Hiligaynon people
Total population | |
---|---|
8,608,191 (2020)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Philippines (Western Visayas, Negros Oriental, southern Mindoro, Romblon, Palawan, Masbate, Soccsksargen) United States Austronesian peoples |
The Hiligaynon people (
Etymology of Hiligaynon and Ilonggo
The
The term "Ilonggo" is derived from "Ilong-ilong", the old name for Iloilo City, Panay.[5][4] “Ilonggo” is considered to define a specific group of people whose ethnic origins are in the provinces of Iloilo, Guimaras, and Panay, while "Hiligaynon" defines the language and culture of the Ilonggo people.[5] Thus, both terms are interchangeable in referring to the culture of the people or the people themselves.
Demographics
According to a 2010 census, 8.44% of the national population is Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, compared to 24.44% Tagalog (the majority group). This makes the Hiligaynon the fourth most populous ethnic group in the nation behind the Tagalog (24.44%), the Cebuano (9.91%), the Ilocano (8.77%),[6] Two provinces have populations above one million since a 1990 census: Iloilo (1,608,083) and Negros Occidental (1,821,206), comprising 97.6% and 80.7%, respectively, with urban centers taken into account.[7][a]
Province | Hiligaynon Population | Total Population | Percentage of Hiligaynon (%)[b] |
---|---|---|---|
Abra | 96 | 184,743 | 0.1 |
Agusan del Norte | 3,309 | 642,196 | 0.2 |
Agusan del Sur | 26,960 | 656,418 | 6.4 |
Aklan | 55,182 | 574,823 | 9.6 |
Albay | 242 | 1,233,432 | 0 |
Antique | 70,423 | 582,012 | 12.1 |
Apayao | 3 | 121,636 | 0 |
Aurora | 188 | 201,233 | 0.1 |
Basilan | 1,748 | 391,179 | 0.7 |
Bataan | 2,959 | 687,482 | 0.7 |
Batanes | 2 | 16,604 | 0 |
Batangas | 2,144 | 2,377,395 | 0.1 |
Benguet | 460 | 722,620 | 0.1 |
Biliran | ? | 161,760 | ? |
Bohol | 107 | 1,255,128 | 0 |
Bukidnon | 181,148 | 1,415,226 | 12.8 |
Bulacan | 4,635 | 3,124,433 | 0.3 |
Cagayan | 261 | 1,124,773 | 0 |
Camarines Norte | 137 | 542,915 | 0 |
Camarines Sur | 909 | 1,822,371 | 0.1 |
Camiguin | 20 | 83,807 | 0 |
Capiz | 575,369 | 719,685 | 79.9 |
Catanduanes | 59 | 246,300 | 0 |
Cavite | 9,604 | 3,090,691 | 0.8 |
Cebu | 6,669 | 4,167,320 | 0.3 |
Compostela Valley |
4 | 687,195 | 0 |
Davao del Norte | 53,012 | 945,764 | 9 |
Davao del Sur | 30,059 | 2,024,206 | 2 |
Davao Occidental | 30 | 293,780 | 0 |
Davao Oriental | 3,410 | 517,618 | 0.9 |
Dinagat Islands | 10 | 126,803 | 0 |
Eastern Samar | 148 | 428,877 | 0 |
Guimaras | 171,041 | 174,943 | 98.9 |
Ifugao | 10 | 191,078 | 0 |
Ilocos Norte | 159 | 568,017 | 0 |
Ilocos Sur | 146 | 658,587 | 0 |
Iloilo | 1,968,083 | 2,230,195 | 99.9 |
Isabela | 552 | 1,489,645 | 0.1 |
Kalinga | 10 | 201,603 | 0 |
La Union | 193 | 741,906 | 0 |
Laguna | 3,809 | 2,669,847 | 0.3 |
Lanao del Norte | 4,214 | 930,738 | 0.7 |
Lanao del Sur | 11,057 | 933,260 | 1.8 |
Leyte | 2,951 | 1,789,158 | 0.2 |
Maguindanao | 41,988 | 944,138 | 5.5 |
Marinduque | 53 | 227,828 | 0 |
Masbate | 298,951 | 892,393 | 33.7 |
Misamis Occidental | 397 | 567,642 | 0.1 |
Misamis Oriental | 3,611 | 1,415,944 | 0.4 |
Mountain Province | ? | 154,187 | ? |
Negros Occidental | 1,821,206 | 3,059,136 | 98.7 |
Negros Oriental | 329,263 | 1,354,995 | 23.4 |
North Cotabato |
804,329 | 1,379,747 | 68.8 |
Northern Samar | 347 | 589,013 | 0.1 |
Nueva Ecija | 373 | 1,955,373 | 0.2 |
Nueva Vizcaya | 312 | 421,355 | 0.1 |
Occidental Mindoro | 18,248 | 452,971 | 6.5 |
Oriental Mindoro | 10,373 | 785,602 | 1.9 |
Palawan | 332,315 | 1,104,585 | 19.6 |
Pampanga | 2,826 | 2,609,744 | 0.2 |
Pangasinan | 839 | 2,956,726 | 0 |
Quezon | 1,262 | 1,987,030 | 0.1 |
