Japanese in the Philippines: Difference between revisions

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===Classical period===
===Classical period===
==== Settlements ====
==== Settlements ====
After the establishment of a single state within [[Japan]], official trade records began between Japan and the Philippine islands in the [[Heian period|Heian]] and [[Muromachi]] period (8th to 12th centuries CE). In the case of the [[History of the Ryukyu Islands|proto-Okinawan chiefdoms]], this was much earlier, and ties in with shared migration patterns of [[Ryukyuan people|Okinawans]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] areas like the Philippines stretching back to the [[Neolithic|neolithic period]]. Notable settlements of the period include [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]] and [[Agoo]] along [[Lingayen Gulf]].<ref name="seapots">{{cite web|url=http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |title=Philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316020850/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |archive-date=March 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Pangasinan, 1572–1800|last=Cortes|first=Rosario Mendoza|publisher=New Day|year=1991}}</ref> The Japanese were trading with Philippine kingdoms well before the Spanish period, mainly in [[pottery]] and [[gold]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Historical records show that Japanese traders, especially those from [[Nagasaki]], frequently visited the Philippine shores and bartered Japanese goods for such Filipino products as gold and [[pearl]]s. In the course of time, shipwrecked Japanese sailors, pirate traders, and immigrants settled in the Philippines and intermarried with the early Filipinos. The [[Wokou]]s who were East Asian pirates mostly consisting of Japanese, even made it into the [[Philippines]] before their extermination in the 1600s. [[Aparri]] in the Philippines, which is located in Northern [[Luzon]], was established as pirate city-state under the patronage of the Wokou. The area around Aparri was the site of the [[1582 Cagayan battles]] between Japanese pirates and Spanish soldiers.<ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 29, bunch 3, number 62. Letter from Juan Bautista Román to the Viceroy of México, June 25, 1582</ref><ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 60. Letter from the Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of México, July 20, 1583</ref><ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 74, bunch 1, number 24. Letter from Bishop of the Philippines to the King of Spain, January 18, 1583</ref><ref name="Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México">[http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas/servlets/Control_servlet?accion=3&txt_id_desc_ud=431623&fromagenda=N] General Archive of the Indies, Council of the Indies, 339,L.1,F.286V-287R. Order to send men to the Philippines from Mexico, June 14, 1583</ref><ref name="Igawa">{{cite book|last1=Kenji|first1=Igawa|title=at the Crossroads: Limahon and Wako in Sixteenth-Century Philippines, in Elusive Pirates, Persavie Smugglers|date=2010|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888028115|editor1-last=Antony|editor1-first=Robert|location=Hong Kong|pages=78–82}}</ref> When the Spaniards reached the island of Luzon in 1571, they found [[Japanese people|Japanese]] colonies and settlements in Manila and in some parts of the Cagayan Valley, the Cordillera region, [[Lingayen, Pangasinan|Lingayen]], [[Bataan]], and [[Catanduanes Island]]. The relatively light complexion of the natives of [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] and [[Banaue]] is probably a result of the early contacts between the Japanese and other islanders from south of [[Japan]] and the natives of the Cordillera.<ref>Worcester, Dean C. (1906). "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon". The Philippine Journal of Science. National Science Development Board</ref>[[File:Japanese Red Seal Ship Shuinsen 1634.png|thumb|[[Red seal ships|Red-seal ships]] transported Japanese merchants]]
After the establishment of a single state within [[Japan]], official trade records began between Japan and the Philippine islands in the [[Heian period|Heian]] and [[Muromachi]] period (8th to 12th centuries CE). In the case of the [[History of the Ryukyu Islands|proto-Okinawan chiefdoms]], this was much earlier, and ties in with shared migration patterns of [[Ryukyuan people|Okinawans]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] areas like the Philippines stretching back to the [[Neolithic|neolithic period]]. Notable settlements of the period include [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]] and [[Agoo]] along [[Lingayen Gulf]].<ref name="seapots">{{cite web|url=http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |title=Philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316020850/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |archive-date=March 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Pangasinan, 1572–1800|last=Cortes|first=Rosario Mendoza|publisher=New Day|year=1991}}</ref> The Japanese were trading with Philippine kingdoms well before the Spanish period, mainly in [[pottery]] and [[gold]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Historical records show that Japanese traders, especially those from [[Nagasaki]], frequently visited the Philippine shores and bartered Japanese goods for such Filipino products as gold and [[pearl]]s. In the course of time, shipwrecked Japanese sailors, pirate traders, and immigrants settled in the Philippines and intermarried with the early Filipinos. The [[Wokou]]s who were East Asian pirates mostly consisting of Japanese, even made it into the [[Philippines]] before their extermination in the 1600s. [[Aparri]] in the Philippines, which is located in Northern [[Luzon]], was established as pirate city-state under the patronage of the Wokou. The area around Aparri was the site of the [[1582 Cagayan battles]] between Japanese pirates and Spanish soldiers.<ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 29, bunch 3, number 62. Letter from Juan Bautista Román to the Viceroy of México, June 25, 1582</ref><ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 60. Letter from the Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of México, July 20, 1583</ref><ref>General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 74, bunch 1, number 24. Letter from Bishop of the Philippines to the King of Spain, January 18, 1583</ref><ref name="Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México">[http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas/servlets/Control_servlet?accion=3&txt_id_desc_ud=431623&fromagenda=N] General Archive of the Indies, Council of the Indies, 339,L.1,F.286V-287R. Order to send men to the Philippines from Mexico, June 14, 1583</ref><ref name="Igawa">{{cite book|last1=Kenji|first1=Igawa|title=at the Crossroads: Limahon and Wako in Sixteenth-Century Philippines, in Elusive Pirates, Persavie Smugglers|date=2010|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888028115|editor1-last=Antony|editor1-first=Robert|location=Hong Kong|pages=78–82}}</ref> When the Spaniards reached the island of Luzon in 1571, they found [[Japanese people|Japanese]] colonies and settlements in Manila and in some parts of the Cagayan Valley, the Cordillera region, [[Lingayen, Pangasinan|Lingayen]], [[Bataan]], and [[Catanduanes Island]]. The relatively light complexion of the natives of [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] and [[Banaue]] is probably a result of the early contacts between the Japanese and other islanders from south of [[Japan]] and the natives of the Cordillera.<ref>Worcester, Dean C. (1906). "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon". The Philippine Journal of Science. National Science Development Board</ref>

