Week: Difference between revisions
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.englatheod.org/calendar.htm Englisc Rímbóc: The Anglo-Saxon Calendar]{{Dead link|date=December 2014}} |
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*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=week}} |
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=week}} |
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* [http://www.economist.com/node/895542?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/ar/thepowerofseven The power of seven], The Economist, 20 December 2001. |
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{{Time topics}} |
{{Time topics}} |
Revision as of 06:58, 8 April 2015
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Italian_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_41269.jpg/400px-Italian_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_41269.jpg)
A week is a
The days of the week
ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system, a numbering system for weeks within a given year – each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week's Thursday (so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday–Sunday, week number one of the year will start after that).
The term "week" is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days, such as the
Definition and duration
A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days, so that technically, except at
- 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds.
With respect to the Gregorian calendar:
- 1 Gregorian calendar year = 52 weeks + 1 day (2 days in a leap year)
- 1 week = 1600⁄6957 ≈ 22.9984% of an average Gregorian month
In a
Relative to the path of the
Adding 1 to the modulus 7 of a date's
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
For example, the Julian day number of 24 June 2024 is 2460486. Calculating (2460486 mod 7 + 1) yields 1, corresonding to Template:CURRENTWEEKDAYNAME.
Name
The English word
The seven-day week is named in many languages by a word derived from "seven", such as the Latin septimana and its derivates in Romance languages. In English there is the archaic term sennight (also sennight or se'night), an abbreviation of "seven-night" (comparable in structure to the word "fortnight"), still in use in the early 19th century, to judge from Jane Austen's letters.
Days of the week
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Weekday_heptagram.ant.png/220px-Weekday_heptagram.ant.png)
The days of the week were originally named for the
The ordering of the weekday names are not that of the classical order of the planets (sorted by distance in the
Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | |
planet: | Sun | Moon
|
Mars
|
Mercury
|
Jupiter
|
Venus
|
Saturn
|
Greco-Roman deity | Helios-Sol | Selene-Luna | Ares-Mars | Hermes-Mercury | Jupiter
|
Aphrodite-Venus | Cronus-Saturn |
Greek: | ἡμέρα Ἡλίου /iméra ilíu/ |
ἡμέρα Σελήνης /iméra selínis/ |
ἡμέρα Ἄρεως /iméra áreos/ |
ἡμέρα Ἑρμοῦ /iméra ermû/ |
ἡμέρα Διός /iméra diós/ |
ἡμέρα Ἀφροδίτης /iméra afrodítis/ |
ἡμέρα Κρόνου /iméra krónu/ |
Latin: | dies Sōlis | dies Lūnae | dies Martis | dies Mercuriī | dies Iovis | dies Veneris | dies Saturnī |
interpretatio germanica | Sun |
Moon | Tiwaz |
Wodanaz |
Þunraz |
Frige |
— |
Old English | sunnandæg | mōnandæg | tiwesdæg | wōdnesdæg | þunresdæg | frīgedæg | sæterndæg |
An ecclesiastical, non-astrological, system of numbering the days of the week was adopted in Late Antiquity. This model also seems to have influenced (presumably via Gothic) the designation of Wednesday as "mid-week" in Old High German (mittawehha) and Old Church Slavonic (срѣда). Old Chruch Slavonic may also modelled the name of Monday, понєдѣльникъ, after the Latin feria secunda.[3] The ecclesiastical system became prevalent in
1. Day of the Lord ) |
2. Monday | 3. Tuesday | 4. Wednesday | 5. Thursday | 6. Friday | 7. Saturday (Sabbath) | |
Greek
|
Κυριακὴ ἡμέρα /kiriaki iméra/ |
Δευτέρα ἡμέρα /devtéra iméra/ |
Τρίτη ἡμέρα /tríti iméra/ |
Τετάρτη ἡμέρα /tetárti iméra/ |
Πέμπτη ἡμέρα /pémpti iméra/ |
Παρασκευὴ ἡμέρα /paraskevi iméra/[5] |
Σάββατον /sáb:aton/ |
Latin | [dies] dominica; rarely feria prima, feria dominica | feria secunda | feria tertia | feria quarta; rarely media septimana | feria quinta | feria sexta | Sabbatum; dies sabbatinus, dies Sabbati,; rarely feria septima, feria Sabbati |
History
While the seven-day cycle may have deep historical origins in the
The seven-day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation has been proposed (e.g. by Friedrich Delitzsch) as the implicit, astronomical origin of the seven-day week,[7] and indeed the Babylonian calendar used intercalary days to synchronize the last week of a month with the new moon.[8]
The seven-day week seems to have been adopted (independently) by the
Ancient Near East
The earliest evidence of an astrological significance of a seven-day period is connected to
It seems likely that the Hebrew seven-day week is based on the Babylonian tradition, although going through certain adaptations.