Quirino | 101 | 176,786 | 0.1 |
Rizal | 14,870 | 2,484,840 | 1.5 |
Romblon | 1,474 | 283,390 | 0.6 |
Samar | 293 | 733,377 | 0.1 |
Sarangani | 1 | 498,904 | 0 |
Siquijor | 76 | 91,066 | 0.1 |
Sorsogon | 295 | 740,743 | 0.1 |
South Cotabato | 914,044 | 1,365,286 | 72.3 |
Southern Leyte | 179 | 399,137 | 0.1 |
Sultan Kudarat | 536,298 | 747,087 | 73.4 |
Sulu | 11 | 718,290 | 0 |
Surigao del Norte | 1,064 | 442,588 | 0.3 |
Surigao del Sur | 4,424 | 561,219 | 1 |
Tarlac | 614 | 1,273,240 | 0.1 |
Tawi-Tawi | 51 | 366,550 | 0 |
Zambales | 3,276 | 755,621 | 0.6 |
Zamboanga del Norte | 3,501 | 957,997 | 0.5 |
Zamboanga del Sur | 7,409 | 1,766,814 | 0.7 |
Zamboanga Sibugay | 3,702 | 584,685 | 2 |
Metro Manila | 199,290 | 11,855,975 | 2.5 |
Overseas
Like many other Filipino ethnic groups such as the Ilocano, there are organized associations of migrant Hiligaynon that aim to celebrate their culture through their own communities. Several publicly known organizations are concentrated in California and Hawaii, among other locations in the United States.[c]
Religion
Most Hiligaynons are
Language
The
Economy
The local economy of the Hiligaynon is mostly based on agriculture and fishing, as well as the production of woven cloths and crafts. A statue that celebrates the contributions of the Ilonggo in agriculture and fishing was erected in Iloilo City. "Ang Linay Sang Iloilo" (The Lady of Iloilo) makes references to rice growing, sugarcane, and fishing, standing to emphasize the economic importance of Iloilo and the importance of the Ilonggo in general.[14]
Agriculture
Rice and sugarcane are significant agricultural products that are produced in great volume. Cultivation practices for rice and sugarcane were well established among the early Hiligaynon before the arrival of the Spanish, who were also able to produce wine from the juice of these crops. The Spanish became the catalysts for large-scale agricultural production, dividing Panay into encomienda and enlisting the natives of Panay, including the Hiligaynon, into labor for the haciendas.[5][9]
By the 19th century, the sugarcane industry became more expansive and modernized due to the confluence of increased port access and new technology and financial resources. A Spanish royal decree in 1855 ordered that the port be opened, with the expectation of increasing economic growth in areas beyond Manila. Given the safe location of the port and a long-standing history of trade, Iloilo was an ideal international port, thus becoming integrated into the international trade of the 19th century.[15] The British vice-consul in Iloilo, Nicholas Loney, was instrumental in introducing technological and financial resources to the existing sugar elites. Better sugarcane seeds were introduced from Sumatra, and Loney undertook the purchasing of centrifugal iron mills, as well as the provision of loans to planters. These, accompanied by the demand for sugar, helped to encourage the movement of the sugarcane planters to Negros, expanding the hacienda system to there. Many of the workers (many native to Panay) who were part of the hacienda system, the "dumaan", became the underclass beneath the "sugar barons" of the haciendas, with a middle class existing between who maintained urban stores and banks. This class structure was to persist into the Commonwealth era and as the sugar industry shifted its focus from Panay to Negros following a labor strike in 1930–1931.[5][15]
The sugar industry in the 1970s through the 1980s experienced turmoil as financing decline and harvests went unpaid, leading the sugar elites to diversify their crop.