Many Japanese and Okinawan settlers, who were loyal to the Japanese emperor, moved to Mindanao to assist American colonization on the island in the 1920s and they despised and looked down upon the Muslim Moros who they did not interact with.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaneshiro  |first=Edith Mitsuko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg1NAQAAMAAJ&q=%22a+large+muslim+population+existed+in+davao%22&dq=%22a+large+muslim+population+existed+in+davao%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHppOv7MH5AhVPYPEDHS3bBm0Q6AF6BAgCEAI |title="Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941 |date=1999 |publisher=   University of California, Berkeley |isbn= |location= |page=198 |quote=And similar to many Southeast Asian countries , a large Muslim population existed in Davao . According to Najeeb Saleeby , Islam had spread to Mindanao from Southeast Asia , primarily through Malay and 51 Chiyo Nakama , Oral History ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nakasone |first=Ronald Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgDEAI |title=Okinawan Diaspora |date=2002 |publisher=          University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824844149 |location= |page=81 |quote=In many ways, Okinawan immigrants had successfully transplanted and adapted Okinawan village life to Davao ... “It was the Okinawans who tended to live most intimately with their neighbors, especially in the areas of Bagobo settlement” ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgLEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgLEAI |title=Studies in Pacific History: Economics, Politics, and Migration |date=2018 |publisher=           Routledge |isbn=1351742485 |editor1-last=Flynn |editor1-first=Dennis O. |series=Routledge Revivals |location= |page= |quote=The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the experiences of Okinawan immigrants beyond Hawaii and South America; it examines the migration and settlement patterns of Okinawan immigrants in southern California and in Davao, Mindanao, ... |author-link= |editor2-last=Giráldez |editor2-first=Arturo |editor3-last=Sobredo |editor3-first=James}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgIEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=George H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgJEAI |title=              Okinawa: The History of an Island People |date=2011 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing           |others=Contributor Mitsugu Sakihara |isbn=1462901840 |edition=revised |location= |page= |quote=To the layman's eye many current folkways suggest affiliations with other areas and strong surviving links with prehistoric settlement. In well-defined areas of northern Okinawa (and on some of the smaller out-lying islands) the women ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgJEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Suzuki |first=Taku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgIEAI |title=Transnational Body: Racial Citizenship of Okinawan-Bolivians in Colonia Okinawa, Bolivia and in Yokohama, Japan |date=2003 |publisher=            University of Minnesota |isbn= |location= |page=65 |quote=Among Okinawan settlers in Bolivia were those returnees from the Micronesia Islands , the Philippines , and Manchuria ... growing Manila Cotton , the local people's lifestyles , deforestation of rich Mindanao Island , and so forth . |author-link=}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgEEAI  https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgHEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moldenke |first=Harold Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEg_AAAAYAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=The Known Geographic Distribution of the Members of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Symphoremaceae and Eriocaulaceae |date=1949 |publisher=By Author        |isbn= |location= |page=140 |quote=STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ( continued ) : Lantana Camara var . aculeata ( L. ) Moldenke Singapore ] Lantana Camara var . nivea ( Vent ... Eriocaulon Buergerianum Körn . [ Okinawa ] Eriocaulon cinereum R. Br . [ Ishigati & Okinawa ] Eriocaulon ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgCEAI |title=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 6 |date=1983 |publisher=           Kodansha |isbn=0870116207 |location= |page=184 |quote=The settlement began in 1904 with about 100 Okinawan laborers brought to Davao by a few American hemp and coconut growers , and by 1941 there were well over 20,000 Japanese in the vicinity of Davao . Through extraordinary hard work ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaneshiro |first=Edith Mitsuko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg1NAQAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgKEAI |title="Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941 |date=1999 |publisher=           University of California, Berkeley |isbn= |location= |page=185, 186, 198 |quote=Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941 Edith Mitsuko Kaneshiro ... Thinking like entrepreneurs , the two men extended their labor recruiting efforts to include Mindanao . 9 Unlike the northern islands ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |author=American Historical Collection |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLouAQAAIAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgGEAI |title=Bulletin, Volume 21 |date=1993 |publisher=American Association of the Philippines               |isbn= |location= |page=87 |quote=After the Second World War , the properties of the Japanese in Davao were expropriated by the Philippine government . ... This was the first example of Japanese settlement growth by purchase of a developed plantation .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Niksch |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO6yv2Nne1AC&pg=PP18&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgEEAI |title=Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-U. S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation |date=2010 |publisher=           DIANE Publishing |isbn=1437927203 |location= |page= |quote=end of 2005, four U.S. Marines, stationed on Okinawa, were charged formally with raping a Filipino woman while they were ... The cease-fire between the MILF and the Philippine government has held, and negotiations for a settlement are ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bO6yv2Nne1AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgFEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ohno |first=Shun |url=https://books.google.it/books?id=8P2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=it&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgDEAI |title=Japanese Diasporas: Unsung Pasts, Conflicting Presents and Uncertain Futures |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge               |isbn=1135987238 |editor-last=Adachi  |editor-first=Nobuko |edition=illustrated |volume=7 of Routledge Studies in Asia's Transformations |location= |page=92 |chapter=5 The Intermarried issei and mestizo nesei in the Philippines Reflections on the origin of Philippine Nikkeijin problems |quote=If we follow his view, pre-war Davao was also a plural society where indigenous non-Christian Filipinos, Christian Filipinos who migrated in from ... The living conditions of Okinawan settlers in Davao were much better than in Okinawa.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nakasone |first=Ronald Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgLEAI |title=           Okinawan Diaspora |date=2002 |publisher=        University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824844149 |location= |page=174 |quote=Hayase ShinzC 1984a Tribes on the Davao frontier, 1899–1941. Philippine Studies 33, 139–150. 1984b Tribes, settlers, and administrators on a frontier: Economic development and social change in Davao, southeastern Mindanao, ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dusinberre |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyE6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT275&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgJEAI |title=              Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge               |isbn=1317599039 |editor1-last=Saaler |editor1-first=Sven  |edition=illustrated |location= |page= |chapter=8 Overseas migration, 1868-1945 |quote=Between 1924 and 1938, more than 14,000 Okinawans crossed to the Philippines – the majority to Davao, ... Between these settlers from the Okinawan main island and Yaeyama residents, there existed a gulf not only in language but also. |editor2-last=Szpilman |editor2-first=Christopher W. A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miyauchi |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgFEAI |title= |date=2016 |publisher=        Springer |isbn=9811001324 |editor1-last=Ishihara |editor1-first=Masahide  |edition=illustrated |location= |page=38 |chapter=2Formation and Development of an Okinawan Global Network Using an Island Hub  |quote=Thus, after 33 people migrated to Argentina in 1948, more people began to migrate from Okinawa primarily to countries in ... Davao Okinawa Kenjinkai in 1916 in Table 2.1 Development of Okinawan kenjinkais overseas Year Country/ region. |editor2-first=Eiichi  |editor3-last=Fujita |editor3-first=Yoko |editor2-lastHoshino=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT255&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgIEAI |title=Studies in Pacific History: Economics, Politics, and Migration |date=2018 |publisher=   Routledge |isbn=1351742485 |editor1-last=Flynn |editor1-first=Dennis O. |series=Routledge Revivals |location= |page= |quote=Cody, Cecil E., “The Japanese Way of Life in Prewar Davao,” Philippine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1959), pp. 172–186. ... Ethnic Studies Oral History Project (1981), Uchinanchu: A history of Okinawans in Hawaii. Figal, Gerald, “Okinawa's ... |author-link= |editor2-last=Giráldez |editor2-first=Arturo |editor3-last=Sobredo |editor3-first=James}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |author=Davao Historical Society (Philippines) |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrJxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgKEAI |title=Proceedings and Position Papers of the Regional Conference on Local and National History, Terraza Milesa, Anda Street, Davao City, September 17-18, 1993: Theme, Davao in Relation to National History |date=1993 |publisher=Davao Historical Society   |isbn= |location= |page=17 |quote=The Japanese Davao Association the Japanese settlers to Davao was done at a slow pace in was the nerve center of ... in Japan and Okinawa better living conditions for all its members and families ; 2 ) areas least favored by nature .