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* [http://www.nationaleclipse.com 2017 eclipse site] with eclipse overview, maps, cities, events, animations, safety, gear, history, and calendar.
* [http://www.nationaleclipse.com 2017 eclipse site] with eclipse overview, maps, cities, events, animations, safety, gear, history, and calendar.
* [https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.08.07/mainlarge.png Solar power impact], diagram from EIA <!--from <ref name=eia2017-08-07> https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32372 -->
* [https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.08.07/mainlarge.png Solar power impact], diagram from EIA <!--from <ref name=eia2017-08-07> https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32372 -->
* [http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2017/08/when-exactly-will-the-eclipse-happen-a-multimillenium-tale-of-computation/ When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation]


{{Solar eclipses}}
{{Solar eclipses}}

Revision as of 15:57, 17 August 2017

Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017
UTC)
(P1) Partial begin15:46:48
(U1) Total begin16:48:32
Greatest eclipse18:26:40
(U4) Total end20:01:35
(P4) Partial end21:04:19
References
Saros145 (22 of 77)
Catalog # (SE5000)9546

On Monday, August 21, 2017, a

total solar eclipse will be visible in totality within a band across the entire contiguous United States; it will only be visible in other countries as a partial eclipse.[1][2]

A

apparent diameter
is larger than the sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometers wide.

The last time a total solar eclipse was visible across the entire contiguous United States was during the

EDT.[3]

There are expected to be logistical issues with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities.[4][5] There have also been issues with counterfeit eclipse glasses being sold.[6][7][8]

Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses — meaning the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun — will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).

Visibility

Animation of the shadow created by the August 2017 eclipse wherein the tiny black dot represents totality
File:Great American Eclipse August 21, 2017.gif
Animation of the shadow created by the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse with sun and moon zenith position indicated by yellow and grey lines.

The total eclipse will have a

St. Louis, Missouri, Hopkinsville, Kentucky, Nashville, Tennessee, Columbia, South Carolina, and finally Charleston, South Carolina
. (A partial eclipse will be seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9:00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon.)

The longest duration of totality will be 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) will be at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[11] This will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970, which was only visible from Florida.

A partial solar eclipse will be seen from the much broader path of the

penumbra, including all of North America, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east of Asia
.

Related eclipses over the United States

Detailed map of the path in the United States

This eclipse will be the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991[12] (which was seen only from part of Hawaii),[13] and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[14]

The path of totality of the

Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many visitors traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it was the last chance to view a total solar eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[15][16]

Some American scientists and interested amateurs seeking to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements emphasizing the lack of future total eclipses observable in U.S. until this 2017 event.[17]

The August 2017 eclipse will be the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality makes landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's independence in 1776. (The path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[18])

The path of this eclipse crosses the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake just south of Carbondale. A small land area, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.

The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S., about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, duration of totality will last over twice as long.[19]

An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[20]

Total eclipse viewing events

During total eclipse the stars and 4 planets will be visible, including the star Regulus close to the Sun. Mars will be 8 degrees to the right, and Venus 34 degrees right. Mercury is 10 degrees left, and Jupiter 51 degrees left.

Oregon

Idaho

The independent bookstore Rediscovered Books in Boise, Idaho, touts the 2017 solar eclipse in a retail example of science outreach.
  • Craters of the Moon – The National Monument and Preserve will host NASA presentations, evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society, high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA, and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project.[27]
  • Idaho Falls, Idaho – Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse-watching event at the Museum of Idaho (an official NASA viewing site) and elsewhere, and a free eclipse-watching event at Melaleuca Field.[28][29]
  • Brigham Young University Idaho will offer a series of eclipse related educational events.[30]
  • Weiser, Idaho – The city will sponsor a five-day festival prior to the eclipse.[31]

Wyoming

  • Casper, Wyoming – The Astronomical League, an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs, will hold its annual Astrocon conference,[32] and there will be other public events, called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017.[33]

Nebraska

  • Alliance, Nebraska – Entertainment and educational seminars will be offered.[34]
  • Auburn, Nebraska – Nemaha County Hospital will host an eclipse viewing event, including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center. The event is sponsored by Auburn State Theater.[35]
  • Grand Island, Nebraska – Stuhr Museum will host an eclipse viewing event, including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon.[36]
  • Homestead National Monument of America – Events with NASA Saturday, Sunday and the day of the eclipse homestead events page[37]