Today, tenant farming continues to be the norm in organizing labor for rice in Iloilo, a regional rice producer. As for sugar production, workers are paid minimum wage. Smaller-scale agriculture still exists along coastal plains and inland valleys, with crops such as corn and tobacco.[5][16] The slash-and-burn system known as kaingin was and continues to be used by farmers in the mountainous interior of central Panay, using bolo knives to cut trees and wooden dibbers to plant seeds. Hunting has also supplemented the farmers' livelihood but has decreased with the decline of the forests since the 1970s.[13]
Fishing
Fishing has been pursued since before the arrival of the Spanish and has contributed to the native Hiligaynon cuisine and diet.
Coastal towns in Iloilo have a strong fishing tradition, with sources of fish present in the Guimaras Strait. Inland fishing, especially of prawn, has taken root, especially as pursued by owners of haciendas looking to diversify their sources of income.[5] This practice is pursued to a lesser extent by residents of the mountains, who use traditional nets and traps and poisonous plant materials in their methods.[13]
Textiles
In Iloilo, weaving based on local fibers is a source of income but to a lesser extent. Hand-loom weaving practices began historically among the Hiligaynon after trade with the Chinese introduced weaving materials.
By the 1850s, weaving became a substantial export for Iloilo, known then as the "textile capital of the Philippines" for its production of piña (pineapple fibers), silk, jusi (combined weaving of piña and silk), and sinamay (combined weaving of abacá and cotton). The prominence of Ilonggo fabrics on the international scale was propelled by the opening of the port of Iloilo. However, weaving declined by the end of the century due to the popularity of growing sugarcane and the availability of cheap British cotton cloth produced in factories.[15][17] Today, local weavers have found a niche market in specialty fabrics such as hablon, an expensive cloth woven out of jusi and piña fibers.[16] The Department of Trade and Industry has helped the weaving industry in Iloilo through adaptive local skills training and other investments.[18]
The hablon weaving industry has traditionally been dominated by skilled women working in weaving cooperatives, notably in the town of
New products
With the spread of the Hiligaynon and their culture throughout the country, many business have catered to exporting aspects of the Hiligaynon culture in marketable products, appealing to urban tastes and members of the culture. These have included food, crafts, fashionable apparel, and art pieces, especially those that exhibit the cultures particular to Iloilo City and Bacolod.[19]
History
A Bornean leader was oppressing the 10 Datus. In 1212 the Visayas received the Sabahan 10 Datus.[20] (Iloilo_City)
The original inhabitants of Western Visayas were the Negritos, particularly the Ati people in Panay. Malay-speaking peoples settled in the island in the 13th century, but some of the facts of this settlements are clouded by folk mythology among the Hiligaynon. What is known is that in the 13th century, ten datu (chieftains) arrived from Borneo, fleeing the collapse of a central Indonesian empire. The Ati agreed to allow the newcomers to settle, who had purchased the island from them, and the island was named Madya-as. Since then, political organization was introduced to Panay under the Malay newcomers.[5][9][21] By the arrival of the Spanish in 1569, the inhabitants of Panay were well-organized, yet became part of Spanish colonial rule.
The 19th century was marked by the migration of the Hiligaynon from
Many revolutionaries in the late 19th century who sought independence from Spain were Hiligaynon. Some of them were part of the educated elite who sought for reforms, such as Graciano López Jaena, who led the reformist newspaper La Solidaridad. Others were military leaders such as Martin Delgado, who became known to the Hiligaynon as "the greatest Visayan general of the Philippine Revolution."[5]
A later migration of Hiligaynon occurred in the 20th century to Mindanao in the 1940s under Manuel Roxas who was also Hiligaynon. Thousands migrated throughout the 1940s and 1950s as part of a resettlement movement sponsored by the government as a way of skirting land reform. This came at the expense of the local Maguindanaon population, who were not helped by the government, and which contributed to later tensions between the mostly Christian Hiligaynon and the Muslim Maguindanaon.[23]
Culture
Largely
Many cultural festivals are organized, serving a purpose of cultural preservation and celebration against the "homogenizing of the Philippine culture."