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matsuda |first=Hiroko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgGEAI |title=Liminality of the Japanese Empire: Border Crossings from Okinawa to Colonial Taiwan |date=2018 |publisher=   University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824877071 |edition=illustrated |series=Perspectives on the Global Past |location= |page=30 |quote=Kōzō's recruitment efforts, the number of Okinawan immigrants rapidly increased during the 1920s, from 1,260, approximately 22 percent of the total Japanese population, in 1920, to 4,447, more than a half of Davao's total Japanese ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Huck |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhdWtggBPasC&pg=PA218&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgEEAI |title=Travelling Goods, Travelling Moods: Varieties of Cultural Appropriation (1850-1950) |date=2012 |publisher=   Campus Verlag  |isbn=3593397625 |editor1-last=Huck |editor1-first=Christian |edition=illustrated |location= |page=218 |quote=This narrative of the creation of the hagotan reveals the immersion of the multinational settlers of Davao in a very American ... prefectures of Okinawa and Fukushima, were also quick to adjust to Davao's mechanized abaca industry, ... |editor2-last=Bauernschmidt |editor2-first=Stefan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Grant Kohn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QFBAAAAIAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgDEAI |title=Davao: a Case Study in Japanese-Philippine Relations |date=1967 |publisher=      Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas |isbn=0818801549 |edition=1 of Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas. International studies, East Asian series research publication, no. 1 |volume=1 di International studies / Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas: East Asian series research publication |location= |page=2 |quote= |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Appleman |first=Roy Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4p_TvgEACAAJ&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgCEAE |title=Titolo               Okinawa: the Last Battle, Volume 2,Parte 1 |date=1948 |publisher=                     Historical Division, Department of the Army |isbn= |volume=2, Part 1 of United States Army in World War II, United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History |location= |page= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matsuda |first=Hiroko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flvGDwAAQBAJ&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgGEAI |title=Liminality of the Japanese Empire: Border Crossings from Okinawa to Colonial Taiwan |date=2019series=Perspectives on the Global Past |publisher=University of Hawaii Press   |isbn=0824867572 |edition=reprint |location= |page= |quote=Through archival research and first-hand oral histories, Hiroko Matsuda uncovers the stories of common people’s move from Okinawa to colonial Taiwan and describes experiences of Okinawans who had made their careers in colonial Taiwan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heads |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRiAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgKEAI |title=Biogeography of Australasia: A Molecular Analysis |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press               |isbn= |edition=illustrated |page= |quote=A fascinating analysis of the main patterns of distribution and evolution of the Australasian biota. |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lukacs |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHAqDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Escape From Davao: The Forgotten Story of the Most Daring Prison Break of the Pacific War |date=2011 |publisher=      Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=0451234103 |location= |page= |quote=A product of years of in-depth research, John D. Lukacs's gripping description of the escape brings this remarkable tale to life. |author-link=}}</ref> The Okinawan settlers married local Lumad women.<ref>https://twitter.com/kmanlupigINQ/status/790778196966813696 https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/790778693614526464</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tiu |first=Macario D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgFEAI |title=Davao: Reconstructing History from Text and Memory |date=2005 |publisher=           Ateneo de Davao University, Research and Publication Office for the Mindanao Coalition of Development NGOs |isbn=9710392050 |location= |page=120 |quote=Davao , but some of them remained and intermarried with local women . Their descendants have largely blended with the local population . With the influx of American settlers who claimed the traditional lands of the natives , unrest ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgCEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F8kAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA118&dq=syrians+manila+japanese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4hNisxtL5AhUzD1kFHfdDDA4Q6AF6BAgIEAI |title=Trade Promotion Series, Issues 43-52 |date=1926 |publisher=        Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |others=Contributor   United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |isbn= |location= |page=118 |quote=... and a considerable number of Japanese dry - goods stores have also been established , chiefly in Manila . Unlike the Chinese , the Japanese seldom intermarry with the Filipinos . HINDUS , SYRIANS , AND TURKS The Hindus are for the ...}}</ref> The Japanese tortured and killed Lebanese and Syrians as well as raping Russian, Italians and Spanish women in the Bayview hotel of Manila.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Irene  |first=Patricia |date=January 2018 |title=ABACA: The socio-economic and cultural transformation of frontier Davao, 1898-1941 |type=This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Murdoch University |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39877/1/Dacudao2018.pdf |page=1-396 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarence-Smith |first1=William Gervase |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |title=Middle Eastern Migrants in the Philippines: Entrepreneurs and Cultural Brokers |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23654532 |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=  425–57 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marr1 |first1=Timothy  |last2= |first2= |date= |title=DIASPORIC INTELLIGENCES IN THE AMERICAN PHILIPPINE EMPIRE: THE TRANSNATIONAL CAREER OF DR. NAJEEB MITRY SALEEBY |url=https://lebanesestudies.ojs.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/mashriq/article/view/27/490 |journal=Mashriq & Mahjar |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages= |doi= |issn=2169-435 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gruhl |first=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&dq=syrians+russians+manila+killed&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieuIfFxdL5AhUCNVkFHfOXAU4Q6AF6BAgJEAI |title=Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931-1945 |date=2017 |publisher=        Routledge |isbn=1351513249 |location= |page= |quote=Peoples from other nations caught in the tragedy, such as Syrians and Russians, were shot. Men were often murdered before the eyes of surviving family members. A wounded Filipino mother sitting on a curb tried to nurse her baby, ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Min |first=Pyong Gap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5QdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&dq=barview+hotel+italian+raped&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7wMjWxdL5AhWuElkFHa7jDDsQ6AF6BAgFEAI |title=   Korean "Comfort Women": Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement |date=2021 |publisher=   Rutgers University Press |isbn=1978814984 |series=Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights |location= |page= |quote=... Russian, and Italian nationalities in the Bayview Hotel, where they were repeatedly raped (Hayashi 2015, 90). Australian nurses were also taken prisoner in Sumatra to be “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers (Tanaka 1998, 88–92). |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gruenzner |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IzfAAAAMAAJ&q=syrians+japanese+manila+interrogated&dq=syrians+japanese+manila+interrogated&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhx4DwxtL5AhWOM1kFHfGABOIQ6AF6BAgDEAI |title=Postal History of American POWs: World War II, Korea, Vietnam |date=1979 |publisher=        American Philatelic Society |isbn=0933580002 |edition=illustrated |series=APS handbook series |location= |page=61 |quote=After the fall of Manila , the Japanese Military Police used it as an interrogation center . Its facilities could contain approximately one hundred prisoners at a time . Americans , British , Filipinos , Chinese , Spanish , Syrians ...}}</ref>[[File:Japanese Red Seal Ship Shuinsen 1634.png|thumb|[[Red seal ships|Red-seal ships]] transported Japanese merchants]]
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Revision as of 05:55, 23 February 2024