Babylonians[year needed] celebrated a holy day every seven days, starting from the new moon, then the first visible crescent of the Moon, but adjusted the number of days of the final "week" in each month so that months would continue to commence on the new moon.[citation needed]
Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th as "holy-days", also called "evil days" (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".[13] On each of them, offerings were made to a different god and goddess.
In a frequently-quoted suggestion going back to the early 20th century[by whom?][14]
the Hebrew
Achaemenid period
The Zoroastrian calendar follows the Babylonian in relating the seventh and other days of the month to Ahura Mazda.[15] The forerunner of all modern Zoroastrian calendars is the system used to reckon dates in the Persian Empire, adopted from the Babylonian calendar by the 4th century BC.
Tablets[
Difficulties with
Hellenistic and Roman era
By
The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day
The continuous seven-day cycle of the days of the week can be traced back to the reign of Augustus;
the first identifiable date cited complete with
Adoption in Asia
The earliest known reference in Chinese writings to a seven-day week is attributed to Fan Ning, who lived in the late 4th century in the
The Chinese variant of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk
The seven-day week was known in India by the sixth century, referenced in the
Christian Europe
The seven-day weekly cycle has remained unbroken in Europe for almost two millennia, despite changes to the
"The Roman context of the spread of Christianity meant that Rome contributed a lot to the structure and calendar of the new faith."[26]
A tradition of divinations arranged for the days of the week on which certain feast days occur develops in the Early Medieval period. There are many later variants of this, including the German Bauern-Praktik and the versions of Erra Pater published in 16th to 17th century England, mocked in Samuel Butler's Hudibras. South and East Slavic versions are known as koliadniki (from koliada, a loan of Latin calendae), with Bulgarian copies dating from the 13th century, and Serbian versions from the 14th century.[27] Medieval Christian traditions associated with the lucky or unlucky nature of certain days of the week survived into the modern period. This concerns primarily Friday, associated with the crucifixion of Jesus. Sunday, sometimes personified as Saint Anastasia, was itself an object of worship in Russia, a practice denounced in a sermon extant in copies going back to the 14th century.[28]
Sunday, in the ecclesiastical numbering system also counted as the feria prima or first day of the week
at the same time figures as the "
Justin Martyr wrote: "the first day after the Sabbath, remaining the first of all the days, is called, however, the eighth, according to the number of all the days of the cycle, and [yet] remains the first".[30]
Particularly
Week numbering
Weeks in a Gregorian calendar year can be numbered for each year. This style of numbering is commonly used (for example, by schools and businesses) in some European and Asian countries, but rare elsewhere.
ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system, a numbering system for weeks – each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week's Thursday (so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday–Sunday, week number one of the year will start after that). For example, week 1 of 2004 (2004W01) ran from Monday 29 December 2003 to Sunday, 4 January 2004, because its Thursday was 1 January 2004, whereas week 1 of 2005 (2005W01) ran from Monday 3 January 2005 to Sunday 9 January 2005, because its Thursday was 6 January 2005 and so the first Thursday of 2005. The highest week number in a year is either 52 or 53 (it was 53 in the year 2004). Schematically, this ISO convention translates as follows:
Dates in January | Effect | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | T | W | T | F | S | S | Week number | Week assigned to |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1 | New year |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 | New year | |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | New year | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | New year | |||
1 | 2 | 3 | 53 | Previous year | ||||
1 | 2 | 53 or 52 | Previous year | |||||
1 | 52 | Previous year |
In some countries, though, the numbering system is different from the ISO standard. At least six numberings are in use:[31][32]
System | First day of week | First week of year contains | Can also be last week of previous year | Used by/in | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISO-8601 | Monday | 4 January | 1st Thursday | 4–7 days of year | no | EU and most of other European countries |
(Islamic) | Saturday | 1 January | 1st Friday | 1–7 days of year | yes | Much of the Middle East |
(North American) | Sunday | 1 January | 1st Saturday | 1–7 days of year | yes | Canada, USA, Mexico, China, Japan |
The semiconductor package date code is often a 4 digit date code YYWW where the first two digits YY are the last 2 digits of the calendar year and the last two digits WW are the two-digit week number.[33][34]
The tire date code mandated by the US DOT is a 4 digit date code WWYY with two digits of the week number WW followed by the last two digits of the calendar year YY.[35]
"Weeks" in other calendars
The term "week" is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days. Such "weeks" of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places.[36] Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed "weeks" as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven-day week.
Pre-modern calendars
Calendars unrelated to the Chaldean, Hellenistic or Judeo-Christian traditions often have time cycles between the day and the month of varying lengths, sometimes also called "weeks".
An eight-day week was used in Ancient Rome and possibly in the pre-Christian Celtic calendar Traces of a nine-day week are found in Baltic languages and in Welsh. The ancient Chinese calendar had a
A six-day week is found in the
The Aztecs divided a ritual cycle of 260 days, known as
The Balinese
Modern calendar reforms
A 10-day week, called décade, was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802; furthermore, the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Revolution_kalendar.jpg/220px-Revolution_kalendar.jpg)
12 December 1937
(Below 12:)
"Sixth day of the six-day week"
—————————
"Election day for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR"
Between 1929 and 1931 the
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
References
- ^ Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In S. E. Urban & P. K. Seidelmann, eds. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, 3rd ed. (pp. 585–624). Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books. 2013, pp. 592, 618. This is equivalent to saying that JD0, i.e. 1 January 4713 BC of the proleptic Julian calendar, was a Monday.
- ^ E. G. Richards, Mapping Time, the Calendar and History, Oxford 1999. p. 269.
- ^ Max Vasmer, Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, s.v. понедельник; however, the Slavic languages later introduced a secondary numbering system which names Tuesday as the "second day".
- ISBN 978-0-520-21859-8. McKenna, Stephen (1938). "Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century". Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom. Catholic University of America. pp. 93–94. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ "day of preparation", i.e. the day before Sabbath, c.f. Luke 23:54 (καὶ ἡμέρα ἦν Παρασκευῆς, καὶ σάββατον ἐπέφωσκεν.)
- ^ a b Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week, University of Chicago Press, 1989 [1985], p. 14.
- ^ Leland, S. Copeland (April 1939). "Sources of the Seven-Day Week". Popular Astronomy. Vol. XLVII, No. 4: 176 ff.
{{cite journal}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - ISBN 978-0-7661-3698-4. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^
It was transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans, via the country of Kang (a Central Asian polity near Samarkand).
Tang-era adoption is documented in the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong. According to the Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai (辞海), there is some evidence that the system had been adopted twice, the first time already in the 4th century (Jin dynasty), based on a reference by a Jin era astrologer, Fan Ning (範寧 / 范宁). The Cihai under the entry for "seven luminaries calendar" (七曜历/七曜曆, qī yào lì) has: "method of recording days according to the seven luminaries [七曜 qī yào]. China normally observes the following order: Sun, Mon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Seven days make one week, which is repeated in a cycle. Originated in ancient Babylon (or ancient Egypt according to one theory). Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD, later transmitted to other countries. This method existed in China in the 4th century. It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang (康) in Central Asia." (translation after Bathrobe's Days of the Week in Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese, plus Mongolian and Buryat (cjvlang.com)]
- (Mars).
