^ Peter Benjamin Golden. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples. p. 264.
- ^ Maḥmūd, Kāshgarī; James Kelly (1982). Türk Şiveleri Lügatı = Dīvānü Luġāt-It-Türk. Duxbury, Mass: Tekin.
- ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 182.
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 37), p. 171.
- ^ Macartney 1968, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Golden, Peter B., "Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks". From: Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes, ed. C. Hriban, Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologicaeque Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi, IX (Bucharest-Brăla, 2011):17-63 / ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0
- ^ a b c Pritsak 1975, p. 213.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 94.
- ISBN 9789047428800/ Brill 2009, p.181
- ^ Németh, "Die Inschriften," 16, pp. 50-1; Ligeti, "A magyar nyelv," p.362, 506; and Györffy, "A Besenyők nyelve," p.170-91. Cited in the Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition), Vol.VIII, Leiden 1994, p.289
- ^ Баскаков, Н. А. Тюркские языки, Москва 1960, с. 126-131.
- ^ Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Freiherr von, Geschichte der Goldenen horde in Kiptschak, das ist: der Mongolen in Russland, 1840. digital page n70 or 6/mode/2up.
- ^ Tang Huiyao, "Vol. 72" quote: "康國馬。康居國也。是大宛馬種。形容極大。武德中。康國獻四千匹。今時官馬。猶是其種。……康曷利馬。印宅。" rough translation: "Horses of the Kang nation, which is the Kangju nation. They are a stock of Dayuan horses. In the middle of the Wude era [622 - 626 CE], the Kang nation tributed 4,000 horses. Nowadays, the officials' horses are [probably] of that stock. [...] Kangheli's horses; tamga [resembles] [character] 宅"
- ^ K. H. Menges, Altaic elements, s. 101-104. (cited PDF)
- ^ S.G. Klyaštornij, Drevnetyurkskie Runiçeskie Pamyatniki Kak Istoçnik Po Istorii Sredney Azii, Moscow 1964, p.163-167 (cited PDF)
- ^ a b Spinei 2003, p. 95.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 181.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 343.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1999, p. 239.
- ^ Баскаков, Н. А. Тюркские языки, Москва 1960, с. 126-131.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 265-6.
- ^ A magyarok eredete, Vámbéry
- Acta Orientalia: 78.
- ^ Pritsak 1975, pp. 211–212.
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 37), p. 167.
- ^ a b Pritsak 1975, p. 211.
- ^ a b c d e f Spinei 2003, p. 113.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 232.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1999, p. 235.
- ^ Venturi, Federica (2008). "An Old Tibetan document on the Uighurs: A new translation and interpretation". Journal of Asian History. 1 (42): 21.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 182.
- ^ Spinei 2009, p. 186.
- ^ Russian Primary Chronicle (year 6604/1096), p. 184)
- ^ a b c d e Pritsak 1975, p. 212.
- ^ a b Pritsak 1975, p. 213-214.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pritsak 1975, p. 214.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 113–114.
- ^ a b Kristó 2003, p. 138.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 144.
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 37), pp. 167., 169.
- ^ Atalay 2006, p. I.57.
- ^ "Problems of Byzantine Historiography ~ Three Notes on Miniatures in the Chronicle of Manasses". Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 5-244-00072-1
- ^ "Stories About Spies. Story 1. Through the Pecheneg Camp". szru.gov.ua.
- ISBN 978-0244174873.
- ISBN 1-85728-495-X.
- ^ "besenyők" [Pechenegs]. Magyar néprajzi lexikon. Vol. One. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 1977.
- ^ Kinnamos, IV, 4, p. 143
- ^ Chalandon 1907
- ^ Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, Historical Dictionary of Ukraine, Scarecrow Press, 2013, p. 439.
- ^ Arnold, Thomas Walker (June 21, 1896). "The preaching of Islam; a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith". Westminster, A. Constable and co. Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Studies on Pechenegs Dr. AKDES KURAT
- ^ ATLAS NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ISSN 2602-4128 TWO FRIEND PEOPLE IN THE NORTH OF THE BLACK SEA: ON THE RELATIONS OF THE PECHENEKS AND THE KUMAN-KIPCHAKS
- ^ T.R. FIRAT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE RELATIONS OF PEÇENEK AND KIPÇAKS WITH THE BYZANTINE STATE MASTER'S THESIS
- ^ Ayçiçek, Recep. "Peçenekler". Peçenekler. Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via www.academia.edu.
- S2CID 252493145. Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via belleten.gov.tr.
- ^ "Türkalemiyiz.com "Türk Dünyasının İnternet Sitesi"". www.turkalemiyiz.com. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- S2CID 252493145.
References
Primary sources
- Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044958-7.
- Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
Secondary sources
- Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't – Türk. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române. ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0.
- Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Quipchaqs. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-885-7.
- Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
- Kristó, Gyula (2003). Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában [Wars and Tactics under the Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-9441-87-2.
- Macartney, C. A. (1968). The Magyars in the Ninth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08070-5.
- Pritsak, Omeljan (1975). "The Pechenegs: A Case of Social and Economic Transformation". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. 1. The Peter de Ridder Press: 211–235.
- Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
- Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu). Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.
- Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
Further reading
- Golubovsky, Peter V. (1884). Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX—XIII вв [Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes 9th-13th centuries] (in Russian)at )
- Pálóczi-Horváth, A. (1989). Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe peoples in medieval Hungary. Hereditas. Budapest: Kultúra [distributor]. ISBN 963-13-2740-X.
- Pritsak, O. (1976). The Pečenegs: a case of social and economic transformation. Lisse, Netherlands: The Peter de Ridder Press.
External links
Media related to Pechenegs at Wikimedia Commons