Japanese Filipino, Japanese people in the Philippines
日系 / 日系人 / 日系フィリピン人
にっけい / にっけいじん
Hapon / Hapones / Haponesa
Pilipinong Hapones
Nikkei / Nikkeijin / Japino / Japinoy
daimyō who migrated to the Philippines together with 300 Kirishitan refugees in 1614 as one of the many waves of Japanese immigration to the Philippines during the Christian persecution throughout 1600's in Japan under Tokugawa shogunate. Their descendance diluted to the local populations without records of number.
Total population
Japanese nationals
16,894 (Oct. 2019)[1]
People of Japanese descent
120,000[2][3][4][5] (2006)
Regions with significant populations
Metro Manila, Davao, the Visayas, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Baguio, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Zambales
Languages
Japanese, Filipino, other Philippine languages, English
Religion
Christianity,[6] Shinto, Buddhism.
Related ethnic groups
Japanese people, foreign-born Japanese, Japanese diaspora

Japanese settlement in the Philippines or Japanese Filipino, refers to one of the largest branches of Japanese diaspora having historical contact with and having established themselves in what is now the Philippines. This also refers to Filipino citizens of either pure or mixed Japanese descent currently residing in the country, the latter a result of intermarriages between the Japanese and local populations.[7]

History

Classical period

Settlements

After the establishment of a single state within

Catanduanes Island. The relatively light complexion of the natives of Bontoc and Banaue is probably a result of the early contacts between the Japanese and other islanders from south of Japan and the natives of the Cordillera.[15]

Many Japanese and Okinawan settlers, who were loyal to the Japanese emperor, moved to Mindanao to assist American colonization on the island in the 1920s and they despised and looked down upon the Muslim Moros who they did not interact with.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] The Okinawan settlers married local Lumad women.[44][45][46][47] The Japanese tortured and killed Lebanese and Syrians as well as raping Russian, Italians and Spanish women in the Bayview hotel of Manila.[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Red-seal ships transported Japanese merchants
Red seal ship
, transporting Japanese merchants

Pottery trade

See also:
Rusun jar, Shimamono, and Luzon Sukezaemon
Traditional tapayan jar, used as a lawn ornament, water jar, or for bread baking, from the Philippines
Painted Tea-leaf jar, used as a tea canister, with wisteria designs by Nonomura Ninsei, Edo period Japan

Precolonial Philippines had a rich pottery tradition as verified by the finds at Ayub Cave in South Cotabato and other parts of the archipelago. Japanese texts mention trading expeditions to the island of Rusun (

Uji in Kyoto from the Philippines which was used in the Japanese tea ceremony.[55][56][57][58]

The Spanish historian Antonio de Morga in his Sucesos de la Islas Filipinas (1609) described Rusun jars as thus:[59]

In this island of

Ylocos the natives have ancient earthenware jars (tibores) which are brown in color and not especially attractive to look at. Some of these are medium-sized, others smaller, and they have certain marks and stamps on them but no one knows how to explain these, nor knows whence they came nor when, for they are no longer imported or made here. The Japanese seek them and think highly of them, for they have discovered that the root [sic] of a certain plant called cha (tea), which the kings and lords of Japan drink hot, both as a refreshment and medicine, can best be kept and preserved in these jars. Hence throughout Japan these jars are regarded highly as being the most precious jewels of their inner rooms and chambers, and the Japanese adorn them on the outside with fine, elegantly wrought gold and keep them in brocade cases. One of them is worth a great sum there, for some jars are valued at, and sold for, two thousand taels at the rate of eleven reales
per tael. It makes no difference whether they be cracked or chipped, for that does not prevent them from holding cha. The natives of these islands sell them to the Japanese for the best possible price and they are diligent in seeking them out for the sake of the profit to be made. However, few are to be found these days because of the zeal with which they have been sought up to the present.