Missouri

Illinois

  • Eclipse Express, from Chicago to Carbondale.[44]
  • Carterville, Illinois – A three-day rock festival called Moonstock will be headlined by Ozzy Osbourne, who will perform during the eclipse.[45]
  • University of Illinois Astronomy Department.[46]

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

  • Clarksville, Tennessee – Austin Peay State University will present several educational events, including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon.[50]
  • Tennessee Technological University will be hosting a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium, which is open to the public. The city of Cookeville will be hosting special events Saturday-Monday.[51]
  • Nashville, Tennessee – The largest city in the path of totality is offering many special events, including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center.[52] The Italian Lights Festival is hosting the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville, a free NASA-Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall.[53] Two astrophysicists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory will emcee the countdown.[54]

North Carolina

Georgia

South Carolina

Viewing from outside the United States

The boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe. Calculation with EclipseDroid with atmospheric refraction.

Canada

A partial eclipse will be visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89% in Victoria, British Columbia to 11% in Resolute, Nunavut.[60]

Central America, Mexico, Caribbean islands

A partial eclipse will be visible from Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean islands.

Europe

In northwestern Europe, the eclipse will only be visible partially, in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago will see the eclipse from beginning to end; in the rest of the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal, sunset will occur before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse will be potentially visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line in the map, the eclipse will be invisible.[61]

Russia

A partial eclipse will be visible only in Chukchi Peninsula (with about ~40%).

Online viewing events

Further images

  • August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
    August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse
  • Animation
    Animation
  • Umbra (black oval), penumbra (concentric shaded ovals), and path of totality (red).
  • High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
    High-resolution map of the path in the United States.
  • This video features several visualizations of the event.

Planning

Counterfeit eclipse glasses have become a public health issue; deficient solar eclipse filters can quickly cause irreparable eye damage inasmuch as the retina has no pain receptors. In particular, it's not enough that the glasses have a logo and the ISO number 12312-2; customers must be reasonably confident that the glasses have come from a reputable manufacturer and/or authorized dealer. A person should not be able to see much through a safe solar filter except for the Sun itself, sunlight reflected off shiny metal, the hot filament of unfrosted incandescent light bulbs, bright halogen light bulbs, bright LED flashlights, and an arc-welder's torch; a welder's helmet can be used for safe viewing provided it has a filter of 12 or higher. [6][7][8]The American Astronomical Society states that not only must effective glasses dim the Sun to a comfortable level, but they must do so across the whole electromagnetic spectrum, for example also filtering most ultraviolet and infrared light.[6]

Logistically, the demand for

Sturgis motorcycle rally in South Dakota, when approximately half a million people descend on the town.[68]

Impact on solar power

The eclipse will cause a reduction of solar power where the shadow reaches solar panels. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation measures impacts of this event,[69] and predicts minor impacts.

CAISO's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute.[72] Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia are expected to be 90% obscured.[71] The Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015 caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe;[73] in Germany, solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW, of a 38 GW solar power capacity.[74]

Commemorative stamp

On June 20, 2017,[75] the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp[76] to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon. The stamp image is a photo of a total solar eclipse seen in Jalu, Libya, on March 29, 2006. The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak.[76]

Related eclipses

A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7, 2017, in the same eclipse season. It was visible over eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Solar eclipses 2015–2018

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[77]

Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 to 2018
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
120

Longyearbyen, Svalbard 		2015 March 20

Total 		0.94536 125

Solar Dynamics Observatory
2015 September 13

Partial (south) 		−1.10039
130

Balikpapan, Indonesia 		2016 March 9

Total 		0.26092 135

L'Étang-Salé, Réunion 		2016 September 1

Annular 		−0.33301
140

Partial from Buenos Aires 		2017 February 26

Annular 		−0.45780 145

Casper, Wyoming 		2017 August 21

Total 		0.43671
150

Partial from Olivos, Buenos Aires 		2018 February 15

Partial (south) 		−1.21163 155

Partial from Huittinen, Finland 		2018 August 11

Partial (north) 		1.14758

Partial solar eclipses on July 13, 2018, and January 6, 2019, occur during the next semester series.