A prominent Hiligaynon profile exists in national and regional sports, notably in
Food
Common meals have fish and other seafood as a main component. They are often cooked with local green produce and other spices. Rice is also served as part of the meal, as in the rest of the country.
See also
- Demographics of the Philippines
- Ethnic groups in the Philippines
- Iloilo
- Hiligaynon language
- Hiligaynon (magazine)
- Suludnon
- Bisaya people
- Western Visayas
Notes
- ^ The percentages here were based on a fraction of the population of Hiligaynon in Iloilo and Negros Occidental[8] and the total population in both respective provinces (with the cities of Iloilo and Bacolod taken into account).[7]
- ^ As in the previous note on the percentages of Hiligaynon in Iloilo and Negros Occidental, these were based on the population of Hiligaynon in each province[8] and the total population in each respective province, with metropolitan areas taken into account.[7]
- ^ Examples of these organizations include the Ilonggo Circle of San Francisco and the Ilonggo Association of Southern California, as well as the Kahirup Ilonggo of Hawaii.
- ^ According to Funtecha, "This one-sided movement of the people between the two islands is referred to by a writer, Francisco Varona (1938) as “La imigracion Ilonggo."[22]
- ^ "Performers recited traditional poems on local radio, ritual dances were performed to a backdrop of more than one hundred modern paintings and installations, and the event's key conference explored the impact of globalisation and information technology on indigenous cultures."[26]
References
- ^ "Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
- ^ "Hiligaynon | people".
- ^ a b Regalado, Felix B.; Quintin, Franco B. (1973). Grino, Eliza U. (ed.). History of Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University. p. 514.
- ^ a b de Mentrida, Alonso (1841). Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina Y Haraya de la isla de Panay. En La Imprenta De D. Manuel Y De D. Felis Dayot. pp. 202–203.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Philippine Ethnography: Ilongo" (PDF). CCP encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. 1. manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). National Statistics Office (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ a b "Culture Profile: Hiligaynon". National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines). 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9781598846607.
- ^ Funtecha, Henry (July 14, 2006). "Do you speak Bisaya?". The News Today. TNT Publishing Inc. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ Galay-David, Karlo Antonio. "We Who Seek to Settle Problematizing the Mindanao Settler Identity".
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(help) - ^ Reyes, Glady (February 27, 2009). "Learn Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Language". ExperienceNegros. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
- ^ a b c Magos, Alicia (2011). "Kinaray-a, Hiligaynon, Ilonggo and Aklanon Speaking People". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ Yap, Tara (2012). "Lin-ay, symbolic of Iloilo's history & culture, unveiled". The Daily Guardian. Iloilo City. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c Funtecha, Henry (June 24, 2005). "Iloilo's economic transformation in the 19th Century". The News Today. Iloilo City: TNT Publishing Inc. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c "The Ilonggos". SEAsite. Northern Illinois University. 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ a b "Weaving Progressfor the Miag-ao Hablon Industry" (PDF). Philippine Commission on Women. Philippine Commission on Women. March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
- ^ Subong, Elisa (March 1, 2005). "The women weavers of Miagao: Weaving their lives, their dreams". Philippine Information Agency. Presidential Communications Operations Office. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ Bagamasbad, Melissa (September 29, 2013). "Best of Ilonggo food, crafts, and fashion at 28th Negros Trade Fair in Glorietta". Interaksyon. TV5. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7511-1.
- ^ "The Ati-Atihan and Other West Visayan Festivals". SEAsite. Northern Illinois University. 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
- ^ a b Funtecha, Henry (April 4, 2005). "Ilonggo migration to Negros". The News Today. Iloilo City: TNT Publishing Inc.
- ^ Lucman, Norodin (April 14, 2014). "Brief History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and Sulu". Philippine History.
- ^ "Culture Profile: Festivals in the Philippines". National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines). 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ "The Legend of Maragtas: Ten Bornean Datus and the Purchase of Panay". Dinagyang 2014: The Official Website of Iloilo Dinagyang Festival. Iloilo Dinagyang Foundation Incorporated. 2013. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Villa, Hazel (March 5, 2002). "How to marry contemporary and indigenous arts - the Ilonggo experiment". International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ "Ilonggos preparing for Paraw Regatta Fest". The Philippine Star. October 9, 2009.
- ^ Uytiepo, Raffy (February 15, 2011). "Ilonggo Azkals". The Freeman.
- ^ "Foods". Iloilo City Government. 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2014.