Rusun jars were part of what is collectively known as Mishima ("three islands") ware. With the other two islands being indigenous Taiwan and the unidentified "Amakawa".[58]

Many of the important pottery traditions that spread into the Oceania region had their counterparts in the Philippines including the well-known Lapita culture. This quote from American anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim illustrates the matter:

I hypothesize that the Sa-huynh Kalanay and Lapita pottery traditions had a common origin somewhere in the Palawan-Sarawak-Sulu Sea-Sulawesi area and that it was at this point in time and space that a second and main stage in the spread of the Austronesian languages began.[55][8]

The finds at Ayub Cave in South Cotabato confirmed the great pottery tradition of the Philippines. In the Tokiko it mentions that all Rusun jars had this marking known as the rokuru (wheel mark). Those familiar with Philippine ethnography will know that this spiral is commonly used by many of the Philippine tribes. The following symbols were used to identify which kiln was used to make the jar: identified "Imbe" jars, meant jars coming from Bizen kiln, and mark three times meant a canister from the same oven. A jar with this mark is said to be made of Namban clay. This marking corresponds to the syllable la in Pampanga; Tagbanua for ka ("Chinese Pottery", Field Museum of Natural History-Anth., vol.xii, Jul.1912) Of course, the symbol for la can also be the same as that for lu, and so this might correspond to the symbol said to stand for Lu in Rusun-no kokuji (Luzon national writing). According to the Tokiko, certain types of Rusun jars were distinguished by this character. De Morga mentions that Japanese traders were still coming in large numbers for these jars during his time, and that they were willing to spend great sums for them. Apparently work on these jars continued in the North, possibly among the unconquered

archaeologists from the Sumitomo Foundation-funded Boljoon Archaeological Project conducted by the University of San Carlos with the National Museum of the Philippines, discovered ancient Japanese pottery that has been to believed to been in existence since the early 1700s. The ancient Japanese pottery that was discovered there, has proven that there was activity of trading activity between Japan and Cebu Island Philippines going back to the 16th century.[60]

Fishing technologies

A native Filipina with Chinese, American / European and Japanese settlers in the Philippines, (1900)

The Filipinos were skilled in all types of fishing and fisheries. In the south, the basnig, a Viking-like ship, was and is the vessel of choice among the Bisayans for ocean fishing. The salambao is a type of raft that utilizes a large fishing net which is lowered into the water via a type of lever made of two criss-crossed poles. Night fishing was accomplished with the help of candles similar to the copal of Mexico. These candles were made from a particular type of resin. Fish corrals, like the ones still used today, were also employed by the ancient Filipino. However, the area in which the Filipino most astonished Westerners was in their advanced aquaculture:

To the early Spaniards, the pisciculture of the Filipinos was regarded almost as a new art, so much more advanced it was than fish breeding methods in Europe.[61]

Many have looked to Japan for an explanation for these advanced methods. The roe was transplanted to safe pens for incubation and to guard the small fry from predators. Only when sufficiently mature to fend for themselves were they released back into the wild. These days this method is practiced by fisheries throughout the world. Before the Spanish came, the Filipinos also only used large mesh nets when fishing in rivers, lakes or in the sea. This ecologically sound practice protected the young ensuring future good catches. However, the competition brought by the Spaniards resulted in the use of such small mesh nets that the Spanish themselves eventually had to regulate the nets to prevent the destruction of the fisheries. Other Pre-Spanish Filipino industries included the manufacture of liquors and vinegars like tuba, basi, etc., the production of hides for export to Japan, export of edible bird's nests from Northern Palawan to China, the raising and trade of civet cats, the manufacture of gunpowder, the making of wax for export to China, and the making of cotton stockings for export.[citation needed]

Japanese Filipina woman (left) wearing terno gowns (1920)

Spanish era

The Japanese population in the Philippines has since included descendants of

Ukon Takayama, who was exiled to the Philippines in 1614 because he refused to disavow his Christian beliefs, stands a patch of land across the road from the Post Office building in the Paco, Manila. In the 17th century, the Spaniards referred to the Paco Area as the 'Yellow Plaza' because of the more than 3,000 Japanese who resided there.[6][62] In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.[63]
pp. 52–3

Many of the Japanese men intermarried with

Dilao, Paco, and Ilocos Norte Province. This hybrid group tend to be re-assimilated either into the Filipino or the Japanese communities, and thus no accurate denominations could be established, though their estimates range from 100,000 to 200,000. Many were killed or expelled after World War II because of their alleged collaboration with the Japanese Imperial Army (mostly as translator). Many Japanese mestizos tended to deny their Japanese heritage and changed their family names in order to avoid discrimination.[citation needed
]

Little Tokyo in Davao City, Philippines (1936), Japanese school in Davao City (1939), where reportedly more than half of the students were mixed.[64]

American period and the Post-WWII era

WW2
Ohta Kyozaburo Historical Marker
Japanese Filipinos hard at work in an office, Manila, Philippines (1930s)
Japanese Filipinos relaxing in a dormitory, Manila, Philippines (1930s)
Japanese Filipinos playing baseball in Pre-War Manila, Philippines (October 1933)
Japanese Filipino ("Hojins" 「在留邦人」) WW2 collaborators meeting at the Japanese School in Manila (1942)
Imperial Japanese Army captures Manila on bicycle (1942)
Imperial Japanese Army captures Manila on motorcycle (1942)
Japanese immigration to pre-war Philippines (1920-1930s)
Japanese soldiers in Leyte, Philippines (1945)

During the

Chinese for the first time in Philippine history. They were very evident in Manila, and Davao where it was said to practically be a Japanese colony.[65] During this period, Japanese laborers were also brought in to build the Benguet Road (Kennon Road) to Baguio, but eventually after the project, many moved to work in abaca plantations in Davao, where Davao soon became dubbed as Davaokuo (in Philippine and American media) or (in Japanese: 小日本國「こにっぽんこく」, romanized: Ko Nippon Koku, lit. 'Little Japan'[citation needed]) with a Japanese school, a Shinto shrine and a diplomatic mission from Japan. The place that used to be "Little Tokyo" in Davao was around the areas of Mintal, Calinan, Tugbok.[66][67] Prominent scholars and historian like Lydia Yu-Jose and Macario Tiu wrote extensively on the lively presence of Japanese migrants in pre-war Davao due to its noticeably thriving local economy predicated by a huge concentration of rubber, copra, and hemp plantations. Unsurprisingly so, when World War II broke out, it was reported that there were more than 21,000 Japanese residents in the Philippines with about 18,000 or more in Davao,[68] though after the outbreak of war, the Japanese population in Davao dropped slightly.[69] There is even a popular restaurant called "The Japanese Tunnel", which includes an actual tunnel built by the Japanese during World War II.[70]