Saros series 145

This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours, containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639, and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6, 1891. It was a hybrid event on June 17, 1909, and total eclipses from June 29, 1927, through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. The longest eclipse will occur on June 25, 2522, with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes, 12 seconds. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon's ascending node.

Series members 10–32 occur between 1801 and 2359
10 11 12

April 13, 1801
April 24, 1819
May 4, 1837
13 14 15

May 16, 1855
May 26, 1873
June 6, 1891
16 17 18

June 17, 1909
June 29, 1927
July 9, 1945
19 20 21

July 20, 1963
July 31, 1981
August 11, 1999
22 23 24

August 21, 2017
September 2, 2035
September 12, 2053
25 26 27

September 23, 2071
October 4, 2089
October 16, 2107
28 29 30

October 26, 2125
November 7, 2143
November 17, 2161
31 32 33

November 28, 2179
December 9, 2197
December 21, 2215
34 35 36

December 31, 2233
January 12, 2252
January 22, 2270
37 38 39

February 2, 2288
February 14, 2306
February 25, 2324
40

March 8, 2342

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

21 eclipse events, progressing from south to north between June 10, 1964, and August 21, 2036
June 10–11 March 27–29 January 15–16 November 3 August 21–22
117 119 121 123 125

June 10, 1964
March 28, 1968
January 16, 1972
November 3, 1975
August 22, 1979
127 129 131 133 135

June 11, 1983
March 29, 1987
January 15, 1991
November 3, 1994
August 22, 1998
137 139 141 143 145

June 10, 2002
March 29, 2006
January 15, 2010
November 3, 2013
August 21, 2017
147 149 151 153 155

June 10, 2021
March 29, 2025
January 14, 2029
November 3, 2032
August 21, 2036

See also

Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:

References

  1. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. 500, Celebrating Science: Putting Education Best Practices to Work: 55. Retrieved July 3, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. YouTube published on Aug 2, 2017 TIME
  3. ^ a b c Chan, Melissa. "The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse: Everything You Need to Know", Time (July 25, 2017).
  4. ^ a b Serven, Ruth (2017-07-13). "Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom — if they can get ready". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  5. ^ a b "Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017". CTV News. 2017-07-29.
  6. ^ a b c How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe, American Astronomical Society, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Don't fall for phony eclipse glasses, CBS News MoneyWatch, Jonathan Berr, Aug. 10, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Solar-eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon’s market, Quartz, Elijah Wolfson, July 27, 2017.
  9. ^ "Eclipse: Who? What? Where? When? and How?", NASA.
  10. ^ "Voyages of Discovery: 2017 Total Solar Eclipse". Voyages of Discovery. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  11. ^ "2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse". USNO. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  12. ^ "The Great Baja Eclipse", Discover January 1991. p. 90.
  13. ^ "Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981–2000".
  14. ^ "Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961–1980".
  15. ^ "Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen", The New York Times February 25, 1979. p. 26.
  16. ^ Browne, Malcom W. (February 27, 1979). "Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought". The New York Times. p. C4. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  17. ^ Schrag, Philip (July 30, 1972). "Let There Be Darkness, Please; When Mercury Is at Quadrature, the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky". The New York Times. p. 15. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  18. ^ Jubier, F. Espenak and Xavier. "NASA – Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  19. ^ Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Xavier M. Jubier, 2011
  20. ^ Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07, Fred Espenak
  21. ^ "EclipseFest". Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  22. ^ Quintana, Pedro (November 4, 2016). "Thousands will flock to Madras to view solar eclipse: City gearing up for space, shuttles next August". KTVZ. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  23. ^ "Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime". The Seattle Times. 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  24. ^ "Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With 'Oregon Eclipse'". Dance Music NW. 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  25. ^ "Oregon Eclipse — A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17–23 August, 2017 – Oregon Eclipse 2017Oregon Eclipse 2017". oregoneclipse2017.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  26. ^ "OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem, Oregon — August 21, 2017". NASA. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  27. ^ "Event Details – Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  28. ^ "Events Around Eastern Idaho". Eastern Idaho Eclipse. 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  29. ^ "Idaho Falls Eclipse | Big Kid Science". www.bigkidscience.com. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  30. Brigham Young University Idaho
    . Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  31. ^ "Eclipse Festival and Map". Weiser Eclipse 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  32. ^ "2017Astrocon, Casper, Wyoming". Astronomical League. Retrieved April 3, 2017. a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas.
  33. ^ "Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017". Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  34. ^ "Eclipse Events: We are planning a party – and YOU are invited!". 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  35. ^ "Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn". Nemaha County Hospital.
  36. ^ "Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event". Stuhr Museum.
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  38. ^ "Total solar eclipse ride". KC-PPC. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  39. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse/150 Years Festival". Lathrop Eclipse. April 2, 2017
  40. ^ "Eclipsing Park University". Park University. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
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  42. ^ "St. Joseph Eclipse". Front Page Science. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  43. ^ "Southern Illinois: eclipse crossroads of America". Southern Illinois University. May 5, 2016.
  44. ^ Johnston, Bob (August 7, 2017). "Amtrak announces 'Eclipse Express' special to southern Illinois". (subscription required)
  45. Daily Egyptian
    . Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  46. University of Illinois
    . Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  47. ^ "The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College". www.benedictine.edu.
  48. ^ "WKU Eclipse Events". www.wku.edu.
  49. ^ "A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival: August 18 – August 21". Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville, KY. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  50. ^ "Eclipse: Events". Austin Peay State University. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  51. ^ "Eclipse 2017". Oakley STEM Center. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  52. ^ "Eclipse-Themed Programs & Events". Music City Solar Eclipse. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  53. ^ "Nashville's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse". Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival. WKRN News2. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  54. ^ "Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event, Free Music City Eclipse Party". Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  55. ^ "The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina". Bryson City North Carolina. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  56. ^ Get Off the Grid Fest
  57. ^ "Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum". South Carolina State Museum.
  58. ^ "Furman".
  59. ^ "Eclipse at Furman". Eclipse at Furman. Furman University. Retrieved May 5, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ Mortillaro, Nicole (July 2, 2017). "When day turns into night: Canadians, Americans prepare for total solar eclipse". Technology & Science. CBC News. Retrieved July 2, 2017. On Aug. 21, a total solar eclipse will take place across the entire continental United States, the first in 99 years. It's an event dubbed the "Great American Eclipse.
  61. ^ Littmann, Espenak, Willcox: Totality: Eclipses of the Sun. pp 253ff
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  64. ^ Canzano, Anna (2017-07-22). "Demand for eclipse toilets is 'astronomical': Officials recommend travelers bring a personal toilet". KOIN. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  65. ^ Mariano, Nick (2016-06-17). "Local tourism, businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017". The Southern Illinosian. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  66. ^ Richy, Brad (2017-07-29). "IOEM-Letter-to-Eclipse-Communities" (PDF).
  67. ^ "Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse". KBTX-TV. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  68. ^ Lynne, Terry (2017-08-10). "Eclipse 2017: Hospitals stock up on blood, rattlesnake bite antidote". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  69. ^ "2016 Long-Term Reliability Assessment" (PDF). North American Electric Reliability Corporation. December 2016. p. 70. Retrieved April 18, 2017. causes substantial effects to wide-scale solar generation within a very short amount of time. The output generated by PV/solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event. Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind-the-meter DERs.
  70. ^ "A Wide-Area Perspective on the August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse" (PDF). North American Electric Reliability Corporation. April 2017. p. 20. Retrieved May 1, 2017. The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system (BPS) operations.
  71. ^ a b "Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country - Today in Energy". www.eia.gov. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  72. ^ Pyper, Julia (11 May 2017). "This Summer's Eclipse Will Put California's Solar-Powered Grid to the Test". Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  73. ^ "European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse". 20 March 2015 – via Reuters.
  74. ^ "German power net survives solar eclipse". DW.COM. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  75. ^ "Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp". United States Postal Service. 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
  76. ^ a b "Total Eclipse of the Sun". United States Postal Service (store). Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  77. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.

Further reading

  • Bakich, Michael E. (2016). Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. New York, NY: Springer.
    ISBN 978-3-319-27630-4
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar eclipse of 2017 August 21.

Frequently Asked Questions / Misconceptions / Information

Maps

Solar filters / glasses / viewers

Other

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