- ^ Leland, S. Copeland (April 1939). "Sources of the Seven-Day Week". Popular Astronomy. Vol. XLVII, No. 4: 176.
{{cite journal}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) Copeland (1939) cites as the date for Gudea "as early as 2600 BC"; the modern estimate according to theshort chronologyplaces Gudea in the 22nd century BC. By contrast, Anthony R. Michaelis in "The Enigmatic Seven ", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 7, p. 373 claims that "the first great empire builder, King Sargon I of Akkad ([ruled] 2335 to 2279 BC [viz., middle chronology]), decreed a seven-day week in his Empire. He lived for 56 years, established the first Semitic Dynasty and defeated the Sumerian City States. Thus the Akkadian language spread, it was adopted by the Babylonians, and the seven-day week was similarly inherited from him." - ^ "Each account is aranged in a series of sevens, the Babylonian in seven tablets, the Hebrew in seven days. Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series." cited after: Albert T. Clay, The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel, 1923, p. 74.
- ^ a b c d
Pinches, T.G. (2003). "Sabbath (Babylonian)". In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 20. Selbie, John A., contrib. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 889–891. ISBN 978-0-7661-3698-4. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ referenced in The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 30 (1908)
- ^ Boyce, Mary (ed. & trans.). Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 19-20.
- ^
Senn, Frank C. (1997). Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2726-3.
- ^
Senn, Frank C. (1997). Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical. Fortress Press. ISBN 9780800627263.
- Johannesburg, South Africa: Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd. pp. 2, 12. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ^ Sampey, John Richard (1915). "Sabbath: Critical Theories". In Orr, James (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Howard-Severance Company. p. 2630.
- ^ Strong's Concordance, 4521.
- ^
Zerubavel, Eviatar (1989). The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. University of Chicago Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-226-98165-9. Senn, Frank C. (1997). Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical. Fortress Press.ISBN 9780800627263.
- ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil. Cos. VIII idus Febr(u)arius dies solis, luna XIIIIX nun(dinae) Cumis, V (idus Februarias) nun(dinae) Pompeis. Robert Hannah, "Time in Written Spaces", in: Peter Keegan, Gareth Sears, Ray Laurence (eds.), Written Space in the Latin West, 200 BC to AD 300, A&C Black, 2013, p. 89.
- ^
Shashi, Shyam Singh (2000). Encyclopaedia Indica India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Vol. 76 Major dynasties of ancient Orissa: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
- ^ Kane, Dr. Pandurang Vaman (1930–1962). History of Dharmasastra.
- ^
Neugebauer, Otto (1979). Ethiopic astronomy and computus. Verl. d. Österr. Akad. d. Wiss. ISBN 978-3-7001-0289-2.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20394641
- ^ William Francis Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia, Penn State Press, 1999 p. 380.
- ^ William Francis Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia, Penn State Press, 1999 p. 383.
- nundinal cycle (literally "nine-days" cycle, describing an eight-day week) of the Roman calendar, or the Resurrection of Jesus(after a period of less than 48 hours) being described as happening on the "third day"
- ^ Dialogue with Trypho, chapter XLI
- ^ Weeknumber sorted by definition
- ^ Calendar Weeks
- ^ "Marking Convention".
- ^ "Top Mark Convention - 4-Digit Date Code".
- ^ "49 CFR 574.5 - Tire identification requirements.".
- OEDs.v. "week n.", entry 1.c.: "Sometimes applied transf. to other artificial cycles of a few days that have been employed various peoples"
- ^ Astronomy and Basque Language, Henrike Knörr, Oxford VI and SEAC 99 "Astronomy and Cultural Diversity", La Laguna, June 1999. It references Alessandro Bausani, 1982, The prehistoric Basque week of three days: archaeoastronomical notes, The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy (Maryland), v. 2, 16-22. 1. astelehena ("week-first", Monday), 2. asteartea ("week-between", Tuesday), 3. asteazkena ("week-last", Wednesday).
- ^ http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-calendar-stone.html
Further reading
- Colson, Francis Henry (1926). The Week: An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven-day Cycle. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 59110177.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.