Tokyo Bazaar, Manila, Philippines (1941)
Miyako Hotel & Tokyo Bazaar, Manila, Philippines (1941)
Kobe Bazaar in the G. Kobayashi Building, Manila, Philippines (1940)
Nippon Bazaar, Manila, Philippines (1941)
Nippon Bazaar & Yap Anton & Co., Inc., Cebu, Philippines (1930-40s)
Taisho Bazaar in the YMCA Building, Cebu, Philippines (1930-40s)
Osaka Bazaar in Manila, Philippines (1934)
Osaka Bazaar in Davao, Philippines (1936)

Davao in Mindanao had a large population of Japanese immigrants who acted as a fifth column, welcoming the Japanese invaders during World War II. These Japanese were disliked by the Chinese and hated by the Moros.[71] The Moros were judged as "fully capable of dealing with Japanese fifth columnists and invaders alike."[72] The Moros were to fight the Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao on Mindanao.[73][74][75][76][77][78] The Japanese went back to their ships at night to sleep since the Moros struck so much fear into them, even though the Moros were outnumbered by the Japanese.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85] For fear of discrimination, some fled to the mountains after World War II while many others changed their names in the attempts to assimilate. Many were also killed (c. 10,000 Japanese Mestizos and Japanese) while others were deported as an act of retaliation. Their Japanese identity may take on extremes, some have completely lost their Japanese identity while others have "returned" to Japan, the homeland of their forebears. There is also a number of contemporary Japanese-mestizos, not associated with the history of the earlier established ones, born either in the Philippines or Japan. These latter are the resultant of unions between Filipinos and recent Japanese immigrants to the Philippines or Japanese and immigrant Filipino workers in Japan. Most Japanese mestizos speak Tagalog and/or other Philippine languages. They may also be known as Japinos, although this term is considered derogatory by many. There are believed to be between 100,000 and 200,000 Japanese-mestizos in the country, but no accurate figure is currently available. Thousands of war-displaced ethnic Japanese still live in the country and are denied recognition as Japanese nationals in order to return to Japan.

Modern times

Skyway Stage 3 Extension
in 2017)

The recent Japanese Filipinos are descendants of 1980s and 1990s Japanese settlers usually businesspeople, most of whom are men, and (mostly female) locals. Many are children of thousands of

overseas Filipino workers, who went to Japan mostly as entertainers. They are in the Philippines also to learn English. As the Filipina mothers return to the Philippines, most take their children along with them.[86] A significant number in the U.S. today are the product of Filipino- and Japanese American intermarriages, mostly in California, Hawaii
, or other U.S. states, or other U.S. territories in the Pacific, while others are Filipinos of Japanese ancestry who have migrated to the United States.

Several foundations today such as the Federation of Nikkeijin Kai Philippines & Manila Nikkeijin Kai exist throughout the country through the efforts of prosperous Japanese descendants and expatriates to assist Filipinos of Japanese ancestry to travel in Japan to trace their roots and visit relatives, and also charity purposes such as offering Long Term Resident visa and educational scholarships to out of school Japanese Filipino children. Similar organizations exist in the Philippines to commemorate and signify the historical settlement of Japanese Filipinos in the region. The Philippines also has the highest number of Japanese in the country than any other Southeast Asian country.

Japanese citizenship

The Supreme Court of Japan on June 4, 2008, ruled against a law that denied citizenship to children born out of wedlock to Japanese fathers and foreign mothers. It upheld the 2003 and 2005 separate suits (of 10 Japanese-Filipino children for Japanese citizenship), filed by Filipino mothers who proved the fathers of their children were Japanese. It affirmed the Tokyo District Court judgment that "the marital status of the parents had no bearing on nationality, and that denying the children citizenship violated constitutional guarantees of equality for all."[87] Mel Nuqui, executive director of the Development Action for Women Network (DAWN), stated that the "30-year migration of Filipino entertainers to Japan produced 100,000 Japanese-Filipino children,"[88] but very few children were legally acknowledged by their Japanese fathers. DAWN assists Filipino entertainers and Japanese-Filipinos, by helping Japanese-Filipinos locate their fathers in Japan. In 2007, it called for registration of Japanese-Filipinos, and 1,313 Japanese-Filipinos in the Philippines registered (August to October in 2007). However, only 60 of the 1,313 children had been registered in Japan, and of 2,800 children (born out of wedlock from foreign mothers who reside in Japan), 2,000 had Japanese fathers.[88]

Education

Notable people

Gallery

  • Osaka Bazaar in Manila, Philippines (1934)
    Osaka Bazaar in Manila, Philippines (1934)
  • Shoppers crowd Osaka Bazar during a Christmas Sale in Manila (October 1934)
    Shoppers crowd Osaka Bazar during a Christmas Sale in Manila (October 1934)
  • Osaka Bazar Storefront, Manila, Philippines (October 1934)
    Osaka Bazar Storefront, Manila, Philippines (October 1934)
  • Sundry vendors near Osaka Bazar, Manila, Philippines (May 1934)
    Sundry vendors near Osaka Bazar, Manila, Philippines (May 1934)
  • Seiei Matsui & Employees of Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar) disembark in either Manila or Davao in the Philippines (May 1934). Matsui, the general manager, is second from front.
    Seiei Matsui & Employees of Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar) disembark in either Manila or Davao in the Philippines (May 1934). Matsui, the general manager, is second from front.
  • Japanese Filipino wholesale office workers in Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar), Manila, Philippines (1930s)
    Japanese Filipino wholesale office workers in Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar), Manila, Philippines (1930s)
  • Japanese Filipino employees in a dorm under Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar), Manila, Philippines (1930s)
    Japanese Filipino employees in a dorm under Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar), Manila, Philippines (1930s)
  • Japanese Filipino employees of Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar) play baseball in Pre-War Manila, Philippines (October 1933)
    Japanese Filipino employees of Osaka Boeki Kaisha (Osaka Bazar) play baseball in Pre-War Manila, Philippines (October 1933)

See also

References

  1. ^ Japan-Philippines relations : Basic Data, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan.
  2. ^ "Filipino Amerasians dadagsa; pati Japinos, Kopinos, Chipinos". Pilipino Star Ngayon.
  3. ^ "Japanese Filipinos - Ethnic Groups of the Philippines". ethnicgroupsphilippines. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013.
  4. ^ Agnote, Dario (October 11, 2017). "A glimmer of hope for castoffs". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  5. ISBN 978-1-135-98723-7
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 9780429678257
    .
  7. ^ The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan | Philippine Almanac Archived July 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c "Philippines". Archived from the original on March 16, 2012.
  9. ^ Cortes, Rosario Mendoza (1991). A History of Pangasinan, 1572–1800. New Day.
  10. ^ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 29, bunch 3, number 62. Letter from Juan Bautista Román to the Viceroy of México, June 25, 1582
  11. ^ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 60. Letter from the Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of México, July 20, 1583
  12. ^ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 74, bunch 1, number 24. Letter from Bishop of the Philippines to the King of Spain, January 18, 1583
  13. ^ [1] General Archive of the Indies, Council of the Indies, 339,L.1,F.286V-287R. Order to send men to the Philippines from Mexico, June 14, 1583
  14. ISBN 9789888028115
    .
  15. ^ Worcester, Dean C. (1906). "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon". The Philippine Journal of Science. National Science Development Board
  16. ^ Kaneshiro, Edith Mitsuko (1999). "Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941. University of California, Berkeley. p. 198. And similar to many Southeast Asian countries , a large Muslim population existed in Davao . According to Najeeb Saleeby , Islam had spread to Mindanao from Southeast Asia , primarily through Malay and 51 Chiyo Nakama , Oral History ...
  17. ISBN 0824844149
    . In many ways, Okinawan immigrants had successfully transplanted and adapted Okinawan village life to Davao ... "It was the Okinawans who tended to live most intimately with their neighbors, especially in the areas of Bagobo settlement" ...
  18. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgLEAI
  19. ISBN 1351742485
    . The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the experiences of Okinawan immigrants beyond Hawaii and South America; it examines the migration and settlement patterns of Okinawan immigrants in southern California and in Davao, Mindanao, ...
  20. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgIEAI
  21. ISBN 1462901840
    . To the layman's eye many current folkways suggest affiliations with other areas and strong surviving links with prehistoric settlement. In well-defined areas of northern Okinawa (and on some of the smaller out-lying islands) the women ...
  22. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgJEAI
  23. ^ Suzuki, Taku (2003). Transnational Body: Racial Citizenship of Okinawan-Bolivians in Colonia Okinawa, Bolivia and in Yokohama, Japan. University of Minnesota. p. 65. Among Okinawan settlers in Bolivia were those returnees from the Micronesia Islands , the Philippines , and Manchuria ... growing Manila Cotton , the local people's lifestyles , deforestation of rich Mindanao Island , and so forth .
  24. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgEEAI  https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgHEAI
  25. ^ Moldenke, Harold Norman (1949). The Known Geographic Distribution of the Members of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Symphoremaceae and Eriocaulaceae. By Author. p. 140. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ( continued ) : Lantana Camara var . aculeata ( L. ) Moldenke Singapore ] Lantana Camara var . nivea ( Vent ... Eriocaulon Buergerianum Körn . [ Okinawa ] Eriocaulon cinereum R. Br . [ Ishigati & Okinawa ] Eriocaulon ...
  26. ISBN 0870116207
    . The settlement began in 1904 with about 100 Okinawan laborers brought to Davao by a few American hemp and coconut growers , and by 1941 there were well over 20,000 Japanese in the vicinity of Davao . Through extraordinary hard work ...
  27. ^ Kaneshiro, Edith Mitsuko (1999). "Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941. University of California, Berkeley. p. 185, 186, 198. Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941 Edith Mitsuko Kaneshiro ... Thinking like entrepreneurs , the two men extended their labor recruiting efforts to include Mindanao . 9 Unlike the northern islands ...
  28. ^ American Historical Collection (1993). Bulletin, Volume 21. American Association of the Philippines. p. 87. After the Second World War , the properties of the Japanese in Davao were expropriated by the Philippine government . ... This was the first example of Japanese settlement growth by purchase of a developed plantation .
  29. ISBN 1437927203
    . end of 2005, four U.S. Marines, stationed on Okinawa, were charged formally with raping a Filipino woman while they were ... The cease-fire between the MILF and the Philippine government has held, and negotiations for a settlement are ...
  30. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=bO6yv2Nne1AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgFEAI
  31. ISBN 1135987238
    . If we follow his view, pre-war Davao was also a plural society where indigenous non-Christian Filipinos, Christian Filipinos who migrated in from ... The living conditions of Okinawan settlers in Davao were much better than in Okinawa.
  32. ISBN 0824844149
    . Hayase ShinzC 1984a Tribes on the Davao frontier, 1899–1941. Philippine Studies 33, 139–150. 1984b Tribes, settlers, and administrators on a frontier: Economic development and social change in Davao, southeastern Mindanao, ...
  33. ISBN 1317599039
    . Between 1924 and 1938, more than 14,000 Okinawans crossed to the Philippines – the majority to Davao, ... Between these settlers from the Okinawan main island and Yaeyama residents, there existed a gulf not only in language but also.
  34. ISBN 9811001324 https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgFEAI. Thus, after 33 people migrated to Argentina in 1948, more people began to migrate from Okinawa primarily to countries in ... Davao Okinawa Kenjinkai in 1916 in Table 2.1 Development of Okinawan kenjinkais overseas Year Country/ region. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= missing |editor2-last= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |editor2-lastHoshino= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help
    )
  35. ISBN 1351742485
    . Cody, Cecil E., "The Japanese Way of Life in Prewar Davao," Philippine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1959), pp. 172–186. ... Ethnic Studies Oral History Project (1981), Uchinanchu: A history of Okinawans in Hawaii. Figal, Gerald, "Okinawa's ...
  36. ^ Davao Historical Society (Philippines) (1993). Proceedings and Position Papers of the Regional Conference on Local and National History, Terraza Milesa, Anda Street, Davao City, September 17-18, 1993: Theme, Davao in Relation to National History. Davao Historical Society. p. 17. The Japanese Davao Association the Japanese settlers to Davao was done at a slow pace in was the nerve center of ... in Japan and Okinawa better living conditions for all its members and families ; 2 ) areas least favored by nature .
  37. ISBN 0824877071
    . Kōzō's recruitment efforts, the number of Okinawan immigrants rapidly increased during the 1920s, from 1,260, approximately 22 percent of the total Japanese population, in 1920, to 4,447, more than a half of Davao's total Japanese ...
  38. ISBN 3593397625
    . This narrative of the creation of the hagotan reveals the immersion of the multinational settlers of Davao in a very American ... prefectures of Okinawa and Fukushima, were also quick to adjust to Davao's mechanized abaca industry, ...
  39. ISBN 0818801549
    .
  40. ^ Appleman, Roy Edgar (1948). Titolo               Okinawa: the Last Battle, Volume 2,Parte 1. Vol. 2, Part 1 of United States Army in World War II, United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History. Historical Division, Department of the Army. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 8 (help)
  41. ISBN 0824867572. Through archival research and first-hand oral histories, Hiroko Matsuda uncovers the stories of common people's move from Okinawa to colonial Taiwan and describes experiences of Okinawans who had made their careers in colonial Taiwan. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  42. ^ Heads, Michael (2014). Biogeography of Australasia: A Molecular Analysis (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. A fascinating analysis of the main patterns of distribution and evolution of the Australasian biota.
  43. ISBN 0451234103
    . A product of years of in-depth research, John D. Lukacs's gripping description of the escape brings this remarkable tale to life.
  44. ^ https://twitter.com/kmanlupigINQ/status/790778196966813696 https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/790778693614526464
  45. ISBN 9710392050
    . Davao , but some of them remained and intermarried with local women . Their descendants have largely blended with the local population . With the influx of American settlers who claimed the traditional lands of the natives , unrest ...
  46. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgCEAI
  47. ^ Trade Promotion Series, Issues 43-52. Contributor   United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1926. p. 118. ... and a considerable number of Japanese dry - goods stores have also been established , chiefly in Manila . Unlike the Chinese , the Japanese seldom intermarry with the Filipinos . HINDUS , SYRIANS , AND TURKS The Hindus are for the ... {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |others= at position 13 (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. ^ Irene, Patricia (January 2018). ABACA: The socio-economic and cultural transformation of frontier Davao, 1898-1941 (PDF) (This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Murdoch University). p. 1-396.
  49. ^ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2004). "Middle Eastern Migrants in the Philippines: Entrepreneurs and Cultural Brokers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 32 (3): 425–57.
  50. ISSN 2169-435. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  51. ISBN 1351513249
    . Peoples from other nations caught in the tragedy, such as Syrians and Russians, were shot. Men were often murdered before the eyes of surviving family members. A wounded Filipino mother sitting on a curb tried to nurse her baby, ...
  52. ISBN 1978814984
    . ... Russian, and Italian nationalities in the Bayview Hotel, where they were repeatedly raped (Hayashi 2015, 90). Australian nurses were also taken prisoner in Sumatra to be "comfort women" for Japanese soldiers (Tanaka 1998, 88–92).
  53. ISBN 0933580002
    . After the fall of Manila , the Japanese Military Police used it as an interrogation center . Its facilities could contain approximately one hundred prisoners at a time . Americans , British , Filipinos , Chinese , Spanish , Syrians ...
  54. ^ Inumaru, Tadashi; Yoshida, Mitsukuni, eds. (1992). The Traditional Crafts of Japan. Volume 3: Ceramics. Diamond, Inc. p. 7.
  55. ^ a b "Cerramic Artist". hadrianmendozapottery.
  56. ISBN 9789718822012
    .
  57. ^ Ocampo -, Ambeth R. (October 18, 2017). "Luzon jars in Japanese tea ceremony". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  58. ^ a b Cole, Fay-Cooper (1912). "Chinese Pottery in the Philippines" (PDF). Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series. 12 (1).
  59. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (September 6, 2012). "The Mysterious Luzon Jars". Ingquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  60. ^ Candeze R. Mongaya (May 30, 2011). "Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town". inquirer.net. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  61. ^ Jurado, Antonio María Regidor y; Mason, Joseph Warren Teets (1905). Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands. Dunn & Chidgey. p. 9.
  62. ^ "Japanese Christian". Philippines: Google map of Paco district of Manila, Philippines. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  63. ISBN 9780826460745
    – via Google Books.
  64. ^ Kawai, Hiroyuki (June 2005). A study on the ideal policy for improving the legal and social status of Japanese in the Philippines (PDF). Tokyo Foundation Research Report.
  65. ISBN 971-1024-15-2
    .
  66. ^ Villalon, Augusto F. (February 13, 2017). "'Little Tokyo' in Davao". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  67. ^ BARRIGA, MARIA CYNTHIA B. (2015). "The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941" (PDF). Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 2015. 30 (1): 56–90.
  68. ^ "Davao of the Past: A Reexamination from the South (Part I)". September 12, 2017.
  69. JSTOR 42634299
    .
  70. ^ "A Little Tokyo Rooted in the Philippines". Philippines: Pacific Citizen. April 2007. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  71. ^ Curtis, Herbert (January 13, 1942). "Japanese Infiltration into Mindanao". The Vancouver Sun. p. 4.
  72. ^ "80 Japanese Troop Ships Are Sighted Off Luzon" 1941, p. 7.
  73. ^ AP 1941, p. 1.
  74. ^ "SITUATION AT DAVAO OBSCURE AS JAPS LAND" 1941, p. 2.
  75. ^ "THE JAPS SWARM AT DAVAO BUT THE SITUATION OBSCURE" 1941, p. 3.
  76. ^ "Six Japanese Bombers In New Raid On Manila" 1941, p. 13.
  77. ^ THE NEW YORK TIMES 1941, p. 1.
  78. ^ "Large Force Is Attacking" 1941, p. 58.
  79. ^ LEE 1942, p. 8.
  80. ^ LEE 1942, p. 1.
  81. ^ LEE 1942, p. 7.
  82. ^ LEE 1942, p. 9.
  83. ^ Lee 1942, p. 2.
  84. ^ Lee 1942, p. 25.
  85. ^ Lee 1942, p. 4.
  86. ^ "Japanese-Filipino kids await fate, Top court to rule on nationality law tied to paternal recognition". Japan Times. Japan. June 4, 2008.
  87. ^ children GMA NEWS.TV, Japan high court rules in favor of 'Japanese-Filipino' children
  88. ^ a b Isagani de Castro Jr. (June 5, 2008). "(Update) Thousands of 'Japinos' seen to benefit from Japan high court ruling". ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  89. ^ "アジアの補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Retrieved on February 13, 2015.
  90. ^ Battad, Do (August 18, 2012). "Make It Davao: Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku".
  91. ^ Corp, ABS-CBN. "IN PHOTOS: Meet the handsome brothers of Konichi-Wonder Vlogger ng Japan Fumiya Sankai!". entertainment.abs-cbn.com. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  92. ^ "Aiko Melendez Confirms Misunderstanding with Son Andrei". Philnews.ph. May 25, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1209708714"